The cognition of financial market to digital currency
Publish: 2021-05-20 22:19:26
1. digital currency has a wide range of transactions, virtual currency is small, knowledge is limited, language expression ability is general, but we have tried our best to answer, hope the answer can help you!
2. The central bank is about to issue its own digital currency CBDC
3. Digital currency is the need of future development. From animal tooth and shell currency to metal currency and paper currency, human beings have all developed for the development of Commerce and trade. It is not the proct of political groups. It is the proct of social and economic development. The right to issue currency is snatched from the people by political groups, which is forcibly snatched for the benefit of some economic and political groups Not all currencies are issued by the government: for example, the Hong Kong dollar, the euro and other digital currencies issued for banks and political groups are the proct of shearing and manipulation by interest groups like the United States. It is also the necessity of printing and issuing trade currency if you want to. It is the proct of social economic science and technology, so it is the necessity of development. I think digital currency is the medium of trade exchange in the future. Share source video.
4. Digital currency exchange brings a lot of influence to the financial circle, because it is very convenient if there is no cash currency in the future.
5. The application of digital currency is inevitable!
6. When an instry is rising, the first wave is platform and traffic, and then the various applications. And like anti-counterfeiting traceability and supply chain, I am very optimistic about TAC traceability chain.
7. Each has its own good. However, if the economic conditions are generally good, it is suggested to invite Yuesao. Please sister-in-law to the regular household management company, ten thousand yuan can invite a very good professional sister-in-law. If you go to the confinement center, it will be at least 30000 (in the second and third tier cities). And the relatively low price of the confinement center, in which a lot of the sister-in-law is a temporary escort, professional general
8. Electronic money refers to the exchange of a certain amount of cash or deposit from the issuer and obtaining the data representing the same amount. By using some electronic methods, the data can be directly transferred to the payment object, so as to pay off the debt
features:
(1) based on computer technology, it can store, pay and circulate
(2) it can be widely used in the fields of proction, exchange, distribution and consumption
(3) integrating savings, credit and non cash settlement
(4) e-money is easy to use, safe, fast and reliable
(5) at present, the use of e-money usually uses bank cards (magnetic cards, smart cards) as the media
(1) the nature of e-money
there is still controversy in the academic circles about whether e-money constitutes money. Some legal scholars think that it is unrealistic to entrust the legal experts with the task of proving whether electronic currency constitutes a new type of currency on the premise that the concept of currency has not been finalized in the economic circle. It is generally believed that whether electronic money is a kind of money should be dealt with on a case by case basis. For the primary electronic currency of credit card and stored value card, it can only be regarded as an electronic tool to query and transfer bank deposits or an electronic tool to pay for the existing currency, and can not really constitute a kind of currency. However, in order to truly become a kind of currency in circulation, cash simulation electronic currency should also meet the following conditions:
(1) it is widely accepted as a measure of value and an exchange intermediary, rather than just as a commodity
(2) it must be the ultimate means to pay off the debt that does not depend on the credit of the bank or the issuing institution, and the party receiving the payment does not need to retain the right of recourse
(3) free circulation and complete convertibility
(4) it can be a means of preserving value without collection, liquidation and settlement 5) The payment is completely unspecific and anonymous
to study the above-mentioned Mondex card and e-cash, first of all, their value is based on the existing cash and deposit, which is the proct of the issuer's electronic value of the existing currency. Holding electronic currency only means that the holder has the right to exchange the value of cash or deposit with the issuer; Secondly, according to the principle of legal currency, if e-money really becomes a kind of currency, it needs to be explicitly approved by a country's legislation. Therefore, electronic currency can be regarded as a secondary currency based on the existing currency, and it can not be regarded as a kind of currency completely independently
e-money is a kind of information currency
in the final analysis, e-money is just conceptual monetary information, which is actually a special information composed of a group of data including the user's identity, password, amount, scope of use, etc., so it can also be called digital currency. When people use e-money transactions, they actually exchange the relevant information. After the information is transmitted to the merchants who set up this kind of business, the settlement between the two sides of the transaction is more economical, more convenient and faster than the way of the real banking system
e-money is a quasi currency that can be paid.
whether e-money can be called currency depends on whether e-money can independently perform the function of currency. At present, electronic currency can play the role of payment and settlement, but it is only a quasi currency that may perform monetary functions. First of all, e-money lacks the price standard of money, so it can't measure and express the value and price of goods alone, and it can't have the means of value preservation. Instead, it can only rely on the function of value measurement and value storage of real money; Secondly, because electronic money is based on certain electronic devices - smart cards and computers, its circulation and use must have certain technical facilities and software support. Therefore, we can not really carry out the function of circulation means; Finally, although the most basic function of e-money is to implement the means of payment, most of the existing e-money can not be used for direct payment between indivials. Moreover, when paying to a special merchant, the merchant has to collect the real money from the bank or credit card company that issued the e-money before the payment is recovered, E-money can not perform the function of payment means independently. It can be seen that the current electronic currency is a new currency form or payment method based on the existing currency
(2) there is no unified solution to the issue of the main body of electronic currency in various countries, but it depends on the specific national conditions. The United States and Europe hold different positions on the issue of institutions issuing e-money: the Federal Reserve of the United States holds that non bank institutions should be allowed to issue e-money, because non banks must develop safe procts because of the high cost of developing and marketing e-money. The United States does not think that non banking institutions will pose a threat to banks, because they think that banks have a good reputation, so consumers tend to trust the e-money issued by major local banks rather than the e-money issued by a newly established non banking institution. The working group of the European Monetary Authority (EMU) considers that only the credit institutions supervised by the competent authorities can issue electronic money. For example, the European Monetary Fund (EMI) published the report on prepaid cards in May 1994, which was submitted by the European settlement system business department. It pointed out that the funds collected by e-wallet issuers should be regarded as bank deposits. In principle, only financial institutions are allowed to issue e-wallets. In the amendment to the "credit system law", Germany, a member of the European Union, stipulates that all electronic currency can only be issued by banks. In China, as for credit cards, the "measures for the administration of credit card business" implemented on April 1, 1996 stipulates that the issuers of credit cards are limited to commercial banks, and there is no legal provision for other types of electronic currency other than credit cards. As far as China's current situation and national conditions are concerned, it is more feasible for the main body of issuing e-money to be the people's Bank of China or the financial institutions entrusted by the people's Bank of China. The reasons are as follows: first, it helps the government to monitor e-money, adjust its monetary policy in time according to the development of e-money research and practice, and ensure the reliability of the payment system. Second, because the e-money issued by the central bank is more reliable in terms of credibility and final cashability, it is easier for consumers to accept and actively participate in, thus promoting the popularization and development of e-money< Third, the security of e-money, because only in the presence of high-tech infrastructure, can e-money be used in e-commerce in an efficient and effective way. Some people think that if we want to make e-money "negotiable" in the future and "make people trust its security", then this security technology should be regulated by the government. Otherwise, if there is no certain regulatory standard, where is the credit of e-money? How can it circulate? However, the question here is how to grasp the scale of government supervision? Just as there is a dispute about technology neutrality and technology specialization in electronic signature technology, the over regulation of the government will hinder the development of technology, which is fatal to the rapid development of e-commerce. However, if it is not regulated, the credit of e-money will be difficult to establish. Therefore, it is very important to grasp the scale of government regulation
(4) for the liquidity of electronic currency, if the electronic currency is encrypted, it is in fact the same as being registered. If you want to be anonymous, you can't even add the password. The problem is that if anonymous e-money is used, some criminal activities, such as money laundering, drug trafficking, terrorist activities, arms trading, will be rampant, and law enforcement agencies will not be able to find out the source or destination of these e-money in the network. In this case, there will be no way to protect users. There is no doubt that e-money has no borders and can be transferred instantaneously, which will cause a blind spot in public security. The law should weigh the two and make a balance between them
(5) protection of consumers' rights and interests in e-money transactions, a large amount of settlement information will be accumulated and stored in the settlement service providers. Different types of electronic money and Settlement Types involve different personal information, and the privacy degree and scope of the personal information are also different. Customers may not be able to understand the large amount of personal information accumulated by settlement service providers, resulting in insecurity. Therefore, the settlement provider should disclose the scope and privacy of the personal information stored and accumulated by it to the customer, and ensure that the accumulation and use of the information is only for the purpose of ensuring the security of the transaction.
features:
(1) based on computer technology, it can store, pay and circulate
(2) it can be widely used in the fields of proction, exchange, distribution and consumption
(3) integrating savings, credit and non cash settlement
(4) e-money is easy to use, safe, fast and reliable
(5) at present, the use of e-money usually uses bank cards (magnetic cards, smart cards) as the media
(1) the nature of e-money
there is still controversy in the academic circles about whether e-money constitutes money. Some legal scholars think that it is unrealistic to entrust the legal experts with the task of proving whether electronic currency constitutes a new type of currency on the premise that the concept of currency has not been finalized in the economic circle. It is generally believed that whether electronic money is a kind of money should be dealt with on a case by case basis. For the primary electronic currency of credit card and stored value card, it can only be regarded as an electronic tool to query and transfer bank deposits or an electronic tool to pay for the existing currency, and can not really constitute a kind of currency. However, in order to truly become a kind of currency in circulation, cash simulation electronic currency should also meet the following conditions:
(1) it is widely accepted as a measure of value and an exchange intermediary, rather than just as a commodity
(2) it must be the ultimate means to pay off the debt that does not depend on the credit of the bank or the issuing institution, and the party receiving the payment does not need to retain the right of recourse
(3) free circulation and complete convertibility
(4) it can be a means of preserving value without collection, liquidation and settlement 5) The payment is completely unspecific and anonymous
to study the above-mentioned Mondex card and e-cash, first of all, their value is based on the existing cash and deposit, which is the proct of the issuer's electronic value of the existing currency. Holding electronic currency only means that the holder has the right to exchange the value of cash or deposit with the issuer; Secondly, according to the principle of legal currency, if e-money really becomes a kind of currency, it needs to be explicitly approved by a country's legislation. Therefore, electronic currency can be regarded as a secondary currency based on the existing currency, and it can not be regarded as a kind of currency completely independently
e-money is a kind of information currency
in the final analysis, e-money is just conceptual monetary information, which is actually a special information composed of a group of data including the user's identity, password, amount, scope of use, etc., so it can also be called digital currency. When people use e-money transactions, they actually exchange the relevant information. After the information is transmitted to the merchants who set up this kind of business, the settlement between the two sides of the transaction is more economical, more convenient and faster than the way of the real banking system
e-money is a quasi currency that can be paid.
whether e-money can be called currency depends on whether e-money can independently perform the function of currency. At present, electronic currency can play the role of payment and settlement, but it is only a quasi currency that may perform monetary functions. First of all, e-money lacks the price standard of money, so it can't measure and express the value and price of goods alone, and it can't have the means of value preservation. Instead, it can only rely on the function of value measurement and value storage of real money; Secondly, because electronic money is based on certain electronic devices - smart cards and computers, its circulation and use must have certain technical facilities and software support. Therefore, we can not really carry out the function of circulation means; Finally, although the most basic function of e-money is to implement the means of payment, most of the existing e-money can not be used for direct payment between indivials. Moreover, when paying to a special merchant, the merchant has to collect the real money from the bank or credit card company that issued the e-money before the payment is recovered, E-money can not perform the function of payment means independently. It can be seen that the current electronic currency is a new currency form or payment method based on the existing currency
(2) there is no unified solution to the issue of the main body of electronic currency in various countries, but it depends on the specific national conditions. The United States and Europe hold different positions on the issue of institutions issuing e-money: the Federal Reserve of the United States holds that non bank institutions should be allowed to issue e-money, because non banks must develop safe procts because of the high cost of developing and marketing e-money. The United States does not think that non banking institutions will pose a threat to banks, because they think that banks have a good reputation, so consumers tend to trust the e-money issued by major local banks rather than the e-money issued by a newly established non banking institution. The working group of the European Monetary Authority (EMU) considers that only the credit institutions supervised by the competent authorities can issue electronic money. For example, the European Monetary Fund (EMI) published the report on prepaid cards in May 1994, which was submitted by the European settlement system business department. It pointed out that the funds collected by e-wallet issuers should be regarded as bank deposits. In principle, only financial institutions are allowed to issue e-wallets. In the amendment to the "credit system law", Germany, a member of the European Union, stipulates that all electronic currency can only be issued by banks. In China, as for credit cards, the "measures for the administration of credit card business" implemented on April 1, 1996 stipulates that the issuers of credit cards are limited to commercial banks, and there is no legal provision for other types of electronic currency other than credit cards. As far as China's current situation and national conditions are concerned, it is more feasible for the main body of issuing e-money to be the people's Bank of China or the financial institutions entrusted by the people's Bank of China. The reasons are as follows: first, it helps the government to monitor e-money, adjust its monetary policy in time according to the development of e-money research and practice, and ensure the reliability of the payment system. Second, because the e-money issued by the central bank is more reliable in terms of credibility and final cashability, it is easier for consumers to accept and actively participate in, thus promoting the popularization and development of e-money< Third, the security of e-money, because only in the presence of high-tech infrastructure, can e-money be used in e-commerce in an efficient and effective way. Some people think that if we want to make e-money "negotiable" in the future and "make people trust its security", then this security technology should be regulated by the government. Otherwise, if there is no certain regulatory standard, where is the credit of e-money? How can it circulate? However, the question here is how to grasp the scale of government supervision? Just as there is a dispute about technology neutrality and technology specialization in electronic signature technology, the over regulation of the government will hinder the development of technology, which is fatal to the rapid development of e-commerce. However, if it is not regulated, the credit of e-money will be difficult to establish. Therefore, it is very important to grasp the scale of government regulation
(4) for the liquidity of electronic currency, if the electronic currency is encrypted, it is in fact the same as being registered. If you want to be anonymous, you can't even add the password. The problem is that if anonymous e-money is used, some criminal activities, such as money laundering, drug trafficking, terrorist activities, arms trading, will be rampant, and law enforcement agencies will not be able to find out the source or destination of these e-money in the network. In this case, there will be no way to protect users. There is no doubt that e-money has no borders and can be transferred instantaneously, which will cause a blind spot in public security. The law should weigh the two and make a balance between them
(5) protection of consumers' rights and interests in e-money transactions, a large amount of settlement information will be accumulated and stored in the settlement service providers. Different types of electronic money and Settlement Types involve different personal information, and the privacy degree and scope of the personal information are also different. Customers may not be able to understand the large amount of personal information accumulated by settlement service providers, resulting in insecurity. Therefore, the settlement provider should disclose the scope and privacy of the personal information stored and accumulated by it to the customer, and ensure that the accumulation and use of the information is only for the purpose of ensuring the security of the transaction.
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