Electronic banking digital currency
digital currency is abbreviated as digiccy, which is the abbreviation of "digital currency" in English. It is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. Both digital gold coin and cryptocurrency belong to digiccy. Digital currency is an unregulated and digital currency, which is usually issued and managed by developers and accepted and used by members of a specific virtual community. The European Banking authority defines virtual currency as a digital representation of value, which is not issued by the central bank or authorities, nor linked with legal currency. However, because it is accepted by the public, it can be used as a means of payment, or it can be transferred, stored or traded in electronic form
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1、 Different definitions:
1. Electronic currency:
refers to the currency paid by electronic means
2. Digital currency:
is a virtual currency based on node network and digital encryption algorithm
Electronic currency: Based on computer technology, it can be widely used in the fields of proction, exchange, distribution and consumption. It has many functions such as financial savings, credit and non cash settlement2. Digital currency:
e to some open algorithms, digital currency has no issuers, so no one or institution can control its issuance; Because the number of algorithm solutions is fixed, the total amount of digital currency is fixed, which fundamentally eliminates the possibility of inflation caused by the overuse of virtual currency; Because the transaction process needs the approval of each node in the network, the transaction process of digital currency is safe enough
Third, the same point:the circulation mode of e-money and digital money is two-way circulation
extended data
e-money is the virtualization of the value scale of real money and the function of payment means. It is a kind of money without monetary entity. Electronic currency is an invisible currency based on highly developed electronic technology
the value of e-money is transferred from the consumer to the seller through the sales terminal, and then the seller redeems the money. The e-money held by the merchant is sent to the e-money issuer to redeem the money, or to the bank. The bank debits the corresponding amount on its account, and then the bank settles with the issuer through the clearing institution In simultaneous interpreting, p>
electronic money can transfer money value directly among the holders. It does not require the intervention of third parties, such as banks. This is also the essential difference between electronic money and traditional cash card and transfer card. p>
1. Application of different
digital currency: fast, economic and safe payment and settlement; Bill finance and supply chain finance; The real right of collateral is digitalized
e-money: the seller sends the buyer's payment instructions to the seller's acquiring bank through the payment gateway; The acquiring bank obtains the authorization from the issuing bank through the bank card network, and sends the authorization information back to the seller through the payment gateway; After obtaining the authorization, the Seller shall send the buyer the shopping completion information. If payment acquisition and payment authorization cannot be completed at the same time, the seller should send payment acquisition request to the acquiring bank through the payment gateway, and transfer the transaction funds from the buyer to the seller's account. The final inter-bank settlement is completed by the payment system between banks
2. Different characteristics
digital currency is characterized by low transaction cost, fast transaction speed and high anonymity
e-currency is characterized by anonymity, saving transaction cost, saving transmission cost, small holding risk, flexible and convenient payment, anti-counterfeiting and anti repetition, and non traceability
Digital currency can be divided into three categories: completely closed, unrelated to the real economy and only used in specific virtual communities, such as world of warcraft gold; It can be purchased in real currency but not converted back to real currency, and can be used to purchase virtual goods and services, such as Facebook credit; It can exchange and redeem with real currency according to a certain ratio. It can purchase both virtual goods and services and real goods and services, such as bitcoine-money: e-cash based on the Internet environment and keeping the binary data representing the value of money in the hard disk of the computer terminal; An electronic wallet that keeps the value of money in an IC card and can be circulated out of the bank payment system
there is no . In response to the online transmission of China Construction Bank mobile app online digital currency in personal wallet, CCB responded on the evening of August 29 that CCB carried out relevant function test in mobile banking system on the evening of August 28, at present, this test has ended . At present, Internet information is the testing content in the process of technology research and development, does not mean that digital RMB is officially launched
it is reported that recently, the app of China Construction Bank launched the digital currency wallet, which surprised people. Users only need to bind their own bank card on the digital currency wallet to open it. In addition, the app of China Construction Bank has added two submenus of digital wallet recharge and digital currency, indicating that users can use the digital RMB wallet to recharge, It is mainly divided into app wallet and hardware wallet
extended information:
many companies speed up the layout
recently, there are many rumors about digital RMB, which are also reflected in the capital market. Judging from the performance of the digital currency sector, it recently hit a new high this year
some listed companies revealed that they would pay attention to the field of digital currency and actively lay out their plans. On the e interactive platform of Shanghai Stock Exchange, Qi an Xin said that the pilot test of digital currency has brought more market opportunities for security manufacturers from the new security project opportunities brought by the upgrading of financial IT system, and the company has been paying attention to and actively arranging
The company has been paying close attention to and actively following up the technology and application trends related to digital currency, and has continued to make layout in technology R & D and proct development. In the process of promoting the implementation of digital currency by the central bank, Youbo will also contribute to the digitalization of RMB and the implementation of offline merchant payment scenariosShenzhou Holdings said in the China Daily News that its Shenzhou information has participated in the central bank's digital currency (DC / EP) test and related promotion work of a commercial bank, involving the electronic payment scenario test of encrypted digital currency. As one of the important systems required for the later promotion of DC / EP, Shenzhou information has completed relevant technical reserves, In the future, it can help commercial banks realize the implementation and promotion of digital currency
digital currency is an index character RMB, which is a legal encrypted digital currency. It is not only a payment tool, but also a currency. It is essentially different from Alipay and WeChat payment. P> Alipay, WeChat payment and mobile phone banks are all electronic money, is not digital money. These are all payment methods based on electronic accounts, which are in essence just a process of informatization of legal currency, not digital currency in a strict sense. Moreover, it is completely different from q-coin and bitcoin commonly referred to as q-coin and bitcoin, all belong to virtual currency. Compared with digital currency, the most fundamental difference lies in the difference of issuers virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, the issuer is not the central bank, and it can only circulate in a specific virtual environment, such as online game currency, which is mainly used for the purchase of virtual goods, but generally does not have security, so virtual trading platforms, such as smart star Witkey, XX one, XX eight, etc., are designed to provide secure trading protection. Digital currency can be used for real goods and services transactions, but only the digital currency issued by the state is legal digital currency, bitcoin is illegal digital currency
the media's attention to the central bank's digital currency has increased significantly, especially after Zuckerberg testified in Congress on the Libra issue and Christina Lagarde acknowledged the "clear demand" for stable currency at her first media reception as president of the European Central Bank, which seems to have changed the public's view on this matter, Let many people in cryptocurrency community think that cbdcs is in sight<
according to the latest survey report released by the bank for International Settlements, central banks in the past seven years have been investigating this technology and assessing its impact. Of the 63 central banks surveyed, 55 said they were unlikely to issue cbdcs in the next three years, and only one reported that they were "highly likely to issue large-scale cbdcs in the next three to six years."
although the proportion of central banks studying cbdcs is very high, the crux of the problem is that it is mainly theoretical and investigative work. Only five central banks have concted more in-depth research and real project development or experimentation - but that still does not mean that they will necessarily issue cbdcs
through close observation, it is more and more obvious that both Libra recently released by Facebook and the new stable currency assets have had a significant impact on the central bank. Today's situation took hundreds of years to form, but it changed in a few months; Competition, the most terrifying and unfamiliar concept that has never been thought of before and penetrated into the elite society of central banks, is now knocking at the door
it can be said that the solution to the current situation is still unclear. Some people who are familiar with these things even say that they are bluffing. However, in Lagarde's own words, the slow and wait-and-see regulatory approach can no longer meet the needs
1. What is central bank digital currency<
what is the difference between central bank digital currency CBDC and other digital currencies
CBDC is a new form of currency, which is directly issued by the central bank in digital form as legal tender. The current form of legal currency is cash, reserve deposit or balance settlement< There are two main differences between CBDC and other digital currencies (including cryptocurrency and other forms of central bank currency):
1. CBDC has nothing to do with cryptoassets. They're not decentralized, they don't have to be blockchain based, and they're certainly not anonymous, they're not unlicensed, they're not censored< 2. Contrary to the current digital cash, the operation structure of CBDC will be different from other forms of central bank currency. CBDC has more powerful functions. They are programmable, can generate interest, can be cleared in near real time, and have cheaper handling charges and wider openness
when designing CBDC, the speed of central banks is different. Different central banks adopt their own approach. However, in general, there are three problems being explored: whether CBDC should be based on token or account number, whether CBDC should be batch (only open to banks) or retail (open to the public), and whether it should be based on DLT
when CBDC is to be implemented, things will become complicated, and there are many thorny problems to be considered
for example, once CBDC is launched, does it need to cancel cash? Should CBDC carry interest? Should they have face value like cash? Or linked to the total price index? What impact will this have on commercial banks? What about anonymity and privacy? All these questions need to be answered<
2. Motivation for issuing CBDC
in the 2017 staff discussion paper, the Bank of Canada gave six reasons for issuing CBDC in an article entitled "central bank digital currency: motivation and impact":
1. Ensure that the central bank provides sufficient cash to the public, and maintain the seigniorage revenue of the central bank
2, Support non-traditional monetary policy
3. Rece overall risk and improve financial stability
4. Improve payment competitiveness
5. Promote financial inclusiveness
6. Curb criminal activities
looking back at the bank for International Settlements survey we analyzed earlier, payment security and domestic efficiency are selected as the most important motives of the central bank. According to a large number of papers published by the central bank and other large financial institutions, for developed countries, the transformation into a cashless society is the main driving factor, while for developing countries, financial inclusiveness, cost rection and operational efficiency are the main motivation
throughout the rest of the reports and the literature that can be found, the fierce competition brought about by bitcoin and other innovations in the cryptocurrency instry, as well as the clear need for "one step ahead", of course, are not listed as the reasons for issuing CBDC< The advantages and potential risks of CBDC are very low.
if the central bank starts to launch CBDC and succeeds in the end, there are many potential benefits
from a technical point of view, CBDC is much better than the current form of legal currency. They can be tracked better, collect taxes more conveniently, transmit monetary policy better, have better financial inclusiveness, and rece the cost of procing physical currency
the most obvious advantage is that payment is cheaper and faster, whether it is domestic payment or cross-border payment
in addition to the design and implementation problems, a key problem of issuing CBDC is that CBDC may increase the risk of bank operation. However, this only happens when banks promise that their deposits can be converted into CBDC on demand, which is not necessarily the case, according to the Bank of England document
4. Facts on the ground
how far is it from us to see a real CBDC appear in the market? It's hard to estimate, but at present, we can sum up the current situation in one sentence: all talk but no practice
if we put aside the failed digital currencies of Ecuador, Tunisia and Venezuela, we can only do theoretical research, a small amount of experiments, and issue some feasible CBDC issuance announcements supported by the state in the future
the most famous CBDC projects in progress are: e-peso in Uruguay (the project was successfully tested in 2018), DCEP in China, "project Inthanon" in Thailand, e-krona in Sweden (still in the research stage)...
5. The revolution has not yet been successful, and comrades still need to work hard
considering the factors mentioned above, Most of the headlines about CBDC's upcoming release are groundless. All projects scheled to be released this year have been delayed
in fact, there is still a long way to go for the birth of CBDC, and to convince the public, we need more than a statement. Given the current situation, it seems that CBDC and other cryptocurrencies may not affect each other - at least for now.
a few days ago, Indian Prime Minister modi announced the issuance of a new currency aimed at combating tax evasion and money laundering. In fact, if the central bank issues digital currency with perfect technology and mature mechanism, it will have better effect. Because the digital currency, in addition to anti-counterfeiting, with the help of blockchain technology, makes the capital data traceable and highly transparent. These features can also be used for macro data statistics and monitoring, which has positive significance for big data risk control
as for what bank digital currency is, the central bank requested at the meeting on January 20 this year that the research team of the people's Bank of China should actively absorb the important achievements and practical experience of digital currency research at home and abroad, continue to promote on the basis of preliminary work, establish a more effective organizational guarantee mechanism, and further clarify the strategic objectives of the central bank in issuing digital currency, Do a good job in tackling key technologies, study the multi scenario application of digital currency, and strive to launch the digital currency issued by the central bank as soon as possible.
E-cash, like paper money, has no value in itself. It only depends on the credit of the issuer to reflect its value. It is a kind of digital information composed of 0 and 1 signed by the bank through electronic means, so it is also called digital currency. It is different from the credit card used now, because the credit card itself is not money, it is just a means of transfer, and e-cash itself is a kind of money, it can be directly used to buy goods. Although it is the same as gold coin and paper money, it does not need physical entity like them. Instead, it can make electronic payment only through data exchange to realize the function of cash. E-cash has the following characteristics:
one is the rapidity of mobile. It can send cash to distant places instantaneously through the network, so it has extremely fast mobility. Because it is a kind of digital information, like the usual data, it can be put in the computer and transmitted by the network. Moreover, it can be sent directly to the store terminal by the consumer terminal, so there is no need to pay the service charge to the intermediate settlement institution. However, because it can transfer large amounts of money to distant places instantaneously, it also increases the monitoring difficulty of financial management institutions, and also causes tax, legal, exchange rate instability and other problems
The other is the anonymity of payment (i.e. it is impossible to know who originally owned the money). Using cash can also achieve anonymity, but it is difficult to achieve it when using electronic settlement services (such as credit card). With the electronization of various social systems, there is a tendency to automatically collect personal secret information. Payment behavior is often the source of all kinds of personal secret information. Therefore, the use of e-cash will be an effective means of self-defense in the future computer society. However, the anonymity of e-cash will also provide the convenience of money laundering for money of unknown origin, so we should try to prevent it The third is to improve the safety. Because the security measures it adopts are far more perfect than the current credit card, much safer than checking accounts and savings accounts, and will not be stolen or robbed like banknotes and coins Fourthly, it can save cost. Banknotes need to be printed, transported, preserved, counted, anti-counterfeited and secured, which requires a lot of expenses. It is reported that the annual cost of transporting tangible currency in the United States is as high as US $6 billion, and that in the United Kingdom is as high as 200 million pounds. The cost of money settlement and transportation between the world bank system accounts for 5% of its total management fee. All these expenses can be saved when using e-cash