MS digital currency

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1999年1元劵冠号投放进度(截至2010年7月27日598种)

第一大组(98种

FAFBFCFDFEFFFGFHFIFJ

EAEBECEDEEEFEGEHEIEJ

GAGBGCGDGEGFGGGHGIGJ

DADBDCDDDEDFDGDHDIDJ

HAHBHCHDHEHFHGHHHIHJ

CACBCCCDCECFCGCHCICJ

IAIBICIDIEIFIGIHIIIJ

BABBBCBDBEBFBGBHBIBJ

JAJBJCJDJEJFJGJHJIJJ

AA-ACADAE-AGAHAIAJ

第二大组(100种)

PAPBPCPDPEPFPGPHPIPJ

ZAZBZCZDZEZFZGZHZIZJ

QAQBQCQDQEQFQGQHQIQJ

YAYBYCYDYEYFYGYHYIYJ

RARBRCRDRERFRGRHRIRJ

XAXBXCXDXEXFXGXHXIXJ

SASBSCSDSESFSGSHSISJ

WAWBWCWDWEWFWGWHWIWJ

TATBTCTDTETFTGTHTITJ

UAUBUCUDUEUFUGUHUIUJ

第三大组(99种)

APAQARASATAUAWAXAYAZ

DPDQDRDSDTDUDWDXDYDZ

GPGQGRGSGTGUGWGXGYGZ

JPJQJRJSJTJUJWJXJYJZ

CP-CRCSCTCUCWCXCYCZ

FPFQFRFSFTFUFWFXFYFZ

IPIQIRISITIUIWIXIYIZ

BPBQBRBSBTBUBWBXBYBZ

EPEQERESETEUEWEXEYEZ

HPHQHRHSHTHUHWHXHYHZ

第四大组(98种)

PPPQPRPSPTPUPWPXPYPZ

SPSQSRSSSTSUSWSXSYSZ

WPWQWRWSWTWUWWWXWYWZ

ZPZQZRZSZTZUZWZXZYZZ

RPRQRRRSRTRURWRXRYRZ

UPUQURUSUT--UXUYUZ

YPYQYRYSYTYUYWYXYYYZ

QPQQQRQSQTQUQWQXQYQZ

TPTQTRTSTTTUTWTXTYTZ

XPXQXRXSXTXUXWXXXYXZ

第五大组(49种)

QKQLQMQNQO

TKTLTMTNTO

XKXLXMXNXO

PKPLPMPNP0

SKSLSMSNSO

WKWLWMWNWO

ZKZLZMZNZO

RKRLRMRNRO

UKULUM-UO

YKYLYMYNYO

第六大组(47种)

KPKQKRKSKTKUKWKXKYKZ

NPNQNRNSNTNUNWNXNYNZ

LPLQLRLSLTLULWLXLYLZ

OPOQOROSOTOUOWOXOYOZ

MPMQMRMS-MU--MYMZ

第七大组(47种)

AKALAMANAOBK-BMBNBO

CKCLCMCNCODKDLDMDNDO

EKELEMENEOFKFLFMFNFO

GKGLGMGNGOHKHLHMHNHO

IKILIMINIOJK-JM-JO

第八大组(45种)

KAKBKCKDKEKFKGKHKI-

LALBLCLDLELFLGLHLI-

MAMB--MEMFMGMHMIMJ

NANBNCNDNE-NGNHNINJ

OAOBOCODOEOFOGOHOIOJ

第九大组(15种)

KKKLKMKNKO

LK----

-MLMMMNMO

--NM-NO

--OMONOO

共计598种不含第二轮冠字更新中···

第二轮冠字：截止至2010年7月27日13种

“/”代表0——9其中任意一个数字

第一大组13种

F/AF/BF/CF/DF/EF/FF/GF/HF/IF/J

E/A---------

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H/A---------

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---------A/J

1. MS indicates that it has not been circulated and is close to the factory status, and the corresponding score is 60-70 points

2. Au indicates that it is nearly unused and belongs to American procts, with corresponding scores of 50, 53, 55 and 58

3. XF indicates that the procts in circulation are more clear and beautiful, which belong to the top grade, with corresponding scores of 40 and 45

4. VF refers to general circulation procts, with corresponding scores of 30 and 35. No more points below 30. Just write "f real" or "real". All comments and scores do not represent the variety and rarity of the coin, but only the appearance of the coin

extended data:

proct phase is related to the maximization of appreciation effect and future value preservation and appreciation of banknotes. Therefore, as long as the circulation time, release time, variety and many other aspects as the premise, the pursuit of perfect appearance is always correct

for example, it is very reasonable to put forward higher requirements for the appearance of modern banknotes that have been collected for less than 30 years, because their issuing and circulation time is relatively short, even if the rating of the banknotes is 67 points (superb gem UNC)

but if we only pursue the highest regardless of varieties, I'm afraid we will have to ignore one and lose the other and miss some very good varieties. For example, some old French banknotes, I'm afraid the Au (nearly brand new) or XF (extremely beautiful) procts are already the highest procts. If you want to collect rare varieties, I'm afraid that as long as the thinking of top-notch procts is not in line with the actual situation

Coin rating is the process of determining the degree of old and new of a coin, which is a rather subjective process. Traditionally, people often use vague words such as "good" and "good" to describe the appearance of a coin

because the old and new degree of coins has a great influence on the value of currency, the simple lack of standardized description of coins is obviously not concive to the market transaction of collected coins. After long-term development, people have graally established a set of relatively objective and standardized coin rating standards, which originated in the United States and has been widely promoted all over the world

extended materials:

collection value:

I. China's first series of rated banknotes. China's first full set of RMB rated banknotes

since 1948, the people's Bank of China issued the first set of RMB, so far it has issued five sets of RMB. The fourth set of graded banknotes is the first series of graded banknotes since the founding of new China. There are nine denominations ranging from 10 cents to 100 yuan

it has been 30 years since the fourth set of RMB came out. With the improvement of people's living standards, the use of small banknotes has decreased, and the loss rate is higher. However, e to the accelerated use of large banknotes, the wear and tear is serious, and new banknotes or banknotes with good quality are rare

and the fourth set of RMB rated banknote collection conforms to the current situation and solves the huge market demand of less genuine and better procts. The people's Bank of China specially issues the fourth set of RMB rated banknote collection to commemorate the 30th anniversary of RMB circulation

1. The front includes a portrait of George Washington and the U.S. Treasury logo. The character represents the country

2. There is a pattern on the left side of the front of the banknote, with a large English letter in the middle, representing the issuing bank

"g" is Chicago H」 For Saint Louis; " 1」 For Minneapolis; " J」 Kansas; " K」 For Dallas; " 50」 For San Francisco

4. The pattern on the back began to include a pattern on the front of the U.S. national emblem with three rings. The dark side of the pyramid faces west. It implies the wild and unexplored west of North America at that time. Independent & quot; above the pyramid; Small triangle, known as the eye of cruise

this symbolizes that the United States stands on a certain height and overlooks the healthy and orderly development of all walks of life, with the Latin word "Annuit Coeptis" (he (God) leads our cause)

6. The word e pluribus unum comes from the beak of the eagle, and the eagle holds an olive branch and an arrow on its claw, which symbolizes & quot; We long for peace, but we are always ready to fight for it

"$" used CP / m as string terminator and later also in all versions 86dos, PC-DOS, MS-DOS and derivatives (int 21h and ah = 09h) $end of symbolic line or before file editing in text editing program, VI and derivatives and thus: $end of matching line or string sed, grep and POSIX and Perl regular expression

$is used to define string variables in an older version of basic programming language (& quot; $) It's often the "string" that sounds rather than the "dollar" used here)$ Used to define hexadecimal constant Pascal image languages such as Delphi and in some variant assembly languages

$is used to define variables in PHP programming language and scalar variables in Perl programming language (see Sigil). In AutoIT, automation requires a process language in which any variable has a dollar at the beginning of its name

in most shell script languages, $is used to interpolate environment variables, especially variables, arithmetic calculations and features, and to translate localized strings

in UNIX like systems $is often used as part of the instruction prompt depending on the user's shell and environment settings. For example, the default environment is set to strike as part of the command prompt, and the shell specifies $

$is the language used for tex typesetting to delimit the mathematical region. Use the $prompt command DOS to insert a special sequence into the DOS instruction Prompt string. Convention Microsoft Excel and other reports use $to indicate absolute cell reference

The three-level coin can be the precious one in the ten level system or the rare one in the five level system

the classification of ancient coins is generally determined according to the existing quantity, but the existing quantity of ancient coins is an indefinite number which is difficult to confirm, and this number changes

for example, in the late Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom peasant uprising regime coined coins, and the Heavenly Kingdom Tongbao was rated as grade 1. Xiaoping Qian Tianguo Shengbao's mother money is classified as grade 2. Tianguo Shengbao Xiaoping coin is classified as grade 3. The grading here is that if the coins are of good quality, the price of those with poor quality will fall. Coins of Grade 8, 9 and 10 have a large amount in the world, so the price is low

extended materials:

identification of ancient coins

identification of ancient coins is a meticulous subject, which requires us to accumulate daily knowledge, pay attention to observation and thinking, and carefully compare. Combined with the historical literature and previous research results, this paper finds out some theoretical basis that can be followed and used for reference, so as to summarize the general rules in the identification of ancient coins. This paper briefly introces several methods of ancient coin identification

look at copper

most of the ancient coins in China were cast in the form of copper alloy, so the composition of the alloy is different, and the coins also show different colors. The copper quality of coins in different times is different, and because of the different smelting technology in ancient times, the ancient coins cast in different areas are also different, and each dynasty has its own characteristics

most of the coins from Han Dynasty to Tang and Song Dynasty are made of bronze, which is characterized by blue and white and light red. After Jiajing of Ming Dynasty, it began to transit to brass. In the Tianqi period, it became custom-made with brass, and the color of coins changed greatly

for example, in the pre Qin period, Zhushi was mainly made of copper tin alloy, and the copper was bluish red and hard; In Sui Dynasty, wuzhu coin was called white coin because of its large tin content and white copper; Five years after the reign of Emperor Qianlong, he made coins and added tin. It's called green money. It can be seen that there are rules for the casting of ancient coins in China

look at the rust color

there are no more than two kinds of coins seen today: one is excavated, the other is handed down. The excavated objects have been buried underground for many years, and their surfaces are covered with copper rust. Handed down procts also e to oxidation in the air, the surface has a layer of slurry. Black or copper

copper is a relatively stable metal, which is not easy to rust at room temperature. It will take decades or even hundreds of years to proce copper oxide, basic copper carbonate, etc. Due to the different sizes of the particles formed, copper oxide presents different colors such as yellow, orange red, bright red and dark brown, commonly known as "jujube skin red", "chestnut shell" and so on

the rust color on the surface of the excavated coins is deeply embedded in the coins. Because of its stable and compact molecular structure, the real rust is not easy to wipe off. But the false rust color is not the case. The false rust is mostly on the surface of coins, which is called "floating rust" or "powdery rust". It is light and easy to fall off. Once boiled in alkaline water, the false rust is vulnerable

Currency field types generally include int, float, money / smallmoney, decimal / numeric

select according to the accuracy of the stored data:

int can only store integer money

money / smallmoney data types are accurate to one ten thousandth of the monetary unit they represent

decimal / numberic can customize the decimal places and the data precision that can be stored, so generally more people use this type

float is not suitable for currency which needs precise value

conclusion:

it is best to use money and decimal types in finance

if it is a simple calculation, the float type can be used, but the data fetched by the float type on some platforms is not so accurate, and the accuracy may be lost. Therefore, if the cost is not great in a stable performance platform, it is recommended to use the above two types

extended data:

SQL data type:

1, bit integer

bit data type is integer, its value can only be 0, 1 or null. This data type is used to store data with only two possible values, such as yes or no, true or false, on or off.

note: it is a data type that saves a lot of space. If it can meet the requirements, it should be used as much as possible

2, tinyint integer

tinyint data type can store integers from 0 to 255. It's useful when you're only going to store a limited number of values. This data type occupies 1 byte in the database

3, smallint integer

smallint data type can store integers from the 15th power (- 32768) of - 2 to the 15th power (32767) of 2. This kind of data type is very useful for storing some numerical data which is often limited in a specific range. This data type takes up two bytes of space in the database

4, int integer

int data type can store integers from the 31st power of - 2 (- 2147483648) to the 31st power of 2 (2147483647). Almost all numerical data stored in the database can use this data type. This data type takes up four bytes in the database

5, decimal precise numerical type

decimal data type can be used to store numerical data with fixed precision and range from - 10 to - 10. When using this data type, you must specify the range and precision. The range is the total number of digits that can be stored around the decimal point. Precision is the number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point

7, smallmoney

smallmoney data type is used to represent money and monetary value. This data type can store data from - 214748.3648 to 214748.3647, accurate to one ten thousandth of the monetary unit

8, money type

money data type is used to express money and monetary value. This data type can store data from - 922 billion to 922 billion, accurate to one ten thousandth of the monetary unit

9, float approximate value type

float data type is an approximate value type for floating-point numbers. Floating point numbers are approximate because not all numbers in their range can be expressed accurately. Floating point numbers can be any number from - 1.79e + 308 to 1.79e + 308

10, real approximate value

real data type is similar to floating-point number, it is approximate value type. It can represent floating-point numbers with values between - 3.40e + 38 and 3.40e + 38