Does sovereign digital currency measure issuance

1. At present, digital currency is not really in circulation in any country. In South America, there was a small country that wanted to issue its own sovereign digital currency, but there was no latest progress. Of course, China, Britain and other big countries have planned to issue digital currency, but it is still in a testing stage and has not really implemented it
the first country to recognize bitcoin as legal was Germany, which first defined bitcoin as an alternative currency. Of course, in the future, sovereign digital currencies may be popular, and digital cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, Ruitai coin, Laite coin and vitality coin will become a supplement.

2.

It is not currently available

at present, the Central Bank of China has not issued and approved the digital currency of issuers and investors

However, at the beginning of the year, the central bank held a seminar on digital currency, at which it made it clear that it was necessary to issue digital currency as soon as possible, and the central bank put the issue of digital currency on the agenda

however, so far, the central bank has not issued any digital currency, and Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the central bank, said that the time is not ripe to issue digital currency. Moreover, the digital currency issued by the central bank is different from bitcoin, Ruitai, Laite and other digital cryptocurrencies, and the digital currency issued by the central bank is not decentralized

< H2 > extended data:

when the central bank issues digital currency, it needs to establish a basic digital currency system. In this system, the central bank is in charge of the digital currency issuing bank, the commercial bank is in charge of the bank, and the public and indivials hold digital wallets. This is not much different from the existing monetary system in essence, but the managed currency is changed from paper money to digital cryptocurrency

in terms of issuing mechanism, there are two modes:

one is the traditional mode of "central bank commercial bank", that is, the central bank issues digital currency from the issuing bank of the central bank to the Bank of the commercial bank. When an indivial withdraws money from the commercial bank, the digital currency is transferred from the commercial bank to the personal digital wallet

another mode is the "central bank public" mode, that is, the central bank can directly issue digital currency from the currency issuing bank to the digital wallet of the public and indivials. In essence, no matter which issuing mode, money is ultimately held by the public, which is the debt of the central bank to the public

3. Digital currency
unlike virtual currency, digital currency is neither bitcoin nor q-coin! That is to say, it is different from virtual currencies such as bitcoin and Ethernet
virtual currency can only be closed in circulation on the network, just like Tencent's q-coin and Huixin cloud software collaborative instry ecological chain platform, they can only be used for their own procts. Digital currency can be used for real goods and services transactions, but only the digital currency issued by the state is legal digital currency, bitcoin is illegal digital currency. As for legal digital currency, there is no unified international definition. Yao Qian, deputy director of the science and Technology Department of the people's Bank of China and head of the preparatory group of the digital currency Research Institute, believes that the digital currency researched and issued by the people's Bank of China is indexed RMB. From the perspective of national schemes, it belongs to legal encrypted digital currency, which is not only a payment tool but also a currency. Correspondingly, virtual currency is also called illegal fixed digital currency. Li Lihui, head of the blockchain working group of China Internet Finance Association, once said that digital currency must have legal status, national sovereignty endorsement, and clear responsibility subject of issuance. Virtual currencies represented by bitcoin and ethereal currency have no country, no sovereign endorsement, no qualified issuers, and no national credit support. These are not digital currencies
digital money is not equivalent to virtual currency
since digital money can be used for commodity trading, is Alipay and WeChat payment a kind of digital currency?
Alipay, WeChat payment and mobile phone banks are all electronic money, not digital money. These are all payment methods based on electronic accounts, which are in essence just a process of informatization of legal currency, not digital currency in a strict sense. For example, the amount of Alipay or WeChat transactions is essentially banknotes on bank accounts, but it is electronic form. The "100 yuan" displayed on the mobile phone will correspond to the real 100 yuan in the bank.
(edited by Huixin Yunxu)

4.

In today's society, the whole world is a super strong society. One superpower refers to a superpower, and the United States deserves it. There are many powerful countries, such as Japan, Russia, China and so on. Nowadays, digital currency is widely popular. Up to the top officials and dignitaries, down to the people, there may be people playing digital currency. What's more, maybe you have several friends playing digital currency. According to the current situation, the main body of issuing and implementing digital currency is mainly divided into two categories, one is issued by companies, the other is issued by social organizations or associations. Although countries are joining the tide of blockchain research, so far no country has officially launched sovereign digital currency

Therefore, Venezuela should learn more from Russia and strengthen its own construction. And other aspects have come up, and then issue their own digital currency, I believe credit will be higher

5.

According to Article 224 of the criminal law of the people's Republic of China, whoever lures or coerces participants to continue to develop pyramid selling activities involving others, swindles property or disturbs economic and social order shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined

If the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined. Generally speaking, ordinary people who participate in pyramid selling are not dealt with as illegal business operation crime. This crime only deals with leading elements and main members

in the name of marketing goods and providing services, the organization and leaders require the participants to obtain the qualification by paying fees or purchasing goods and services, and form a hierarchy according to a certain order, and directly or indirectly use the number of development personnel as the basis for remuneration or rebate

According to the Seventh Amendment to the criminal law, it should be dealt with as the crime of illegal business operation: those who organize or lead pyramid schemes, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and shall also be fined

the following personnel can be identified as the organizers and leaders of MLM activities:

(1) personnel who play the role of initiation, planning and manipulation in MLM activities

(2) personnel who are responsible for management and coordination in MLM activities

(3) the personnel who are responsible for propaganda and training in MLM activities

(4) those who have received criminal punishment for organizing or leading pyramid selling activities, or administrative punishment for organizing or leading pyramid selling activities within one year, and who have directly or indirectly developed pyramid selling activities with more than 15 participants and at least three levels

(5) other personnel who play a key role in the implementation of MLM activities, the establishment and expansion of MLM organizations

if the crime of organizing and leading pyramid selling activities is committed in the name of the unit, the personnel appointed by the unit who are only engaged in labor work will not be investigated for criminal responsibility

6.

The mining right setting plan is a detailed arrangement of the spatial layout of exploration right and mining right in a certain area on the basis of mineral resources planning, which is an important basis for the establishment and adjustment of exploration right and mining right, Based on mineral resources planning, we should make full use of mineral resources potential evaluation, reserve utilization investigation, on-site verification results of mining rights and existing geological and mineral information, adhere to the principle of integrated exploration and intensive development, and optimize the layout of mineral resources exploration and exploitation, For low-risk exploration areas, the mining right setting plan should be worked out according to the resource occurrence and geological structure conditions; If the resource situation is unclear, the State shall pay for the preliminary investigation and necessary general survey. Among them, the coal mining right setting scheme shall be prepared according to the requirements of existing documents. For non risk minerals, the State shall pay for the necessary geological work and directly prepare the mining right setting scheme, On the basis of the opinions of mining right owners and stakeholders, experts should be organized to conct full argumentation, divide exploration right and mining right blocks, and reasonably determine the number and scale of mining right. All areas that may involve the implementation of total mining amount control of ore-forming geological conditions should be organized to conct special argumentation, and the argumentation results should be explained in the mining right setting plan, (4) the mining right setting plans of national planned mining areas, mining areas of great value to the national economy, and integrated exploration areas shall be prepared by the units with corresponding qualifications entrusted by the provincial land and resources department, (5) if the established mining right does not conform to the mining right setting plan, it should be adjusted and integrated step by step according to the mining right setting plan. (6) the mining right setting plan should be dynamically managed and revised in a rolling way, According to the geological exploration work, it is necessary to adjust the mining right setting scheme; (7) in order to speed up the formulation of the mining right setting plan for the integrated exploration area, according to the recent exploration work deployment, the main minerals and key areas can be highlighted, It can be divided into several units to work out the mining right setting plan step by step.

II. Technical requirements

the mining right setting plan is composed of the plan text, attached drawings and scheles. The text of the mining right setting plan should include general principles, geological and metallogenic background and social and economic development analysis, mining right division plan and conclusion, safeguard measures, The main technical requirements are as follows:

(1) outline the compilation of regional geographical location, scope (inflection point coordinates), area, transportation, natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, geological work, geological characteristics, resource reserves, mineral resources development and utilization, etc.

< P > (2) according to the compilation of regional natural geographical conditions, metallogenic law, geological structure, mining technical conditions, resource occurrence conditions, Geological work degree, economic and technical conditions, exploration and mining status, infrastructure layout, administrative division, integrated exploration implementation plan, etc., put forward the division plan of exploration right and mining right, and demonstrate the rationality of the number, location and scope of the established exploration right and mining right, The inflection point, coordinate, elevation, resource reserves and so on are described.

(4) combining with the local actual situation, the measures to ensure the implementation of mining right setting scheme in economic, legal, technical and administrative aspects are formulated.

(5) the data source of scheme compilation, the connection with relevant planning and integrated exploration implementation scheme are described in the annex; (6) list in tabular form the license number, name, inflection point, coordinates, area, validity period, identified and occupied resources and reserves, mining design scale and other details (see the attached table for details).

(7) the plan of mining right setting scheme shall have geographical elements, geological and mineral elements, geological exploration degree, and the plan of mining right setting scheme shall have the following contents, The name and scope of the established exploration right and mining right, the name (or number) and scope of the proposed exploration right and mining right, and the scope of the integration of the exploration right and mining right are briefly listed in the form of attached table on the left side of the figure; On the right side of the map, the name (or number) and area of the proposed exploration right and mining right are briefly listed in the form of attached table. The specific requirements are as follows:

1. geographical part. The basic geographical map of the region is drawn as the base map, including administrative boundaries above the county level, residential areas above the township level, railways and trunk roads, important water systems, Important peaks and landmarks.

2. 2. Basic part. Indicate the scope of preparation area, geological work degree (investigation and evaluation, pre investigation, general survey, detailed investigation, exploration) and scope; Faults, folds, etc; The scope of exploration right and mining right has been established; The mining right scope of the proposed exploration right.

3. 3; The proposed exploration right is circled with blue dotted line and filled with blue, while the proposed mining right is circled with green dotted line, (8) the final results of the mining right setting plan submitted include 3 paper copies and 3 electronic documents, Electronic offer data. The electronic offer of mining right setting scheme will be released separately.

4. Table 1 basic information of mining right setting scheme in zone x

5. region name

6. region category

7. inflection point coordinates

8. major minerals in the region

9. involving total amount control minerals

10. area (km2)

11. compiled Note: 1. Region name refers to the name of the region where the mining right setting plan is prepared, including the name of the administrative unit where the region is located, such as XX County, XX Province, XX region; In case of cross administrative region, the name of the common superior administrative unit shall be listed

    Regional categories include national planning mining area, mining area with important value to national economy, integrated exploration area, provincial key mining area (exploration area) and general mining area (exploration area)
    The coordinates of inflection points should be filled in the coordinates of longitude and latitude or rectangular coordinates of inflection points in Xi'an coordinate system in 1980
    The main minerals in the area should be listed as the main minerals and main associated minerals in the compilation area

13. 5. The establishment organ refers to the organ that formulates the scheme organization, and the approval organ refers to the organ that reviews and approves the scheme organization

    For the integrated exploration area, if multiple mining right setting schemes are worked out, In the remarks, it should be noted that the preparation unit belongs to the x x x full face exploration area.

    attached table 2 the basic situation of the established exploration rights in the x x x area in the x x x area in the second table of the attached table of the attached table 2

14. (inflection point coordinates)

15. block area (km2)

16. exploration stage

17. resource reserve unit

18. pre obtained resource reserve

20. valid period

21. valid period end

23. registration and certification authority

24. remarks

25. note: 1, The drawing number of the established exploration right

    The license number refers to the exploration license number of the listed exploration rights
    Project name refers to the name of the exploration project corresponding to the listed exploration rights
    Main minerals for exploration refer to the main minerals listed in the exploration license of the exploration right
    The latitude and longitude coordinates of each inflection point of the listed exploration right block in Xi'an coordinate system in 1980 are filled in the block scope
    The exploration stage mainly refers to the geological work stage specified in the exploration license, such as pre survey, general survey, detailed survey, exploration, etc
    Resource reserves refer to the sum of reserves and resources above grade 333 in the classification of solid mineral resources / reserves (1999); The resource reserve units shall refer to the requirements of Appendix I "mineral name, statistical object and resource reserve unit" in the notice of the Ministry of land and resources on carrying out mineral resource reserve registration (gtzf [2004] No. 35)
    For the approved mining right setting scheme, before the revision of the scheme, According to the following table, the paper is not filled in the table.

    < P >

    schele 3, the basic situation of the mining right in the X area of the attached list of the attached table, the table of the list of mining right, the list of mine name <

    < P >

    < <

26. resource storage The amount of

27. < P >

28. < service life (years)

    < < < 1. Drawing number refers to the plan of mining right setting On the map, the drawing number of the established mining right

    The license number refers to the mining license number of the listed mining rights

30. 3. Mine name refers to the mine name corresponding to the listed mining right

    Main minerals refer to the main minerals listed in the mining license of the mining right
    The Cartesian coordinates of the inflection points of the listed mining right range in Xi'an coordinate system in 1980 are filled in the mining area
    The occupied resource reserves refer to the total amount of reserves and resources above grade 333 in the classification of solid mineral resources / reserves (1999) occupied by the mining right; Resource reserve units shall refer to the requirements of Appendix I "mineral name, statistical object and resource reserve unit" in the notice on carrying out mineral resource reserve registration (gtzf [2004] No. 35); If the established mining right occupies a variety of minerals and the resource reserves are calculated respectively, the relevant data of each mineral should be filled in the order of main minerals, associated minerals and associated minerals
    Service life refers to the planned mining life of the mine according to the development and utilization plan of mineral resources and mine design
    Mining design scale refers to the annual mining volume of the mine according to the development and utilization plan of mineral resources and mine design; The actual proction capacity refers to the actual annual proction capacity of the mine after the mine is put into proction according to the market demand and actual proction situation; Design scale and development of solid mineral exploitation

7. The traditional currency is "currency", that is, it can exchange any commodity, and its use is unrestricted. Because it does not carry information, it is difficult to trace. If the traditional currency expands with the growth of data, it will lose the function of value measurement, that is, it will become waste paper. However, digital currency is different. Although it is also "currency", it can carry information, so it has stability and can be used as the "anchor" of data assets rather than being "carried away" by data assets
in fact, the core attribute of bitcoin, which was the first to practice the concept of digital currency, is that the total amount of bitcoin can be controlled, so it can be used to measure the value of other commodities rather than being determined by other commodities. Of course, in terms of nature, bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity, which does not have the same legal status as currency and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market
therefore, from a strategic perspective, under the background that informatization and digitization have become one of the main trends of economic development, the issuance of sovereign digital currency is the general trend.

8.

It's illegal

the central bank indicated that it has not issued legal digital currency, nor authorized any institutions and enterprises to issue legal digital currency, and there is no promotion team. At present, the so-called "digital currency" in the market is not legal digital currency

In addition, the so-called "digital currency" launched by some institutions and enterprises and the so-called promotion of the central bank's issuance of digital currency may involve pyramid selling and fraud

extended information:

virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. This kind of virtual currency is mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment. Digital currency can be used for real goods and services transactions, but only the digital currency issued by the state is legal digital currency

in 2013, the central bank, together with five ministries and commissions, issued the notice on prevention of bitcoin risks, which clearly defined non legal digital currencies such as bitcoin as virtual commodities, which do not exist in the form of currency and legal currency