Digital payment of money

1. Further explanation on mobile payment system
CMCC PA system is the abbreviation of CMCC pay, which means China mobile payment system

the CMCC PA system mentioned in my diary on February 14, 2018, how it operates, and how to ensure the security of funds that we are most concerned about. In order to ensure the coherence and storytelling of the story, I didn't give more explanation in this article. Now I will give a further explanation to CMCC PA system

from the initial barter, to the emergence of general equivalents, and then to the circulation of paper money. The development of human society is accelerating, and the economic level is also rising by a larger and larger margin. Throughout the history of the global economy, it is not difficult to find that economic prosperity is always accompanied by the complexity and diversification of economic behavior. On the contrary, the complexity and diversification of economic behavior actually promote economic prosperity (now it seems that this is not a very peaceful matter, and financial derivatives are the fuse of the financial crisis), At least it will make the economy sustainable. The means of payment also affect the economic level to some extent. Fraud in personal payment and currency mismatch in international transactions affect ourselves and our country every day. Change always comes from regret for reality. Now the payment has been developing in a diversified way. From eBay's PayPal to Alipay's Alibaba, network payment has changed our life again. It is the premise for us to enjoy convenient online shopping. And will the payment in reality continue the pattern of banknote plus bank card? No, it's time to change

safety and convenience are the two most important things we pay attention to in each payment. For safety, we will carefully check whether we have received counterfeit money; For convenience, most of us don't use the bank card to pay in most cases, because we need to sign. If it's a debit card, we need to press seven more keys. (think about our embarrassed appearance when we use the bank card to settle accounts in the supermarket. We take the pen from the cashier in a hurry, carefully confirm the amount in a noisy noise, sign, turn around and leave, oh, It's a lot of trouble

what to do? The school meal card is very convenient

compared with paper money, this convenience is reflected in the fact that there is no need to change and confirm the authenticity, which is also the advantage of bank card. Compared with bank card, it has the advantage of simple payment and authentication procere. It is inevitable for paper money to withdraw from the stage of history, but this inevitability is based on the global high degree of electronization. And the electronic payment means similar to bank card will be the dominant means of payment in the future<

the shortcomings of the existing bank card payment system are mainly in two aspects:

1. Backward equipment

today's bank cards still use magnetic stripe with small data carrying capacity and poor security as the main information storage, which is not a technical barrier. In fact, IC chip and RF chip are better than magnetic stripe in all aspects, but because most ATMs and POS machines used by businesses are read-only magnetic stripe, and banks and businesses are unwilling to bear the cost of updating equipment, the new type of bank card can not be promoted at all, But the IC chip can not work without the support of the device, and the magnetic stripe is still the main payment force of this bank card).

2. The development of e-money and its application in e-commerce
Abstract: with the development of network technology, e-money as a network-based payment and settlement tool is developing at an unprecedented speed. Starting from the concept of e-money, this paper not only analyzes its development, but also focuses on its application in e-commerce according to the business process of e-commerce. Finally, the problems and solutions in the application process are put forward
key words: e-money, network finance, e-commerce
with the development of computer technology, there are more and more e-payment tools related to e-commerce. These payment instruments can be roughly divided into three categories: one is e-money, such as e-cash, e-wallet, etc; The other is electronic credit card, including smart card, debit card, telephone card, etc; There is another kind of electronic check, such as electronic check, electronic remittance (EFT), electronic transfer, etc. This paper will analyze and study the applicability of e-money in e-commerce, one of the tools of e-payment< First, the basic concepts and main forms of e-money
as the latest form of money, e-money has been used more and more widely since it came into being in the 1970s. Electronic currency is a kind of credit currency developed from online electronic credit, which uses commercial electronic machines and all kinds of transaction cards as media, computer technology and modern communication technology as means, and electronic pulse for capital transmission and storage. Compared with other forms of money such as paper money, e-money has the advantages of low preservation cost, low circulation cost, low standardization cost and low use cost. Especially suitable for small amount of online purchase. E-money technology has solved the technical problems in the storage, circulation and use of intangible money, and has great development potential. Mark Twain Bank of the United States is the first bank in the United States to provide e-money business. As early as April 1996, it obtained 10000 e-money customers
2 the main forms of e-money
there are two main forms of e-money: payment card in the form of smart card and currency file in the form of digital. The former is mainly used for offline payment, while the latter is used for online payment
e-cash is mainly used to replace banknotes and coins for daily small consumption. Mondex card not only has the characteristics of cash, but also has a better characteristic than cash, that is, it can safely use electronic channels (such as telephone, Internet, etc.) to realize the long-distance conversion of people to people, people to businesses, people to banks. China's e-commerce is in its infancy, online financial services are less developed, and the construction of e-money system is slow. Mondex is the closest electronic currency to cash at present
e-cash is a digital currency developed by digicash for online transactions. It is a currency circulating in the form of data. The cash value is converted into a series of encrypted serial numbers, which are used to represent the currency value of various amounts in reality. After the user opens an account in the bank which carries out e-cash business and stores money in the account, he can shop in the store which accepts e-cash< Second, the development of e-money
the emergence of e-money is the result of the development of economy and technology to a certain extent. The use of e-money, on the one hand, can replace the issue of cash to the greatest extent, making the issue of money costs lower; Second, the issuers will change from the central bank to other issuers
at present, there are mainly two kinds of e-money: bank card and online e-money. Now, bank card has been widely used in people's life. For customers, the use of bank card shopping payment, cash withdrawal, deposit, transfer, convenient, safe and efficient, and can obtain the convenience of consultation and financing. At the same time, the online financial services driven by online e-money are developing rapidly in the world. According to statistics, online financial business accounted for 10% ～ 20% of the traditional financial business in 2004. Among them, online financial business in the United States developed the fastest, and European countries are also developing vigorously; In Asia, Singapore and other advanced regions are developing e-money. Singapore's Monetary Commission officials said that the country will strive to switch to electronic currency in 2008. The currency will include an "electronic digital pulse". The transmitter is installed on mobile phones, PDAs and even watches, and then transmits pulse signals for payment activities. At that time, all commercial and service institutions will accept electronic currency according to law. The European Central Bank also pointed out that the application scope of e-money will be more and more extensive, and the promotion of e-money will become one of the components of the future monetary policy of the European Central Bank
2. The development of e-money in China
generally speaking, the development of e-money in China is relatively late compared with that in developed countries, and it is still in its infancy. Online financial services are less developed, and the construction of e-money system is slow. Due to the national conditions and the concept of credit, there was no market foundation in the early development of China's commodity economy. Until the middle and late 1990s, with the deepening of the reform of the financial system, banks were pushed to the market, and the sense of survival and competition of commodity economy forced China's banking sector to think about the development strategy of e-money
in China, the focus of development is still on the credit card business. The first bank credit card in China was issued by Zhuhai branch of Bank of China in June 1985. Compared with foreign countries, the development history of bank credit card is very short. In recent years, China's bank card business has developed rapidly. By the end of June 2001, 55 financial institutions had opened bank card business, with a total number of 330 million cards issued; The balance of deposits in bank card accounts was 374.2 billion yuan, with the total transaction volume of 4853.2 billion yuan in the first half of 2003 alone, an increase of 224% over the same period of last year; There are 129000 bank outlets and about 100000 merchants accepting bank cards nationwide; A total of 49000 ATMs and 334000 sales terminals were installed in financial institutions
3. The development trend of e-money< At present, the development of e-money is very fast. According to experts' prediction, 12% ～ 15% of transactions in the United States will be concted by electronic means in the past ten years, and the development trend will continue to accelerate. In 2000, about 10% of people used e-money for business transactions. In our country, there are also instry analysis, e-commerce will flourish. It can be seen that e-money will develop in the direction of more convenient, safer and more standardized, and payment methods will tend to be simplified and unified, so e-money will have a broader development prospect< Third, the application of e-money in e-commerce
in the face of the coming digital era, with the rapid development of electronic finance and Internet, network, as a new trade field, is graally becoming a major development trend of business. E-money system is the basis of e-commerce activities. Only by correctly understanding the advantages of e-money and establishing and perfecting e-money system can we really carry out e-commerce activities
1 simple description of e-commerce process
e-commerce is a kind of business mode adopting the most advanced information technology. The whole process of e-commerce is not a of the business activities in the stage of instrial economy. E-commerce is a business service that integrates the three basic services of "communication service", "data management service" and "security service". In the process of e-commerce, consumers and businesses (that is, buyers and sellers) input their various supply and demand wishes into the e-commerce network according to a certain format, and the e-commerce network will search for relevant information and provide consumers with a variety of trading options according to the requirements of consumers. Once confirmed by consumers, e-commerce will help complete the contract signing, classification, delivery, payment and other business. At the same time, in order to ensure the security of the transaction process, the certification authority authenticates the buyers and sellers in the Internet transactions and confirms their true identities. E-commerce essentially forms a virtual market exchange place
2. E-money and e-commerce
there is a close relationship between e-money and e-commerce. In e-commerce, online banking, online electronic payment, data encryption and electronic signature play an important and indispensable role. Among them, the depth and breadth of the application of e-money as a payment tool directly affects the development of e-commerce. Through the process of e-commerce, we can see that e-commerce includes not only commodity flow, information flow and logistics, but also capital flow. In the process of payment, it is inevitable to carry out money payment or capital flow through the network. Using electronic money can safely and flexibly store money in its own hard disk in the form of anonymity and use it in the process of payment. It connects consumers and businesses (buyers and sellers) with banks. Consumers can open an account in the relevant banks. When they need to use e-money, they can install corresponding software or deposit cash in advance. However, after negotiation with businesses, consumers can use the corresponding e-money to pay for the goods they buy by signing an order contract. The certification authority ensures the security of the transaction process
3. Problems and solutions in application
the application and development of e-money make it possible for cash and cash transactions on the Internet, and promote the innovation of enterprise marketing structure, marketing methods and settlement methods; The convenient, fast and easy way of shopping will also greatly stimulate consumption and expand demand, bringing unlimited business opportunities to retailers; At the same time, e to the implementation of open network operation, the market competition is greatly intensified, prompting enterprises to provide high-quality and low-cost goods and high-quality and efficient services for the market
in e-commerce, the use of e-money for payment has many advantages compared with traditional currency payment. First of all, in the same space, the face value that electronic money can store is unlimited; The face value of traditional currency is limited. Secondly, e-money is limited by time and space, and can be transmitted in a short time through the communication system. Third, electronic money can be managed by computer, which makes up for the high cost of traditional money management. Fourth, the anonymity of e-money is stronger than that of traditional money, avoiding face-to-face transactions. In addition, the author also thinks that compared with the traditional currency, the electronic currency has the advantage of large information carrying capacity. Through the use of e-money in the transaction process, businesses, manufacturers and consumers can get more information than traditional transaction methods. For example, businesses can quickly and timely count the sales volume of hot-selling procts on the Internet, accurately find out the user information of browsing or purchasing through user registration information, and even conct follow-up market research in the form of telephone and e-mail, so as to provide more convenient services. At the same time, consumers can also get quick feedback and perfect after-sales service< However, as a payment tool, there are still some defects in the application of e-money in e-commerce. There are many views on this issue. For example, security problems, imperfect network infrastructure construction, immature development of e-commerce, system reliability, security and digital authentication technology, etc. these problems will have a great impact on the development of e-money. It is necessary to make e-money fast and healthy

4. Currency is original.

5. In market economic activities, money not only acts as the medium of commodity circulation, but also as the representative of property, becoming the tool of credit activities. A series of economic activities related to money revenue and expenditure, such as transactions and lending, are financial activities. The earliest commodity exchange in human history is direct barter, Barter. Barter without money often takes a lot of trouble. If Party A needs Party B's goods, but Party B doesn't need Party A's goods, they can't conclude a deal. Its disadvantages become more and more obvious with the expansion of the scope of commodity exchange. 1. Money performs the function of medium of exchange. In the practice of exchange, people graally get used to using some kind of goods that are easy to be accepted by everyone as the basis of commodity exchange; Middleman;, Second, currency performs the function of valuation unit, which is to give a certain price to the commodity. There are tens of millions of commodities in the market, and the evaluation of the same commodity's utility varies greatly, Therefore, it is often difficult for people to understand the exchange ratio of various commodities, and the transaction is naturally difficult to be fair. Because the currency that can be obtained after a commodity is sold is the price of the commodity, once the commodity has formed a widely accepted price in the market transaction, people no longer need to remember the exchange ratio of various commodities one by one, As long as you look at the price, you can see at a glance. Money has gone through the evolution process from physical money to metal money, and then from metal money to paper money, Accounting currency in the form of bill and various kinds of electronic currency in recent years have replaced some paper money for circulation. Money can be easily exchanged for a variety of goods and finance at any time. Therefore, in addition to performing the functions of exchange medium and valuation unit in commodity exchange, money itself has also become the representative of property, Not only can it be stored as future purchasing power, but also it can realize value-added by transferring to others for interest. Transferring the right to use currency for a period of time is money lending activities. In the lending activities of transferring the right to use currency, the relationship between the two parties is a kind of creditor's right and debt relationship. The creditor temporarily transfers the right to use currency for a period of time, The user of money (debtor) has the obligation to return after a certain period of time and pay a certain amount of interest

6. In recent years, the popularity of the Internet has also led to the rapid development of e-commerce. In the open Internet to engage in business, trade and other e-commerce activities, security issues are placed in the first place. Security payment processing on Internet or other open networks should meet the following four basic requirements: (1) confidentiality. In the actual transaction environment, the security of order information and payment information of cardholders (customers) must be protected, so that only specific recipients can access these information. (2) integrity. In the actual transaction process, the received message is actually sent information, which can not be illegally tampered in the transmission process, and it can not be a forged message. (3) identity authentication. For online transaction participants, the system must determine their identity and verify their legitimacy. If the trader is not real, the system will not be allowed to enter to prevent the occurrence of counterfeiting. In addition, the meaning of "confirm" here does not completely mean to know the customer's identity, because sometimes e to the need of transaction anonymity, it is impossible to know the customer's exact identity, but it should be able to ensure that it is communicating with a reliable object. (4) resistance to denial. Once the deal is over, none of the parties concerned can deny that they have participated in the affair

in order to ensure the security of the above e-commerce activities, there must be an effective security mechanism as a guarantee, which requires the establishment of e-commerce information security system. The system is shown in Figure 1. Generally speaking, information security system can be divided into the following levels: basic encryption algorithm, security authentication means and security application protocol. The security technologies usually include: encryption algorithm (secret key, public key), public key system infrastructure (PI), various authentication technologies (one-time password, digital envelope, erberos, digital time stamp, CA), network system security protocols (SSL, set, IPSec, PPTP, VPN, TLS), firewall and security gateway technologies

although the above-mentioned technical means to ensure system security already exist, the security problem is systematic, and it is not a simple combination of these means to achieve security. Electronic payment system is still in the immature stage and has many kinds. In view of this, this paper analyzes and compares various payment protocols, and on this basis, analyzes the payment model of set in detail, and makes some discussions< In real life, people generally have three payment methods: cash, check and credit card. Accordingly, electronic payment protocol can be divided into these three modes. An effective and successful electronic payment system must be widely recognized. The system must ensure that all parties concerned are not vulnerable to deception. In addition, it must be convenient and easy to operate

1.1 card based payment protocol

the card based electronic payment protocol realizes the combination of ease of use of web and convenience of credit card. Therefore, this kind of protocol constitutes the dominant payment model in e-commerce

there are some schemes for card based payment mode:

1.1.1 partial order

in online transactions, the most critical data such as credit card number and transaction amount are omitted, and then these information are sent by telephone, e-mail or fax. This mode is not a real online payment, operation is troublesome, can not achieve real security and reliability

1.1.2 first virtual

first virtual's "green coerce" payment model is one of the earliest payment models on the Internet. Both customers and businesses have a pin on first virtual. In the transaction, both parties use pin, and first virtual transfers money instead of them. This scheme uses e-mail to authenticate the identity and contact of customers, and customers can not be authenticated in real time

1.1.3 SSL (secure sockets layer)

SSL provides encryption authentication service and message integrity. It is a secure transaction protocol proposed by Netscape. SSL uses encryption to establish a secure communication channel. In order to transmit the customer's credit card number to the merchant. It is equivalent to using a secure phone connection to read the user's credit card to the merchant over the phone. SSL provides three basic security services:

1. All services between SSL client and SSL server are encrypted with the key and algorithm established in the process of SSL handshake, which prevents some users from illegally eavesdropping and deciphering by using IP packet sniffer tool< (2) information integrity. Ensure that all SSL services achieve the purpose. SSL uses secret sharing and hash function array to provide information integrity service< (3) mutual authentication. That is, the process of mutual identification between client and server. Their identification numbers are public key codes and exchanged in SSL handshake. This prevents other users from impersonating. The biggest weakness of this protocol is that it can't do digital signature, so it doesn't support non repudiation. In addition, it can't authenticate merchants and prevent online fraud<

1.1.4 set (secure electronic transaction)

it is a protocol jointly developed by visa and astercard, which is supported by GTE, I, Microsoft, Netscape, SAIC, terisa and VeriSign

set is based on some early protocols such as Sepp of astercard, STT of visa / Microsoft and IP of I. it defines the process of transaction data flow among users, merchants, issuers and receivers, and also defines various security functions (digital signature, hash algorithm, encryption, etc.) supporting these transactions. Set is the most typical representative of card based secure payment protocol and one of the most secure electronic payment protocols in the world. This paper will analyze the payment model of set in Section 5

1.2 check based payment protocol

the check model simulates the use of checks in real life. Just like the credit card model, it also requires check issuing institutions such as banks to confirm the validity of checks

in the payment protocol based on check, the more promising is that the eCheck of FSTC is built on the existing bank paper check model, directly uses the user's bank account number, and can be used with the existing check system. ECheck, the first online payment by the U.S. government, was sent by e-mail<

other payment protocols in this mode are:

CMU's netbill system: the netbill protocol involves customers, merchants and netbill servers. The transaction includes three stages: price negotiation, goods delivery and payment. The encryption mechanism based on erberos secret key is used; For information goods that can be sent through the network, it links goods delivery and payment to a single atomic transaction

1.3 cash based payment protocol

the cash based payment model simulates the daily use of cash, which enables transactions to be concted anonymously, that is, the transaction process cannot be tracked, and traders can not reveal their identities. This is not possible in card and check mode<

most of the implementation of e-cash comes from the principle of Chaum blind signature:

blind signature mechanism allows users to generate coins by themselves and let the bank set the face value of the coin. When a user withdraws money from a bank, he first generates a large random code for the coin, and then uses the blind signature mechanism. The bank can sign the coin with keys representing different denominations, so as to calibrate the value of the coin. Due to the large encoding (more than 200 digits), the probability of repetition can be ignored, and the blind signature makes it impossible for the bank to know the coin number and record it

at the same time, in order to prevent the plication of e-cash, Chaum introces a blind recording mechanism, which makes it impossible to track the first use of e-coin, and if it is used repeatedly, there will be enough information to find out the user's account information, so as to take corresponding punishment measures

the verification of electronic coins is the same as the ordinary signature verification. When the merchant receives the electronic coins paid by the user, it can check the authenticity of the coins, and then send them to the bank to verify their uniqueness< (1) digicash's e-cash is one of the pioneers of e-money, which is realized by software. (2) ondex: an electronic cash mode based on hardware "wallet"

among the above security payment standards, SSL and set protocol are widely used. Generally, set protocol has the best security. It can promote the use of credit card to pay for online transactions, and will become the instry standard of secure communication protocol for online transactions<

2 set payment model

2.1 set features

SET protocol can meet the security requirements described in Section 2 of this article. Its main features are as follows:

1) confidentiality of information. An important feature of set is that the cardholder's credit card number is only provided to the bank, while the merchant cannot know the credit card number. Set uses des cipher algorithm to provide information security< (2) data integrity. Payment information sent from cardholder to merchant includes order information, personal data and payment instruction. Set introces RSA digital signature and SHA-1 hash function to ensure that the contents of these messages are not illegally changed ring transmission< (3) identification of cardholders. Set allows businesses to identify cardholders as legitimate users of valid credit card accounts. Set uses x.509v3 digital certificate and RSA digital signature to achieve this goal< (4) identification of merchants. Set means that cardholders can identify the authenticity of businesses and verify whether businesses can accept credit card payment. Set also uses x.509v3 digital certificate and RSA digital signature to achieve this function[ [page]

2.2 architecture of set system

in view of the above characteristics, this paper proposes an e-commerce system architecture based on set protocol

the e-commerce system based on set consists of the following six parts:

· cardholder: refers to the authorized holder of the payment card issued by the issuing bank

· merchant: refers to the person or organization that sells goods or services. The merchant must establish business contact with the acquiring bank to accept the payment method of payment card

· issuing bank: a financial institution that provides payment cards to cardholders

· acquiring bank: refers to the financial institution that establishes business relationship with the merchant

· payment gateway: realizes the transformation of payment information from Internet to bank internal network, and authenticates merchants and cardholders

· certification authority (CA): plays an important role in e-commerce system based on set protocol. X.509v3 digital certificate can be issued for cardholders, merchants and payment gateways to enable cardholders, merchants and payment gateways to authenticate through digital certificate. At the same time, CA should manage the certificate

2.3 set payment model

the payment process of set mainly includes: purchase request, payment authentication

2.3.1 purchase request

after the cardholder has finished browsing, purchasing and ordering, the merchant sends a complete order card to the customer

7. The electronic payment instry chain market is hot and the prospect is unpredictable. The active electronic payment enterprises represent the huge demand of digital payment“ With mobile phones, you can pay, with email, you can collect and pay, and if you dare to use it, I'll pay for it... The payment problem has suddenly become a strong market opportunity this year. At the beginning of this year, Alibaba CEO Jack Ma said at the world economic forum in Davos, Switzerland: "2005 will be the year of secure payment for China's e-commerce." Six months later, in July 11th, PayPal, the world's largest electronic payment company, entered China with a high profile and established its fourteenth global localization website, "PayPal", in Shanghai, directly against Taobao, Alipay of Ma Yun's banner. In 2005, the upsurge led by electronic payment enterprises swept the domestic e-commerce instry“ The slogan "you can collect and pay with email" was brought to China by PayPal. PayPal was founded at the end of 1998. It binds a user's credit card account number to his email address, so that online users can collect and pay safely and conveniently through his email address. PayPal soon "got out of the way". It landed on NASDAQ more than a year later, and was acquired by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion. Currently, PayPal has 78.9 million users in 56 countries around the world, and the total amount of payments processed in the second quarter of 2005 reached $6.5 billion. At the same time, a large number of various payment companies have sprung up in China, such as PayPal like Shanghai fast money company, SmartPay company focusing on mobile payment, Beijing YeePay company, etc. For a time, the payment company with the suffix "pay" was dazzling. Electronic payment is not a new concept. Since China Merchants Bank first launched online banking business in 1998, people began to come into contact with online payment, mobile banking and online transactions. At this stage, the bank is undoubtedly the leading force of online payment, but how to expand the participation of small and medium-sized businesses in different instries in online transactions is not the strength of the bank, and the bank itself does not have enough power to develop business outside the main business. So non bank enterprises began to intervene in the field of payment. Many service providers with strong bank interface technology, such as Beijing Shouxin, Shanghai huanxun and online banking, provide online payment channels on the basis of the unified platform and interface provided by the bank's basic payment layer, just like a plug-in board, which connects businesses and banks respectively in front and back, and obtains share through secondary settlement with banks. This kind of payment gateway mode is the most mature in China“ But the value of this model will be smaller and smaller in the future. It is only a channel rather than a platform, and it is impossible to customize services according to the needs of businesses. " Instry insiders expressed concern that "once businesses and banks are directly connected, this mode will be most easily abandoned because of its low added value." Many people think that the problem of channel payment companies is that the concept of "user" is not strong. Large e-commerce companies with huge user groups, such as eBay, eBay, Taobao, and Huicong, have built their own payment platforms to push the payment mode to the second stage. As early as before PayPal entered China, in October 2004, eBay and eBay united with a number of domestic financial institutions to launch its honest payment tool "anfutong". Taobao launched Alipay in 2003 and set up a special payment company to operate it. Whether Alipay or PayPal, they put forward the slogan "you dare to use it, I dare to pay", and fully compensate the buyers and sellers. The essence of this mode is to use the payment company as the credit intermediary, and take the place of the buyer and the seller to temporarily keep the payment before the buyer confirms the receipt of the goods. This kind of guarantee can control the transaction risk of the buyer and the seller, solve the security problem in the transaction, and form the consumer loyalty easily. But whether it is paypal or Alipay, as a payment platform, serving the parent company's main business is the first meaning, and its development also depends on the size of the parent company's platform. For us, whether the customer uses paypal or other payment tools, as long as he is willing to trade on eBay and eBay. " Liao Guangyu speaks frankly about PayPal's mission. Although paypal and Alipay said their payment platform was open to all customers, the payment platform of a certain e-commerce company holding company was unlikely to be adopted by other peers e to the sensitivity of the transaction information. It is not surprising that independent third-party payment companies have sprung up in large numbers. There is a third-party payment mode, that is, payment companies advance funds for buyers, or companies such as 99bill and YeePay set up virtual accounts. Through the account number opened by the buyer and the seller in the trading platform, the online transaction payment is completed with virtual funds as the medium (of course, these virtual funds also need to be recharged with RMB), so that the payment transaction is only circulated in the payment platform system. In terms of means of payment, domestic third-party electronic payment companies have formed a combination of online payment, telephone payment and mobile payment. Users can choose to pay by dialing fixed line telephone, debit card or SMS. Although domestic payment companies have various modes and means, in fact, electronic payment companies are only a link in the instrial chain. There are many participants in the electronic payment instry, involving banks, customers, businesses, system developers, electronic payment platform service providers, digital authentication service providers, etc“ China Mobile has mobile dreamnet. We need to take the YeePay platform as the support and the services suitable for users as the entry point to bring in the banks and businesses and set up "bank dreamnet." Tang bin, CEO of YeePay, said with a smile. But in the chain of "banking dream net", do banks also occupy the position of similar mobile operators“ The position of banks in the electronic payment chain is irreplaceable. " There is no doubt about the tone of Zhang Yaolin, vice president of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank. At present or for a long time in the future, in the process of online payment, the payment business of non bank enterprise payment companies will eventually be completed through the payment gateway of the bank, and the settlement will be carried out by the bank. In fact, the competition between payment companies is first reflected in the competition with banks. Whether it can form close cooperation with the major commercial banks, and whether it can reach the lowest price in the negotiation with the banks, become the primary means for payment companies to compete. But the relationship between payment companies and banks is not just cooperation. When the bank directly connects with the merchant without any third-party payment company, the third-party payment company will face strong competition from the bank“ At present, banks are still in the stage of running horses to encircle land. The main income of commercial banks comes from the difference between deposits and loans. When online payment becomes an important source of income for banks one day, banks will come to grab merchants. " An insider of a commercial bank commented. For mobile payment companies, the system docking between mobile operators and commercial banks will also lead to the value rection of third-party payment companies“ In terms of mobile payment, South Korea's telecom operators cooperate directly with banks. If the market is large enough, imagine that once the back-end business systems of China Mobile and instrial and Commercial Bank of China are directly connected, any third-party payment company will not exist. " Guan Guoguang, CEO of Shanghai fast money company, said. But the fact is that not all companies, except the big merchants, can directly connect with banks, and a bank can not meet the customers' consumption demand for a variety of bank cards. Therefore, at present, there is still room for the third-party payment platform that unites many banks and expands many merchants. Although paypal and Alipay rely on the strong parent company background to sharpen the market in the domestic market, the independent third party companies do not seem to be moved. "Our tentacles can reach the level they can not reach." Each link in the electronic payment instry chain, such as third-party payment companies, banks and merchants, cooperates and competes with each other. However, they are also in a contractual relationship, forming a complex contract group. Only in different stages of development of the instry, they have different weight of negotiation. Although in theory, if banks and merchants are directly connected, the future of many companies providing payment channels will be bleak. But "our space is to do things that banks can't or have no time to do." Wang Xu, President of Shouxin company, said that there are still great opportunities for market segmentation“ For the convenience businesses opened by banks, such as paying for water and electricity, some people have calculated a sum of money, and if they receive one person's service, the bank will lose 2 yuan. " Wang Xu believes that although public utility payment is scattered and complicated, it brings many opportunities to payment companies. In Shanghai, people can pay for water, coal and electricity by sending short messages through the payment platform of Jieyin company. Shouxin's main business also comes from the government's personal business, such as ecation fees. Since the Ministry of ecation cancelled the counter transaction, the phenomenon of long queues for postgraate examination registration fees has gone forever. At present, Beijing graate students can register online through shouxinyi payment. Last year, 20% of Shouxin's revenue came from ecation fees. Community e-commerce is also the future development direction of Shouxin company. Community e-commerce can enable people to enjoy more than 160 community services, such as door-to-door housekeeping services, home appliance maintenance, small piece handling, etc., with just a phone call. Digital procts are also an important field for payment companies. For example, the game point card, telecom recharge card, network card and other procts, because the proct itself has no entity, real-time transaction, the most suitable for online payment. In 2004, among the income of Shanghai huanxun, Shouxin and UnionPay electronic payment companies, the income of game point cards accounted for 40%, and the latter two also reached 30%. Cloud.com, Shanghai fast money and Beijing YeePay, which have only started to officially operate payment platforms this year, have taken digital procts as important areas to actively expand. In addition to the game card, the emerging online game virtual goods trading also began to enter the field of vision of various payment companies. Both eBay and Taobao set up special zones for virtual transactions. At present, IGE China, the largest virtual goods trading company in the United States, is also discussing cooperation with Alipay. Once the cooperation is successful, the volume of IGE's transactions will account for 1/10 of Alipay's volume. For mobile payment, independent wireless Internet portal has become their new goal“ At present, the wireless Internet portal or mobile phone mall lacks payment channels after the completion of the transaction. This market is very large. " Shen Guowei, CEO of Shanghai Jieyin company, said that he was talking about cooperation with some WAP portals“ Many SP companies come to us to talk about the cooperation of mobile payment, because they think that they used to rely too much on mobile operators, there are many bad debts and the cost is too high. But through the banking network, the cost is very low, and the service is better. So after three years, it's normal for bank to compete with mobile to some extent, and it should happen. " Said Tang bin, CEO of YeePay. The emergence and growth of a large number of third-party payment companies will also have an impact on the tourism instry, digital publishing instry and distance ecation instry

8. The history of money used by human beings originated in the era of barter. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency. Gold money
metal money
after years of natural elimination, in the vast majority of society, the goods used as money are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store. Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency. In the early days, metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established. People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia made coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery. The earliest metal currency in China was copper shell of Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty is also called Bronze Age in Chinese history. At that time, the well-developed bronze smelting instry promoted the development of proction and the increase of trading activities. As a result, the most widely circulated shell coins at that time were inconvenient to trade e to the unstable source, so people searched for more suitable currency materials, and naturally concentrated on bronze, and bronze coins came into being. However, this kind of metal currency made of bronze is rough in making, simple in design, unfixed in shape, without unit of use, and not widely used in the market. Because of its shape is very similar to the shell as a currency, so most people call it copper shell. Gold currency
according to the analysis of archaeological materials, after the copper shell came into being, it was circulated at the same time with the shell currency. In the middle of the spring and Autumn period, the copper shell developed into a new form of currency, that is, the copper shell wrapped with gold. It was wrapped with a thin layer of gold on the surface of ordinary copper coins, which was both luxurious and wear-resistant. Copper shell is not only the earliest metal currency in China, but also the earliest metal currency in the world.

9. OK, I'll take care of it for you.