MLB digital currency trading platform

Vertical engine standardization platform. Volkswagen's MLB is derived from the German abbreviation of molar L ngsbaukasten, which means vertical engine standardization platform. MLB, MQB and MEB belong to the Volkswagen mole, MLB is concive to the front and rear weight ratio of the whole vehicle, which makes the vehicle driving quality more stable and comfortable

strictly speaking, MLB does not belong to the category of platform. People who like to innovate in the field of technology are tired of "platform concept" and then introce "mole concept". MLB, MQB and MEB are all public moles. The first mock exam of the vehicle mole is the high sharing. Whether it is a single suspension or a slab girder, the axle length or the axle is short, the A-class car or the B class car can all adopt the same mole. The first mock exam of p>

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mole is high sharing. Whether it is a single suspension or a plate beam, a shaft length or a shaft short, a grade or B class cars can adopt the same mole. The concept of platform was first put forward and practiced by the public. For example, the well-known PQ35 and pq46 platforms, according to the interpretation provided by the public, these letters and numbers represent respectively: P stands for platform, Q stands for horizontal engine (L stands for vertical engine); 3 is A-class car platform, 4 is B-class car platform; Five is the fifth generation and six is the sixth

1. FOB: short for free on board or freight on board, its Chinese meaning is "free on board (... Designated port of loading)"

using this term, the Seller shall be responsible for going through the export customs clearance proceres, delivering the goods to the ship designated by the buyer at the port of loading and within the time limit specified in the contract, bearing all risks before the goods cross the ship's rail at the port of loading, and timely notifying the buyer

the risk transfer rules in this article have been revised in Incoterms 2010. After the goods are loaded on board at the loading port, the risk will be transferred to the buyer Since it is not easy to prove whether the risk of passing over the ship's side is transferred according to the general rules of interpretation 2000, it is revised.)

2、C& F: "Cost and freight & quot; The Chinese meaning is "cost and freight". Using this term, the seller is responsible for chartering and booking the shipping space according to the usual conditions, paying the freight to the port of destination, loading the goods on board according to the port of shipment and the time limit specified in the contract and notifying the buyer in time

using this term, the Seller shall, at his own expense, conclude a contract of carriage and pay the freight for transporting the goods to the destination, go through the insurance proceres and pay the insurance premium. After going through the customs clearance proceres for the export of the goods, the carrier shall take care of the goods at the designated place of shipment so as to fulfill its obligation of delivery

9. Dat: delivered at terminal (insert named terminal port or place of destination). Using this term, the Seller shall deliver the goods to the transportation terminal of the port or destination specified in the contract within the date or time limit specified in the contract, unload the goods from the arrived means of transportation, and deliver them to the buyer for disposal

using this term, the seller must sign a transportation contract to pay the freight incurred in transporting the goods to the designated destination or an agreed point within the designated destination; At the designated destination, the goods in accordance with the contract will be delivered when they are put on the arrived means of transport and handed over to the buyer for disposal

Delivery at the place of export
the trade terms of delivery at the place of export include: ex works (EXW), free carrier (FCA), Free Alongside Ship (FAS), free on board (FOB), cost and freight (CFR), cost and insurance and freight (CIF), freight to... (CPT), freight and insurance to... (CIP). According to the different initial letters of trade terms, the International Chamber of Commerce divides the above eight trade terms into group E, group F and group C. The seller's delivery place of the above trade terms is in the place of export, so the international sales contract of goods signed according to these eight trade terms is called the shipping contract
delivery at the place of import
the trade terms of delivery at the place of import include DAP (delivery at destination), dat (delivery at the transportation terminal) and DDP (delivery after ty paid). For the terms of delivery at the place of import, the International Chamber of commerce refers to the above three terms as Group D< 13 trade terms (terms of trade)
Incoterms 2000 lists 13 kinds of trade terms in four groups, and the main points are as follows:
Group E, group F, group C, group D, and group E-D. the seller's obligations graally increase. Group E
EXW
the English term is "ex works (... Named place)", that is, "ex works (... Designated place)". It means that the seller is responsible for delivering the ready goods to the buyer in the place where he is located, i.e. workshop, factory, warehouse, etc., but usually he is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle prepared by the buyer or handling the customs clearance of the goods. The buyer shall bear all costs and risks of transporting the goods from the seller's place to the expected destination. When using EXW terms, the seller's risk, responsibility and cost are minimal< Group F: main freight unpaid
FCA
this term is "free carrier (... Named place)", that is, "free carrier (... Named place)". It means that the Seller shall be responsible for delivering the delivered goods to the carrier designated by the buyer at the designated place after customs clearance. According to commercial practice, when the seller is required to cooperate with the carrier by signing a contract, the seller can do so at the buyer's risk and expense. This term is applicable to any mode of transportation. When adopting this delivery term, the buyer shall, at his own expense, conclude a contract of carriage for shipment from the designated place and notify the seller in time According to general principles 2000, if the place of delivery agreed by both parties is the place where the seller is located, the Seller shall be responsible for loading the goods onto the carrier designated by the buyer. If the place of delivery is any other place, the Seller shall complete the delivery on his own means of transport without unloading
Free Alongside Ship (... Named port of shipment) means "Free Alongside Ship (... Named port of shipment)". It means that the seller delivers the goods to the side of the ship on the wharf or barge at the designated loading port. From then on, the buyer shall bear all the costs and risks of the loss or damage of the goods, and the takeaway shall go through the export customs clearance proceres. This term is applicable to sea or river transportation. Different from general rule 90, general rule 2000 stipulates that the buyer shall bear the risks, responsibilities and expenses of handling export declaration
FOB
this term is "free on board (... Named port of shipment)", that is, "free on board (... Named port of shipment)". It means that the seller must deliver the goods to the ship designated by the buyer at the designated port of shipment within the date or period specified in the contract, and bear all the expenses and risks of loss or damage of the goods before they are safely delivered to the deck of the ship. After the goods pass the ship's side, the buyer shall bear all the expenses, risks, loss or damage of the goods, and require the seller to handle the export customs clearance proceres of the goods. This term is applicable to sea or river transportation< (1) fobliner terms: the shipping expenses shall be handled according to the liner terms. The seller is only responsible for the delivery of the goods to the port. The loading, unloading and trimming expenses shall be borne by the buyer, the party paying the freight (2) FOB under tack: the expenses borne by the Seller shall be up to the place where the hook of the vessel designated by the buyer reaches, and all expenses related to loading shall be borne by the buyer (3) FOB stowed or fobs: the seller is responsible for loading the goods onto the ship and paying the shipping expenses including the stowage expenses. It is mostly used for general cargo ships (4) FOB trimmed or FOBT: the seller is responsible for loading the goods on board the ship and paying the loading expenses including the leveling expenses, which are mostly used for bulk ships. If the buyer charters the automatic leveling vessel, the Seller shall refund the leveling fee (5) FOB stowed and trimmed or FOBST: the seller must bear the cost of loading, leveling and stowage. Group C
CFR
the term is "cost and freight (... Named port of destination)". It means that the seller must pay the expenses and freight required to transport the goods to the designated port of destination, but after the goods are delivered to the deck of the ship, the risk, loss or damage of the goods and the additional expenses caused by the accident will be borne by the seller to the buyer after the goods have passed the ship's rail of the designated port. In addition, the seller is required to handle the export customs clearance proceres of the goods. This term is applicable to sea or river transportation< (1) CFR Liner terms means that the unloading charges shall be handled according to the liner method, that is, the buyer shall not bear the costs
(2) CFR landed refers to the unloading fee for the seller to unload the goods to the shore position of the port of destination, including barge fees and terminal taxes that may occur ring transshipment from the ship to the wharf
(3) the Seller shall bear the cost of lifting the goods from the bilge to the side of the ship and unloading the goods from the hook< br />4CFR ex ship' The buyer is responsible for the cost of lifting the cargo from the bilge of the ship at the port of destination to the wharf
cost, insurance and freight (CIF) means "cost, insurance and freight (... Named port of destination)". It means that the Seller shall have the same obligation as the term "cost and freight", and the Seller shall also take out the marine insurance for the loss or damage of the goods and pay the insurance premium. This term is applicable to sea or river transportation< (1) CIF Liner terms: the seller must bear the unloading expenses
(2) CIF landed: the seller must bear the cost of unloading including lighterage
(3) CIF under ex pallet: the seller must bear the unloading expenses< br />4CIF Ex Ship' S hold: the seller does not have to bear the cost of unloading Note] the difference between CIF and CFR:
for CIF terms, the Seller shall take out insurance, pay the premium and transfer the insurance policy to the buyer; CFR Terms are insured and paid by the buyer, and insurance is easy to cause disputes. According to CIF terms, although the seller is responsible for insuring and paying the insurance premium, the risk will be transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods cross the ship's rail at the port of shipment. The seller no longer has the insurable interest in the goods in transit. In fact, the seller insures for the buyer's benefit. Therefore, what kind of insurance should be insured and how to determine the amount of insurance should be agreed in advance in the contract, otherwise, disputes will easily arise when the goods suffer losses and can not get e compensation
freight to CPT
the English term is "freight paid to (... Named place of destination)", that is, "freight paid to (... Named place of destination)". This technical term means that the Seller shall pay the freight for the goods to the designated destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods and any additional costs arising from events occurring after the delivery of the goods to the carrier shall be transferred from the seller to the buyer from the time when the goods have been delivered to the care of the carrier. In addition, the Seller shall go through the customs clearance proceres for the export of the goods. This term is applicable to all modes of transport, including multimodal transport Note] the difference between CPT and CFR:
(1) CPT means that the seller is responsible for arranging the transportation of the goods to the designated destination and paying the freight, but the risk of loss or damage of the goods in transit and any additional costs incurred after the goods are delivered to the first carrier shall be borne by the buyer. However, under CFR Terms, when the seller completes the delivery and crosses the ship's rail at the agreed port of shipment, it does not deliver the goods to the first carrier
(2) CPT term can be applied to any mode of transportation, while CFR term is only applicable to marine and river transportation< The term "carriage and insurance paid to (... Named place of destination)" refers to "carriage and insurance paid to (... Named place of destination)" It means that the seller has the same obligation as the term "freight to (... Named place of destination)", besides, the seller also has to take out marine insurance for the risk of loss of or damage to the goods borne by the buyer in transit and pay the insurance premium. This term is applicable to any mode of transportation. Group D: delivery at frontier DAF: delivery at frontier (... Named place). It refers to the seller's obligation to transport the ready goods to the designated place on the border, go through the export customs clearance proceres, and deliver the goods before the customs of the neighboring countries. This term is mainly applicable to the goods transported by railway or road, and can also be used for other modes of transportation
the term "Delivered Ex Ship (... Named port of destination)" refers to "Delivered Ex Ship (... Named port of destination)". It means that the Seller shall perform the following obligations to deliver the goods to the buyer without going through the import clearance proceres on the deck of the ship at the designated port of destination. Therefore, the Seller shall bear all the expenses and risks including the transportation of the goods to the designated port of destination. This term is applicable to water transport mode and multimodal transport mode in which the last leg is water transport
Delivered Ex Quay (ty paid) (... Named port of destination), i.e., "Delivered Ex Quay (named port of destination)". The seller's obligations are as follows: pay the freight, deliver the goods to the port of destination within the specified time, bear the responsibility and cost of unloading, place the goods at the buyer's disposal at the port of destination, and bear the risk and cost before placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the port of destination. The buyer shall bear the responsibilities, expenses and risks of handling the import declaration of goods. This term is applicable to water transport and multimodal transport
delivery ty unpaid (... Named place of destination)
the English term is "delivered ty unpaid (... Named place of destination)". It means that the seller will prepare

The number of trade terms has changed from 13 to 11

FOB: short for free on board or freight on board, which means "free on board (... Designated port of loading)" in Chinese. Using this term, the Seller shall be responsible for the export customs clearance, deliver the goods to the ship designated by the buyer at the port of shipment and within the time limit specified in the contract, bear all risks before the goods cross the ship's rail at the port of shipment, and inform the buyer in time

the risk transfer rules in this article have been revised in Incoterms 2010. After the goods are loaded on board at the loading port, the risk will be transferred to the buyer Since it is not easy to prove whether the risk of passing over the ship's side is transferred according to the general rules of interpretation 2000, it is revised.)

C& F: "Cost and freight & quot; The Chinese meaning is "cost and freight". Using this term, the seller is responsible for chartering and booking the shipping space according to the usual conditions, paying the freight to the port of destination, loading the goods on board according to the port of shipment and the time limit specified in the contract and notifying the buyer in time

CIF: namely "cost insurance and freight & quot; Its Chinese meaning is "cost and insurance, freight". Using this term, the seller is responsible for chartering the vessel, booking the space and paying the freight to the port of destination according to the usual conditions, loading the goods on board at the port of shipment and within the time limit specified in the contract, and handling the cargo transportation insurance and paying the insurance premium

CPT: the English abbreviation of "freight paid to", which means "freight paid to the designated destination" in Chinese. Using this term, the Seller shall conclude a transportation contract at his own expense and pay the freight for transporting the goods to the destination. After going through the export customs clearance proceres, the goods shall be handed over to the carrier at the agreed time and the designated place of shipment, and the buyer shall be informed in time

CIP: namely "carriage and insurance paid to & quot; The Chinese meaning is "freight, insurance paid to the designated destination". Using this term, the Seller shall, at his own expense, enter into a contract of carriage and pay the freight for transporting the goods to the destination, and shall be responsible for handling the insurance proceres and paying the insurance premium. After going through the customs clearance proceres for the export of the goods, the carrier shall take care of the goods at the designated place of shipment so as to fulfill its obligation of delivery

EXW: the English abbreviation of ex works, whose Chinese meaning is "ex works (designated place)". Using this term, the seller is responsible for placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at his place (factory, workshop, warehouse, etc.), i.e. fulfilling the obligation of delivery

Fas: namely & quot; Free Alongside Ship" The Chinese meaning is "free alongside the ship (designated port of shipment)". Using this term, the seller is responsible for placing the goods on the wharf or barge near the ship's side at the port of shipment, i.e. delivery is completed. Eliv

dat: "delivered at terminal (insert named terminal port or place of destination)" in Chinese means "delivered at terminal". Using this term, the Seller shall deliver the goods to the transportation terminal of the port or destination specified in the contract within the date or time limit specified in the contract, unload the goods from the arrived means of transportation, and deliver them to the buyer for disposal

DAP: namely & quot; Delivered At Place" Insert named place of destination). Using this term, the seller must sign a transportation contract to pay the freight incurred in transporting the goods to the designated destination or an agreed point within the designated destination; At the designated destination, the goods in accordance with the contract will be delivered when they are put on the arrived means of transport and handed over to the buyer for disposal

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1. Two new terms DAT and DAP

General principles have reced 13 different terms to 11. DAT and DAP replace DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU. The so-called DAT and DAP terms are the terms of "substantial delivery". All costs and risks involved in the process of transporting the goods to the destination shall be borne by the seller

this term is applicable to any mode of transportation, so it is also applicable to all kinds of cases where DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU have been used before

2000 are divided into four groups according to the acronyms, namely, group E (EXW), group F, group C and Group D. This classification reflects the seller's responsibility to the buyer. FCA, or EXW for domestic trade, gives the seller the least liability by taking advantage of the completion of delivery and transferring the risk to the buyer as soon as possible

the first category includes seven terms applicable to any mode of transportation, including multimodal transportation. EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP. These terms can be used when there is no sea transportation. Keep in mind, however, that these terms can be used when the vessel is part of the transport, as long as the risk passes at the seller's point of delivery, or when the goods are delivered to the buyer's place, or both

the second category actually contains four traditional terms that are only applicable to sea transportation or inland water transportation. Under such terms, both the delivery point of the seller and the place where the goods are transported to the buyer are ports, so "only by sea" is the label of such terms. Fas, FOB, CFR and CIF belong to this category

therefore, the Compilation Committee of 2010 general rules recognizes that these terms are applicable to both domestic and international sales contracts; Therefore, the general rule 2010 makes it clear in some places that only where it is applicable can it be obliged to comply with the proceres required for export / import

4. Guide to use

every term in 2010 general rules has a guide to use in front of its terms. The guide explains the basic principles of each term: when should secondary terms be used; What is the risk transfer point; How the expenses are distributed in the transaction. These guidelines are not part of the formal rules of terminology: they are used to help and guide users to accurately and effectively select appropriate terms for specific transactions

5. The early version of the general principles of electronic communication has specified the required documents, which can be replaced by EDI information. However, the 2010 general rules give the electronic means of communication the same effect, as long as the parties agree or the place of use is customary. In the life cycle of 2010, this provision is concive to the evolution and development of new electronic programs

reference source: Internet Incoterms 2010

reference source: Internet INCOTERMS