Outline of digital currency
Publish: 2021-05-19 08:22:32
1. First of all, we believe that as long as it is within the territory of China, the provisions of the Civil Procere Law of the people's Republic of China should be applied to accept the prosecution of civil cases
secondly, according to the relevant provisions of China's Civil Procere Law on prosecution, you can submit a civil indictment to the case filing court of Yangpu District Court, and the district court will make a decision of acceptance or not within 7 days after accepting the case. If it is accepted, a decision of acceptance must be made, and if it is not accepted, a decision of not acceptance must be made with reasons
thirdly, if the district court accepts the case, the ordinary procere of the first instance of ordinary civil cases must be concluded within six months, and if the summary procere is applied, it must be concluded within three months.
secondly, according to the relevant provisions of China's Civil Procere Law on prosecution, you can submit a civil indictment to the case filing court of Yangpu District Court, and the district court will make a decision of acceptance or not within 7 days after accepting the case. If it is accepted, a decision of acceptance must be made, and if it is not accepted, a decision of not acceptance must be made with reasons
thirdly, if the district court accepts the case, the ordinary procere of the first instance of ordinary civil cases must be concluded within six months, and if the summary procere is applied, it must be concluded within three months.
2. The U.S. financial crisis
[edit this paragraph] the root cause and Enlightenment of the U.S. financial crisis
a series of sudden "changes" such as the bankruptcy protection of Lehman Brothers, the "commitment" of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America and the emergency of AIG have shocked all countries in the world for the U.S. financial crisis. Wall Street's "abuse" of financial derivatives and underestimation of the subprime mortgage crisis have resulted in bitter results< In fact, as early as April 2007, the bankruptcy of New Century Financial Corporation, the second largest subprime mortgage company in the United States, exposed the risk of subprime mortgage bonds; Since August 2007, the Federal Reserve has responded by injecting liquidity into the financial system to increase market confidence, and the US stock market has been able to maintain at a high level. It seems that the situation is not very bad. However, in August 2008, the stock prices of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two major mortgage giants in the United States, plummeted, and financial institutions holding "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" bonds suffered a large loss. The US Treasury and the US Federal Reserve were forced to take over Fannie and Freddie to show the government's determination to deal with the crisis. But what followed was: two of the world's top investment banks, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, with total assets as high as $1.5 trillion, had problems one after another. The former was forced to file for bankruptcy protection, while the latter was acquired by Bank of America; AIG, the world's largest insurer with a total assets of US $1 trillion, is also unsustainable; The U.S. government chose to take over AIG to stabilize the market, but it could not help other financial institutions< If the above phenomena are only the concentrated outbreak of contradictions, the root of the problem lies in the following three aspects:
first, the improper real estate financial policy of the US government foreshadows the crisis. Home ownership was once part of the American dream. During the great depression in the 1930s, domestic demand in the United States was depressed. One of Roosevelt's new deal decisions was to set up Fannie Mae to provide housing financing for citizens, help people buy houses and stimulate domestic demand. In 1970, the United States established Freddie Mac on a scale similar to that of Fannie Mae“ Although Fannie and Freddie are privately owned enterprises, they enjoy the privilege of implicit government guarantee, so their bonds have the same rating as US Treasury bonds. Since the end of last century, under the circumstances of loose monetary policy, asset securitization and accelerated innovation of financial derivatives, the scale of implicit guarantee of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has expanded rapidly. The amount of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities directly held and guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has increased explosively from US $740 billion in 1990 to US $4.9 trillion at the end of 2007. In the process of rapid development of business, "Fannie and Freddie" ignored the quality of assets, which became the "hotbed" of subprime crisis
Second, the abuse of financial derivatives has lengthened the chain of financial transactions and encouraged speculation“ The "two houses" attract investment banks and other financial institutions to buy by purchasing loans with poor liquidity from commercial banks and mortgage companies, converting them into bonds for sale in the market through asset securitization, while the investment banks use "exquisite" financial engineering technology to divide, package, combine and sell them. In this process, the initial one yuan loan can be amplified into several yuan or even more than ten yuan financial derivatives, thus lengthening the chain of financial transactions. Finally, no one cares about the real basic value of these financial procts, which further encourages the occurrence of short-term speculation. But speculation is only the appearance, greed is the essence. Take Lehman Brothers as an example, its research ability and financial innovation ability can be rated as world-class, no one knows the meaning of risk better than them, but it can not escape the doom of collapse in the end. The reason is that the management and employees of Lehman Brothers hold about 1 / 3 of the company's shares, and only know how to speculate madly to make money, and less consider the interests of other shareholders
Third, the US monetary policy has contributed to the situation. To cope with the collapse of the Internet bubble around 2000, the Federal Reserve cut its federal funds rate for the 13 time from January 2001 to June 2003. The interest rate dropped from 6.5% to 1%, and stayed at 1% for a year. Low interest rates encouraged the American people to invest their savings in loans and excessive loans from banks, which directly contributed to the continued expansion of the US real estate bubble. Moreover, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve has also "inced" the market to form an expectation: as long as the market is depressed, the government will certainly rescue the market, so the whole wall street is full of speculation. However, when monetary policy continued to tighten, the housing bubble began to burst, and the default rate of the low credit class rose first, resulting in a wave of default that swept all the aspiring and ambitious financial institutions.
fortunately, e to China's cautious pace in participating in globalization, it has largely avoided the direct impact of the U.S. financial crisis; Unfortunately, there are also some "causes" of the outbreak of the U.S. financial crisis in China, which is worthy of our profound reflection
first of all, although great progress has been made in the reform of China's large state-owned financial institutions, in view of China's special national conditions, we may not be able to solve the problem of government's implicit guarantee for large-scale financial institutions, but we must continue to strengthen the transparency of the operation of state-owned financial institutions, and effectively prevent the excessive behavior of financial institutions, Such as excessive relaxation of credit standards and water related international speculation
Second, financial derivatives are a double-edged sword, which can not only play the role of active trading and risk transfer, but also set off financial waves with leverage effect. Therefore, financial derivatives must be timely launched within the scope of regulatory capacity, and must not be reced to a tool for speculators to make waves
thirdly, monetary policy should take into account asset price fluctuations. In the process of macro-control, the central bank always insists on a certain policy, such as anti inflation, in order to stabilize expectations, but the "paranoia" of monetary policy will inevitably lead to sharp fluctuations in the prices of stock market and housing market. The Japanese economic crisis, the Asian financial crisis and the current US financial crisis at the end of last century were all caused by the sharp collapse of asset price bubbles. Therefore, monetary policy should take into account asset price fluctuations, and the government should take multiple measures to eliminate the institutional causes of instability
[edit this paragraph] the impact of the U.S. financial crisis on China's economy
as we all know, the recent intensified financial crisis has seriously affected the healthy development of the global economy. From Wall Street to the world, from the financial sector to the real economy, governments of all countries are facing a serious economic crisis, so what can we see from this crisis? What is the impact on China's economy and Chinese enterprises? For us, are Chinese enterprises facing great opportunities or challenges
on October 14, a large number of websites specially planned the first phase of the activity "the impact of the U.S. financial crisis on China's economy", and discussed the above issues with experts in the instry
first of all, the root cause of the financial crisis, Hou Yucheng, deputy director of the financial technology research center of the foreign economic and Trade University, said that the financial turmoil in the United States finally turned into a crisis, which was caused by the price bubble, and the price bubble was mainly reflected in the real estate market. The problem of transferring the problem to financial derivatives is confusion. The fundamental problem is the expansion of the real estate bubble and eventually get out of hand.
in recent years, the progress of science and technology and the improvement of proctivity in the United States have led to rapid economic development, but in a certain stage, its overall economic development situation is supported by rising prices. It is precisely because of this subtle difference that once there is a problem in a certain field, the whole price system will collapse
Dr. Shi Huihong, a researcher at the financial policy research center of Capital University of economics and business, believes that the root of the financial crisis lies in the financial mechanism of the United States, that is, credit derivatives. The principal and interest of ordinary bonds can be expected. After derivatives, the principal changes and the interest rate changes. For example, the interest rate can be linked to the exchange rate, and the interest rate can be linked to many factors, which will further expand the risk. Especially for futures, as soon as the interest rate is high, the number of losses becomes astronomical, which divides the whole economy into two poles. One side is a huge profit, the other side is a huge loss, and the economic system cannot be balanced
in the face of this situation, governments are trying their best to recover the financial crisis, but how effective is it? Hou Yucheng said that the main purpose of all the capital injections, including the establishment of various funds in Europe and the United States, is to stabilize the market. On the whole, no substantive action has been taken. The purpose is for central banks to work together to give market confidence, stabilize the financial system and make the real economy operate normally< When it comes to the current impact of the financial crisis on China's economy, Hou Yucheng believes that its main negative impact lies in China's export and financial sector, but from another perspective, whether it is the development of macro-economy or small and medium-sized enterprises, the crisis may be a huge opportunity - forcing China's export structure to upgrade, This requires the macro decision-making level to provide buffer for small and medium-sized enterprises and large exporters
Lian Jie, investment manager of investment management headquarters of China Galaxy Investment Management Co., Ltd., said that in the current environment of insufficient independent power in China, the living environment is getting worse and worse, and only in the process of instrial upgrading and instry combination can more powerful enterprises be born. On the other hand, instries supported by rigid domestic demand are very noteworthy. Domestic demand is not growing fast, but this growth is basically rigid and will not suddenly turn into negative growth, such as agriculture and fast-moving consumer goods, which all have good investment opportunities
Hou Yucheng believes that in the current economic situation, we can pay more attention to domestic demand on the basis of stabilizing or recing the impact of exports as much as possible. From the recent Party Congress, we can find that the start of domestic demand, or the manufacturing of domestic demand, may become the major direction of China's economic policy in the next stage. For agriculture and even the whole field related to agriculture, it may be a point to strengthen the development of domestic demand in the future. In the next step, China is likely to give appropriate support and promotion to the science and technology instry. On the one hand, it will develop the foundation of science and technology, on the other hand, it will try to create new consumption hot spots from this field
what kind of instry can develop well in this crisis, and how can enterprises retreat in this crisis? Experts put forward suggestions to SMEs:
Hou Yucheng: SMEs should change and improve their thinking of future development. This year and even in the future, relying on the past pure intensive, low-cost proction mode will graally encounter development bottlenecks, which requires the future development of China's small and medium-sized enterprises must be prepared in two aspects. First, the technology of small and medium-sized enterprises needs to be improved and prepared. Second, China's small and medium-sized enterprises, especially export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises, need to equip some talents familiar with the economic and financial fields for their future development
Lian Jie: when it comes to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, one point to be raised is China's financial environment. When China's financial environment lags behind the development of the real economy as a whole, there are opportunities for the financial instry, and there will be many kinds of small enterprises in the financial instry in the future
[edit this paragraph] the root cause and Enlightenment of the U.S. financial crisis
a series of sudden "changes" such as the bankruptcy protection of Lehman Brothers, the "commitment" of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America and the emergency of AIG have shocked all countries in the world for the U.S. financial crisis. Wall Street's "abuse" of financial derivatives and underestimation of the subprime mortgage crisis have resulted in bitter results< In fact, as early as April 2007, the bankruptcy of New Century Financial Corporation, the second largest subprime mortgage company in the United States, exposed the risk of subprime mortgage bonds; Since August 2007, the Federal Reserve has responded by injecting liquidity into the financial system to increase market confidence, and the US stock market has been able to maintain at a high level. It seems that the situation is not very bad. However, in August 2008, the stock prices of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two major mortgage giants in the United States, plummeted, and financial institutions holding "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" bonds suffered a large loss. The US Treasury and the US Federal Reserve were forced to take over Fannie and Freddie to show the government's determination to deal with the crisis. But what followed was: two of the world's top investment banks, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, with total assets as high as $1.5 trillion, had problems one after another. The former was forced to file for bankruptcy protection, while the latter was acquired by Bank of America; AIG, the world's largest insurer with a total assets of US $1 trillion, is also unsustainable; The U.S. government chose to take over AIG to stabilize the market, but it could not help other financial institutions< If the above phenomena are only the concentrated outbreak of contradictions, the root of the problem lies in the following three aspects:
first, the improper real estate financial policy of the US government foreshadows the crisis. Home ownership was once part of the American dream. During the great depression in the 1930s, domestic demand in the United States was depressed. One of Roosevelt's new deal decisions was to set up Fannie Mae to provide housing financing for citizens, help people buy houses and stimulate domestic demand. In 1970, the United States established Freddie Mac on a scale similar to that of Fannie Mae“ Although Fannie and Freddie are privately owned enterprises, they enjoy the privilege of implicit government guarantee, so their bonds have the same rating as US Treasury bonds. Since the end of last century, under the circumstances of loose monetary policy, asset securitization and accelerated innovation of financial derivatives, the scale of implicit guarantee of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has expanded rapidly. The amount of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities directly held and guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has increased explosively from US $740 billion in 1990 to US $4.9 trillion at the end of 2007. In the process of rapid development of business, "Fannie and Freddie" ignored the quality of assets, which became the "hotbed" of subprime crisis
Second, the abuse of financial derivatives has lengthened the chain of financial transactions and encouraged speculation“ The "two houses" attract investment banks and other financial institutions to buy by purchasing loans with poor liquidity from commercial banks and mortgage companies, converting them into bonds for sale in the market through asset securitization, while the investment banks use "exquisite" financial engineering technology to divide, package, combine and sell them. In this process, the initial one yuan loan can be amplified into several yuan or even more than ten yuan financial derivatives, thus lengthening the chain of financial transactions. Finally, no one cares about the real basic value of these financial procts, which further encourages the occurrence of short-term speculation. But speculation is only the appearance, greed is the essence. Take Lehman Brothers as an example, its research ability and financial innovation ability can be rated as world-class, no one knows the meaning of risk better than them, but it can not escape the doom of collapse in the end. The reason is that the management and employees of Lehman Brothers hold about 1 / 3 of the company's shares, and only know how to speculate madly to make money, and less consider the interests of other shareholders
Third, the US monetary policy has contributed to the situation. To cope with the collapse of the Internet bubble around 2000, the Federal Reserve cut its federal funds rate for the 13 time from January 2001 to June 2003. The interest rate dropped from 6.5% to 1%, and stayed at 1% for a year. Low interest rates encouraged the American people to invest their savings in loans and excessive loans from banks, which directly contributed to the continued expansion of the US real estate bubble. Moreover, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve has also "inced" the market to form an expectation: as long as the market is depressed, the government will certainly rescue the market, so the whole wall street is full of speculation. However, when monetary policy continued to tighten, the housing bubble began to burst, and the default rate of the low credit class rose first, resulting in a wave of default that swept all the aspiring and ambitious financial institutions.
fortunately, e to China's cautious pace in participating in globalization, it has largely avoided the direct impact of the U.S. financial crisis; Unfortunately, there are also some "causes" of the outbreak of the U.S. financial crisis in China, which is worthy of our profound reflection
first of all, although great progress has been made in the reform of China's large state-owned financial institutions, in view of China's special national conditions, we may not be able to solve the problem of government's implicit guarantee for large-scale financial institutions, but we must continue to strengthen the transparency of the operation of state-owned financial institutions, and effectively prevent the excessive behavior of financial institutions, Such as excessive relaxation of credit standards and water related international speculation
Second, financial derivatives are a double-edged sword, which can not only play the role of active trading and risk transfer, but also set off financial waves with leverage effect. Therefore, financial derivatives must be timely launched within the scope of regulatory capacity, and must not be reced to a tool for speculators to make waves
thirdly, monetary policy should take into account asset price fluctuations. In the process of macro-control, the central bank always insists on a certain policy, such as anti inflation, in order to stabilize expectations, but the "paranoia" of monetary policy will inevitably lead to sharp fluctuations in the prices of stock market and housing market. The Japanese economic crisis, the Asian financial crisis and the current US financial crisis at the end of last century were all caused by the sharp collapse of asset price bubbles. Therefore, monetary policy should take into account asset price fluctuations, and the government should take multiple measures to eliminate the institutional causes of instability
[edit this paragraph] the impact of the U.S. financial crisis on China's economy
as we all know, the recent intensified financial crisis has seriously affected the healthy development of the global economy. From Wall Street to the world, from the financial sector to the real economy, governments of all countries are facing a serious economic crisis, so what can we see from this crisis? What is the impact on China's economy and Chinese enterprises? For us, are Chinese enterprises facing great opportunities or challenges
on October 14, a large number of websites specially planned the first phase of the activity "the impact of the U.S. financial crisis on China's economy", and discussed the above issues with experts in the instry
first of all, the root cause of the financial crisis, Hou Yucheng, deputy director of the financial technology research center of the foreign economic and Trade University, said that the financial turmoil in the United States finally turned into a crisis, which was caused by the price bubble, and the price bubble was mainly reflected in the real estate market. The problem of transferring the problem to financial derivatives is confusion. The fundamental problem is the expansion of the real estate bubble and eventually get out of hand.
in recent years, the progress of science and technology and the improvement of proctivity in the United States have led to rapid economic development, but in a certain stage, its overall economic development situation is supported by rising prices. It is precisely because of this subtle difference that once there is a problem in a certain field, the whole price system will collapse
Dr. Shi Huihong, a researcher at the financial policy research center of Capital University of economics and business, believes that the root of the financial crisis lies in the financial mechanism of the United States, that is, credit derivatives. The principal and interest of ordinary bonds can be expected. After derivatives, the principal changes and the interest rate changes. For example, the interest rate can be linked to the exchange rate, and the interest rate can be linked to many factors, which will further expand the risk. Especially for futures, as soon as the interest rate is high, the number of losses becomes astronomical, which divides the whole economy into two poles. One side is a huge profit, the other side is a huge loss, and the economic system cannot be balanced
in the face of this situation, governments are trying their best to recover the financial crisis, but how effective is it? Hou Yucheng said that the main purpose of all the capital injections, including the establishment of various funds in Europe and the United States, is to stabilize the market. On the whole, no substantive action has been taken. The purpose is for central banks to work together to give market confidence, stabilize the financial system and make the real economy operate normally< When it comes to the current impact of the financial crisis on China's economy, Hou Yucheng believes that its main negative impact lies in China's export and financial sector, but from another perspective, whether it is the development of macro-economy or small and medium-sized enterprises, the crisis may be a huge opportunity - forcing China's export structure to upgrade, This requires the macro decision-making level to provide buffer for small and medium-sized enterprises and large exporters
Lian Jie, investment manager of investment management headquarters of China Galaxy Investment Management Co., Ltd., said that in the current environment of insufficient independent power in China, the living environment is getting worse and worse, and only in the process of instrial upgrading and instry combination can more powerful enterprises be born. On the other hand, instries supported by rigid domestic demand are very noteworthy. Domestic demand is not growing fast, but this growth is basically rigid and will not suddenly turn into negative growth, such as agriculture and fast-moving consumer goods, which all have good investment opportunities
Hou Yucheng believes that in the current economic situation, we can pay more attention to domestic demand on the basis of stabilizing or recing the impact of exports as much as possible. From the recent Party Congress, we can find that the start of domestic demand, or the manufacturing of domestic demand, may become the major direction of China's economic policy in the next stage. For agriculture and even the whole field related to agriculture, it may be a point to strengthen the development of domestic demand in the future. In the next step, China is likely to give appropriate support and promotion to the science and technology instry. On the one hand, it will develop the foundation of science and technology, on the other hand, it will try to create new consumption hot spots from this field
what kind of instry can develop well in this crisis, and how can enterprises retreat in this crisis? Experts put forward suggestions to SMEs:
Hou Yucheng: SMEs should change and improve their thinking of future development. This year and even in the future, relying on the past pure intensive, low-cost proction mode will graally encounter development bottlenecks, which requires the future development of China's small and medium-sized enterprises must be prepared in two aspects. First, the technology of small and medium-sized enterprises needs to be improved and prepared. Second, China's small and medium-sized enterprises, especially export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises, need to equip some talents familiar with the economic and financial fields for their future development
Lian Jie: when it comes to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, one point to be raised is China's financial environment. When China's financial environment lags behind the development of the real economy as a whole, there are opportunities for the financial instry, and there will be many kinds of small enterprises in the financial instry in the future
3. The impact of RMB appreciation on China's foreign trade
(1) a small appreciation has little impact on China's import and export scale
according to the simulation analysis of exchange rate appreciation by using the model of national information center, the conclusion is that RMB appreciation by 2%, export growth will decrease by 1.5%, and import growth will increase by 0.2%. According to the data of 2004, it is equivalent to a decrease of US $9.1 billion in exports, an increase of US $1.2 billion in imports, a decrease of trade surplus from US $32 billion to US $21.7 billion, and a decrease of net export demand of RMB 85.2 billion, which affects about 0.6% of the GDP growth rate of that year (the GDP of that year was 14077.6 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5%). At the same time, the model calculation shows that the impact of one-time exchange rate changes on the national economy will decrease with time, the impact will be reced by half in the second year, and the impact will basically disappear after two years. It can be seen that the import and export elasticity of RMB exchange rate is very small, which is related to China's unique trade structure. At present, the processing and assembly trade of incoming materials, processing trade of imported materials and foreign machinery and equipment import account for nearly 60% of all imports. If we take into account the import of raw materials and investment goods in general trade, this figure still has a lot of room for increase. There is no relationship between the change of exchange rate and the earning of fixed payment in processing and assembling trade; The situation of processing trade with imported materials is slightly complicated, which depends on the proportion of imported intermediate procts and raw materials. After the appreciation of RMB, e to the improvement of the purchasing power of RMB, the appreciation of RMB has been alleviated to a certain extent, resulting in the increase of the prices of these procts in the international market. According to the trade and development report of the United Nations Commission on Trade and development in 2002, among the 17 important sample countries, China has the lowest unit labor wage, which is 2.5-47.8 times higher than that of China. Even considering the proction efficiency of unit labor, 10 of the 17 sample countries have higher costs than that of China, Therefore, the rise of labor wages caused by the rising exchange rate will not have a great impact on China's labor advantages, such as processing and assembly trade with imported materials, processing trade with imported materials, etc< The traditional exchange rate theory holds that the exchange rate has a strong regulatory effect on the economy, and its mechanism is that the exchange rate of the local currency affects the export of domestic procts, thus affecting domestic proction and GDP growth. When the exchange rate of local currency is high and the exchange rate of foreign currency is low, the cost of domestic procts will increase, and the price will become relatively expensive in the international market, which will affect the sales of procts, and will naturally affect domestic proction and GDP growth; When the exchange rate of local currency is low and the exchange rate of foreign currency is high, the cost of domestic procts will be reced, and the price will become relatively cheap in the international market, which will enhance the price competitiveness of procts, help to expand the market, and naturally promote domestic proction
however, when a country's economy is relatively strong and its currency has been seriously undervalued, the reasonable return of appreciation to its real value will not cause adverse impact on its economy, but also make the international trade develop more harmoniously. The harmonious development of international trade and world economy will also promote the further development of its economy. The foreign exchange reserves of more than 700 billion US dollars show the world that China has already met such specific conditions. Throughout the world, the currencies of economic powers are relatively strong, and there is no conclusion that these countries withdraw from the stage of economic powers because of their strong currencies< (3) the moderate appreciation of RMB is concive to the adjustment of the composition of China's proct cost.
the increased cost of RMB appreciation is labor cost. In China, labor cost is very low, generally accounting for only 10% of the proct cost. It is a cost element with low sensitivity. If RMB appreciation is 10%, the increase of proct cost is only 1%, It will not have a substantial impact on the cost of procts, so it is impossible to have a substantial impact on the price of export procts. Moreover, in China's export procts, enterprises with foreign investment background account for a large proportion of income, and usually need to import a large number of equipment and raw materials from abroad. The appreciation of RMB makes the cost of equipment and raw materials purchased from foreign countries decrease. For these enterprises with foreign capital background, the cost will not increase, but also decrease< (4) the moderate appreciation of RMB can better facilitate various trade relations.
the exchange rate is the price comparison between the two currencies. Under the gold standard system, the ratio of the value of the two currencies is directly and simply expressed as the ratio of their gold content, which is called seigniorage. In the early paper currency circulation system, countries generally stipulated the gold parity of paper currency, that is, the gold content, The paper currency still performs the function of metal currency, and the exchange rate basis of the two countries is still the gold parity hidden behind the paper currency. However, with the evolution of the circulation system of banknotes, the gold parity of banknotes is out of touch with the amount of gold they actually represent. It is difficult to determine the amount of gold they actually represent. The determination of the exchange rate of banknotes seems to be a bit complicated, but one thing should be certain, that is, the basis of the exchange rate of banknotes should be purchasing power. Parity purchasing power is another kind of gold content. Compared with another country's currency, the increase of purchasing power indicates that the inflation rate of the country is lower than that of the other country. At the same time, it also indicates that the country's economic strength is increasing. Countries with increasing economic strength will naturally enhance the confidence of their trading partners. So as to promote the healthy development of domestic trade, which itself is an invisible trade resource. After the Asian financial crisis in 1998, the currencies of China's neighboring countries devalued seriously. According to reports, after the financial crisis, the exchange rates of Thailand, South Korea and Singapore against the US dollar dropped by 39%, 36% and 61% respectively. At this time, in order to stabilize the Asian finance, the Chinese government said that the RMB would not depreciate, the RMB reputation exchange rate would remain unchanged, and the real exchange rate would appreciate with the devaluation of neighboring countries. But in recent years, China's trade situation shows that China's foreign trade has not been seriously affected, but continues to show strong growth momentum. This fully shows the positive significance of monetary strength in promoting trade, and also reveals a rule that the exchange rate is only an external performance, and the internal quality and economic strength of the domestic economy play a decisive role in a country's economy
in recent years, e to the undervaluation of RMB, the international trade frictions related to China's export procts are also increasing. The mping of some procts at too low prices has worsened the international trade environment and affected the smooth circulation of China's procts in the international market to a certain extent. International trade promotes each other. International trade theory tells us that only when the economies of all trading partners can get better development can international trade be more smooth and promote the common economic development of all countries. Therefore, the reasonable value of RMB will return to appreciation, trade friction with trading partners will be reced, various trade relations will be straightened out, international trade will be smoother, mutual promotion will be promoted, and trade interests of relevant trading countries will be maximized. China will also obtain greater interests in this process< Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly, especially since the 1990s, with an annual growth rate of 8%. However, we must see that China's economic growth has long been characterized by high energy consumption, low efficiency and low technology content, Even development at the cost of ecological destruction. In the international trade competition, undervaluing the value of RMB mainly encourages the proction and export of labor-intensive procts and resource-based procts. Although a large amount of foreign exchange is earned, the value of return is not very high, and capital accumulation is quite difficult. The competition of labor-intensive procts in the international market is very fierce. The development of similar instries in a large number of third world countries has posed a huge pressure on China. Generally speaking, China is a resource poor country, and its economic development will continue to stay in the growth mode of high consumption of resources, which will seriously affect the sustainable development of China's economy. With the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the application of various new technologies, new methods, new processes and new materials plays a key role in the economic development of a country. As a big country, China is still a developing country, but after more than ten years of reform and opening up, economy, technology and management have accumulated to a certain extent, which is the basis for China to develop to a higher technology field and higher instrial level
instrial restructuring and upgrading can bring many benefits, such as greatly improving proction efficiency, recing proct costs, improving proct quality and value content, procing procts with higher technical requirements, expanding market space, making full use of resources, enhancing commodity value of resources, and developing many substitutes for raw materials, Rece the consumption of resources, rece the damage to the environment. Only instrial upgrading can fundamentally change China's economic growth mode and trade situation. Therefore, China's future competitive advantage must turn to the road of instrial upgrading. It is not only in line with the requirements of the scientific outlook on development, but also in line with the requirements of social and economic development. In China's instrial structure, the proportion of traditional instry is relatively large, and the emerging instry is just in its infancy. It is an urgent need for international competition in the future to vigorously develop emerging instries, strive to transform traditional instries, and accelerate the upgrading of China's instrial structure. Instrial upgrading requires a lot of capital investment, especially foreign exchange capital. Now, there is pressure for RMB appreciation, which should be a good opportunity. After RMB appreciation, equipment with the same dollar price will be converted into RMB much less, and the cost of introcing investment procts will become relatively low. However, the same patented technology and the same advanced equipment only need to pay relatively low cost, which will greatly mobilize enterprises to introce advanced equipment The enthusiasm of purchasing new technology patents will eventually accelerate the speed of technological renewal in China, thus speeding up the adjustment and upgrading of instrial structure and improving the international competitiveness of procts. It is certain that China will open up a new world in the international market by making good use of the favorable opportunity of RMB appreciation, speeding up the renovation of traditional instries, accelerating the rapid development of emerging instries, and promoting the upgrading of procts.
(1) a small appreciation has little impact on China's import and export scale
according to the simulation analysis of exchange rate appreciation by using the model of national information center, the conclusion is that RMB appreciation by 2%, export growth will decrease by 1.5%, and import growth will increase by 0.2%. According to the data of 2004, it is equivalent to a decrease of US $9.1 billion in exports, an increase of US $1.2 billion in imports, a decrease of trade surplus from US $32 billion to US $21.7 billion, and a decrease of net export demand of RMB 85.2 billion, which affects about 0.6% of the GDP growth rate of that year (the GDP of that year was 14077.6 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5%). At the same time, the model calculation shows that the impact of one-time exchange rate changes on the national economy will decrease with time, the impact will be reced by half in the second year, and the impact will basically disappear after two years. It can be seen that the import and export elasticity of RMB exchange rate is very small, which is related to China's unique trade structure. At present, the processing and assembly trade of incoming materials, processing trade of imported materials and foreign machinery and equipment import account for nearly 60% of all imports. If we take into account the import of raw materials and investment goods in general trade, this figure still has a lot of room for increase. There is no relationship between the change of exchange rate and the earning of fixed payment in processing and assembling trade; The situation of processing trade with imported materials is slightly complicated, which depends on the proportion of imported intermediate procts and raw materials. After the appreciation of RMB, e to the improvement of the purchasing power of RMB, the appreciation of RMB has been alleviated to a certain extent, resulting in the increase of the prices of these procts in the international market. According to the trade and development report of the United Nations Commission on Trade and development in 2002, among the 17 important sample countries, China has the lowest unit labor wage, which is 2.5-47.8 times higher than that of China. Even considering the proction efficiency of unit labor, 10 of the 17 sample countries have higher costs than that of China, Therefore, the rise of labor wages caused by the rising exchange rate will not have a great impact on China's labor advantages, such as processing and assembly trade with imported materials, processing trade with imported materials, etc< The traditional exchange rate theory holds that the exchange rate has a strong regulatory effect on the economy, and its mechanism is that the exchange rate of the local currency affects the export of domestic procts, thus affecting domestic proction and GDP growth. When the exchange rate of local currency is high and the exchange rate of foreign currency is low, the cost of domestic procts will increase, and the price will become relatively expensive in the international market, which will affect the sales of procts, and will naturally affect domestic proction and GDP growth; When the exchange rate of local currency is low and the exchange rate of foreign currency is high, the cost of domestic procts will be reced, and the price will become relatively cheap in the international market, which will enhance the price competitiveness of procts, help to expand the market, and naturally promote domestic proction
however, when a country's economy is relatively strong and its currency has been seriously undervalued, the reasonable return of appreciation to its real value will not cause adverse impact on its economy, but also make the international trade develop more harmoniously. The harmonious development of international trade and world economy will also promote the further development of its economy. The foreign exchange reserves of more than 700 billion US dollars show the world that China has already met such specific conditions. Throughout the world, the currencies of economic powers are relatively strong, and there is no conclusion that these countries withdraw from the stage of economic powers because of their strong currencies< (3) the moderate appreciation of RMB is concive to the adjustment of the composition of China's proct cost.
the increased cost of RMB appreciation is labor cost. In China, labor cost is very low, generally accounting for only 10% of the proct cost. It is a cost element with low sensitivity. If RMB appreciation is 10%, the increase of proct cost is only 1%, It will not have a substantial impact on the cost of procts, so it is impossible to have a substantial impact on the price of export procts. Moreover, in China's export procts, enterprises with foreign investment background account for a large proportion of income, and usually need to import a large number of equipment and raw materials from abroad. The appreciation of RMB makes the cost of equipment and raw materials purchased from foreign countries decrease. For these enterprises with foreign capital background, the cost will not increase, but also decrease< (4) the moderate appreciation of RMB can better facilitate various trade relations.
the exchange rate is the price comparison between the two currencies. Under the gold standard system, the ratio of the value of the two currencies is directly and simply expressed as the ratio of their gold content, which is called seigniorage. In the early paper currency circulation system, countries generally stipulated the gold parity of paper currency, that is, the gold content, The paper currency still performs the function of metal currency, and the exchange rate basis of the two countries is still the gold parity hidden behind the paper currency. However, with the evolution of the circulation system of banknotes, the gold parity of banknotes is out of touch with the amount of gold they actually represent. It is difficult to determine the amount of gold they actually represent. The determination of the exchange rate of banknotes seems to be a bit complicated, but one thing should be certain, that is, the basis of the exchange rate of banknotes should be purchasing power. Parity purchasing power is another kind of gold content. Compared with another country's currency, the increase of purchasing power indicates that the inflation rate of the country is lower than that of the other country. At the same time, it also indicates that the country's economic strength is increasing. Countries with increasing economic strength will naturally enhance the confidence of their trading partners. So as to promote the healthy development of domestic trade, which itself is an invisible trade resource. After the Asian financial crisis in 1998, the currencies of China's neighboring countries devalued seriously. According to reports, after the financial crisis, the exchange rates of Thailand, South Korea and Singapore against the US dollar dropped by 39%, 36% and 61% respectively. At this time, in order to stabilize the Asian finance, the Chinese government said that the RMB would not depreciate, the RMB reputation exchange rate would remain unchanged, and the real exchange rate would appreciate with the devaluation of neighboring countries. But in recent years, China's trade situation shows that China's foreign trade has not been seriously affected, but continues to show strong growth momentum. This fully shows the positive significance of monetary strength in promoting trade, and also reveals a rule that the exchange rate is only an external performance, and the internal quality and economic strength of the domestic economy play a decisive role in a country's economy
in recent years, e to the undervaluation of RMB, the international trade frictions related to China's export procts are also increasing. The mping of some procts at too low prices has worsened the international trade environment and affected the smooth circulation of China's procts in the international market to a certain extent. International trade promotes each other. International trade theory tells us that only when the economies of all trading partners can get better development can international trade be more smooth and promote the common economic development of all countries. Therefore, the reasonable value of RMB will return to appreciation, trade friction with trading partners will be reced, various trade relations will be straightened out, international trade will be smoother, mutual promotion will be promoted, and trade interests of relevant trading countries will be maximized. China will also obtain greater interests in this process< Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly, especially since the 1990s, with an annual growth rate of 8%. However, we must see that China's economic growth has long been characterized by high energy consumption, low efficiency and low technology content, Even development at the cost of ecological destruction. In the international trade competition, undervaluing the value of RMB mainly encourages the proction and export of labor-intensive procts and resource-based procts. Although a large amount of foreign exchange is earned, the value of return is not very high, and capital accumulation is quite difficult. The competition of labor-intensive procts in the international market is very fierce. The development of similar instries in a large number of third world countries has posed a huge pressure on China. Generally speaking, China is a resource poor country, and its economic development will continue to stay in the growth mode of high consumption of resources, which will seriously affect the sustainable development of China's economy. With the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the application of various new technologies, new methods, new processes and new materials plays a key role in the economic development of a country. As a big country, China is still a developing country, but after more than ten years of reform and opening up, economy, technology and management have accumulated to a certain extent, which is the basis for China to develop to a higher technology field and higher instrial level
instrial restructuring and upgrading can bring many benefits, such as greatly improving proction efficiency, recing proct costs, improving proct quality and value content, procing procts with higher technical requirements, expanding market space, making full use of resources, enhancing commodity value of resources, and developing many substitutes for raw materials, Rece the consumption of resources, rece the damage to the environment. Only instrial upgrading can fundamentally change China's economic growth mode and trade situation. Therefore, China's future competitive advantage must turn to the road of instrial upgrading. It is not only in line with the requirements of the scientific outlook on development, but also in line with the requirements of social and economic development. In China's instrial structure, the proportion of traditional instry is relatively large, and the emerging instry is just in its infancy. It is an urgent need for international competition in the future to vigorously develop emerging instries, strive to transform traditional instries, and accelerate the upgrading of China's instrial structure. Instrial upgrading requires a lot of capital investment, especially foreign exchange capital. Now, there is pressure for RMB appreciation, which should be a good opportunity. After RMB appreciation, equipment with the same dollar price will be converted into RMB much less, and the cost of introcing investment procts will become relatively low. However, the same patented technology and the same advanced equipment only need to pay relatively low cost, which will greatly mobilize enterprises to introce advanced equipment The enthusiasm of purchasing new technology patents will eventually accelerate the speed of technological renewal in China, thus speeding up the adjustment and upgrading of instrial structure and improving the international competitiveness of procts. It is certain that China will open up a new world in the international market by making good use of the favorable opportunity of RMB appreciation, speeding up the renovation of traditional instries, accelerating the rapid development of emerging instries, and promoting the upgrading of procts.
4. Main outline framework:
preface
1. Analysis of financing characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises
2. Financing status of small and medium-sized enterprises
3. Main problems existing in financing of small and medium-sized enterprises
4. Analysis of factors restricting financing of small and medium-sized enterprises
5. Thinking of Financing Countermeasures of small and medium-sized enterprises
conclusion
references
thanks
preface
1. Analysis of financing characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises
2. Financing status of small and medium-sized enterprises
3. Main problems existing in financing of small and medium-sized enterprises
4. Analysis of factors restricting financing of small and medium-sized enterprises
5. Thinking of Financing Countermeasures of small and medium-sized enterprises
conclusion
references
thanks
5. Analysis of the impact of accounting environment change on accounting report Abstract: the relationship between accounting environment and accounting report is inseparable. At present, great changes have taken place in the accounting environment, while the changes of accounting report are relatively lagging behind. Compared with the existing accounting environment, the form and content show its limitations and the necessity of reform
key words: accounting environment; Accounting report; Limitations
first, the relationship between accounting environment and accounting report
as we all know, the emergence, existence and development of anything is inseparable from its environment. Survival of the fittest and survival of the fittest are the general law of the development of things. As a part of human economic activities, accounting is no exception. The so-called accounting environment refers to the basis of the emergence, existence and development of accounting. It is closely related to the emergence and development of accounting, and determines the objective historical conditions and special circumstances of accounting thought, accounting theory, accounting organization, accounting legal system and other accounting work. From the microcosmic point of view, it includes the objective conditions of the internal components of the accounting system, such as the accounting management mode, the quality of accounting personnel, the means and methods of accounting work, and the development of accounting. From the macro point of view, it includes the economic, political, social and cultural, scientific and technological ecation, legal environment and other elements that exist outside the accounting system and have an impact on the accounting information system. The elements of accounting environment are complex and diverse. Among all these factors, the economic environment, including the level of economic development, the degree of commodity economy and market development, the way of national economic management, enterprise management system, enterprise management level, the relationship between the rights and responsibilities of accounting subjects, plays a very important role. At the same time, the role of social development, scientific and technological progress and changes in the content of related disciplines should not be underestimated. A correct understanding of the impact of accounting environment on accounting, especially the scientific prediction of the development and change of accounting environment, and a grasp of the trend and law of the development and change of accounting environment are of great significance not only to the perfection, enrichment, development and innovation of accounting theory, but also to the correct treatment of the current situation of accounting practice and the formulation of correct forward-looking planning of accounting practice. As the result of accounting work, whether the function and purpose of accounting report can achieve the expected effect and what kind of effect it plays on the whole economic development depends on how it adapts to the accounting environment. Vertically, every change of accounting report is made to adapt to the leap of accounting goal in a certain historical period, and every great leap of accounting goal is caused by the great change of accounting environment. From the horizontal perspective, different countries, different regions, different accounting environment, accounting reports are not the same. However, with the change of accounting environment and the further development of global economic integration, accounting report, as a common language for the development and communication of world economy, requires a higher and stronger adaptability and breadth to the accounting environment< In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, knowledge economy has become an irresistible trend of the times, affecting all aspects of human society and economic life. Knowledge economy is an economy based on the proction, distribution and use of knowledge and information. Its most important feature is that knowledge is transformed into capital and becomes the main driving force of economic development. Its basic characteristics are: (1) knowledge economy is a sustainable economy. The proction and operation activities of enterprises must give consideration to both economic growth and social responsibility 2) Knowledge economy is also an economy dominated by intangible assets investment. Human resources will become the main source of future economic benefits of enterprises, and the competition of human resources will be stronger than any other era. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal and disclose the information of human resources 3) Knowledge economy is a competitive economy. As a result, the speed of enterprise change, bankruptcy and liquidation is accelerated, and all kinds of risks including enterprise operation and accounting work are increasing day by day 4) Knowledge economy is information economy. The emergence of digital technology makes the application and dissemination of information more rapid and fast 5) Knowledge economy is an economy that needs high quality talents. It requires people to transform themselves from a single professional type to a compound type. The development of knowledge economy is becoming the trend of global economic development, which brings new opportunities and challenges to all walks of life, including accounting< Under the catalysis of modern information technology, e to the rapid popularization of the Internet, the global network economy has taken shape. The network is not only the medium of information transmission, but also provides a new place for the proction and operation of enterprises, and creates a new economic organization and operation mode. Information technology instry has become a fast developing field. The combination of traditional economy and network economy has become the trend of today's world economic development. More and more traditional enterprises join in the network economy, effectively improving the efficiency of enterprises. Accounting is the proct of economic development. The application and development of modern information technology, especially the network technology in the field of accounting, indicates that the accounting technology means across to the accounting information stage. Through the organic combination of accounting and modern information technology (mainly network technology), the accounting basic theory, accounting practice, accounting ecation and other aspects are comprehensively innovated, and then the accounting information system meeting the requirements of modern enterprise management is established. The development of network economy in the knowledge age is a qualitative leap for accounting informatization, which is of great significance. It is no longer a simple substitute for accounting technology or an extension of electronic computer, but a challenge to all aspects of current accounting< (3) after China's accession to the WTO and global economic integration, the whole economic environment has undergone profound changes. First of all, the barriers to the world market have been greatly reced, and the entry threshold has been greatly reced. Various factors of proction will be more smoothly and unimpeded from the regional optimal allocation to the global optimal allocation according to the principle of comparative advantage, so as to promote the formation of a fair, just and reasonable world market. The second is the further expansion of the market, which intensifies the increasingly fierce competition. Competition is the core law of market economy, and its basic principle is survival of the fittest and survival of the fittest. The fundamental function of global economic integration is not only to realize the optimal allocation of various scarce elements, but also to promote the generation of universal independent, independent and rational subjects. As an international common business language for recording and reporting the economic activities of enterprises, accounting is facing the challenge brought by the change of economic environment, which is a practical problem in front of us. After China's entry into WTO, the global economic integration will have a great influence on the accounting reform and development in China. The new accounting environment means that we must follow the international trade rules and make the whole accounting work play a more prominent role in promoting international trade, international capital flow and international economic exchanges. Therefore, it is increasingly urgent to speed up the pace of accounting internationalization. At the same time, under the background of the acceleration of economic globalization and the rapid development of information technology, the development process of accounting internationalization in China will be further accelerated. In this regard, the rapid development of China's accounting internationalization requires us to have a clear understanding of China's current accounting environment and the nature and trend of accounting internationalization< In recent years, great changes have taken place in China's political and economic system. With the deepening of economic system reform and opening to the outside world, the original planned economy system is graally changing to the market economy system, and the degree of marketization is constantly improving, and the changes in the economic field are more and more profound. First of all, with the graal establishment of modern enterprise system, the "two rights" of investor's ownership and legal person's property right are separated. The enterprise is no longer an administrative appendage of the government, but a legal entity with independent accounting, independent operation, self financing and self-development. The government's management of the enterprise has also changed from direct management to indirect management. While the state-owned economy plays a leading role, the trend of diversification of investment subjects is becoming more and more obvious. In addition to state investment, there are also institutional investment and personal investment, etc. economic development presents many new characteristics. Many special economic businesses are emerging, which also leads to many special accounting problems, such as fair value measurement, debt restructuring and non monetary transactions. Secondly, the domestic capital market has developed rapidly in recent years, which has played a positive role in the development of the whole national economy. With the expansion and complexity of the capital market, new economic phenomena emerge in endlessly. For example, the frequent and large amount of asset restructuring, asset replacement and cross shareholding of listed companies are obviously special. In addition, as the main body of the capital market, the ownership structure of listed companies is also relatively special. In addition to public shares, state-owned shares and corporate shares usually account for a large proportion and cannot be circulated. The special ownership structure leads to a large proportion of related party transactions among state-owned enterprises in China. All these phenomena lead to many new and special accounting problems. We know that accounting is adapted to a specific economic system. What kind of economic system there is, there is what kind of accounting system. However, our current accounting report pays more attention to the information that can truly and reliably reflect the financial status and operating results of enterprises formed by past transactions and events. Under the background of these economic changes, the accounting mode is required to change to the market economy mode accordingly, so as to play a positive role in promoting the transformation of enterprise management mechanism and the development of securities market< (5) continuous expansion of new fields of related disciplines
disciplines closely related to accounting include finance, finance, taxation, auditing, enterprise management, etc. With the reform of the economic system, the content and system of these related disciplines are constantly changing, such as the withdrawal of finance from micro economic activities, the continuous improvement of accounting status in the economic field, the diversification of investment subjects, and the coexistence of multiple economic components, which makes it more difficult for tax collection and supervision, and the requirements for accounting to provide true and complete accounting information are also constantly strengthened. With the reform of enterprise system, accounting not only serves the enterprise itself, but also provides true and reliable accounting information for investors, creditors, the public and consumers. Especially the innovation of the financial system, the application of a large number of derivative financial instruments, more and more accounting subjects participate in the transaction of financial derivatives. As we all know, financial derivatives are far more complex and changeable than traditional financial instruments. They are characterized by intertemporal, off balance sheet trading, uncertainty and high risk, leverage effect, hedging and speculative arbitrage. Therefore, on the one hand, the accounting entities involved in the transaction have to bear the huge risks brought about by the future price changes, on the other hand, it is difficult to fully reflect in the traditional accounting statements, because its transaction characteristics can not meet the recognition principles of traditional accounting, and can not be revealed in the statement as an element of the statement. In addition, the development of science and technology and the emergence of e-commerce have created an automatic, paperless and digital social and economic environment, changed the proction mode and management mode of enterprises, and also changed the traditional accounting operation environment, which has the characteristics of transaction virtualization
key words: accounting environment; Accounting report; Limitations
first, the relationship between accounting environment and accounting report
as we all know, the emergence, existence and development of anything is inseparable from its environment. Survival of the fittest and survival of the fittest are the general law of the development of things. As a part of human economic activities, accounting is no exception. The so-called accounting environment refers to the basis of the emergence, existence and development of accounting. It is closely related to the emergence and development of accounting, and determines the objective historical conditions and special circumstances of accounting thought, accounting theory, accounting organization, accounting legal system and other accounting work. From the microcosmic point of view, it includes the objective conditions of the internal components of the accounting system, such as the accounting management mode, the quality of accounting personnel, the means and methods of accounting work, and the development of accounting. From the macro point of view, it includes the economic, political, social and cultural, scientific and technological ecation, legal environment and other elements that exist outside the accounting system and have an impact on the accounting information system. The elements of accounting environment are complex and diverse. Among all these factors, the economic environment, including the level of economic development, the degree of commodity economy and market development, the way of national economic management, enterprise management system, enterprise management level, the relationship between the rights and responsibilities of accounting subjects, plays a very important role. At the same time, the role of social development, scientific and technological progress and changes in the content of related disciplines should not be underestimated. A correct understanding of the impact of accounting environment on accounting, especially the scientific prediction of the development and change of accounting environment, and a grasp of the trend and law of the development and change of accounting environment are of great significance not only to the perfection, enrichment, development and innovation of accounting theory, but also to the correct treatment of the current situation of accounting practice and the formulation of correct forward-looking planning of accounting practice. As the result of accounting work, whether the function and purpose of accounting report can achieve the expected effect and what kind of effect it plays on the whole economic development depends on how it adapts to the accounting environment. Vertically, every change of accounting report is made to adapt to the leap of accounting goal in a certain historical period, and every great leap of accounting goal is caused by the great change of accounting environment. From the horizontal perspective, different countries, different regions, different accounting environment, accounting reports are not the same. However, with the change of accounting environment and the further development of global economic integration, accounting report, as a common language for the development and communication of world economy, requires a higher and stronger adaptability and breadth to the accounting environment< In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, knowledge economy has become an irresistible trend of the times, affecting all aspects of human society and economic life. Knowledge economy is an economy based on the proction, distribution and use of knowledge and information. Its most important feature is that knowledge is transformed into capital and becomes the main driving force of economic development. Its basic characteristics are: (1) knowledge economy is a sustainable economy. The proction and operation activities of enterprises must give consideration to both economic growth and social responsibility 2) Knowledge economy is also an economy dominated by intangible assets investment. Human resources will become the main source of future economic benefits of enterprises, and the competition of human resources will be stronger than any other era. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal and disclose the information of human resources 3) Knowledge economy is a competitive economy. As a result, the speed of enterprise change, bankruptcy and liquidation is accelerated, and all kinds of risks including enterprise operation and accounting work are increasing day by day 4) Knowledge economy is information economy. The emergence of digital technology makes the application and dissemination of information more rapid and fast 5) Knowledge economy is an economy that needs high quality talents. It requires people to transform themselves from a single professional type to a compound type. The development of knowledge economy is becoming the trend of global economic development, which brings new opportunities and challenges to all walks of life, including accounting< Under the catalysis of modern information technology, e to the rapid popularization of the Internet, the global network economy has taken shape. The network is not only the medium of information transmission, but also provides a new place for the proction and operation of enterprises, and creates a new economic organization and operation mode. Information technology instry has become a fast developing field. The combination of traditional economy and network economy has become the trend of today's world economic development. More and more traditional enterprises join in the network economy, effectively improving the efficiency of enterprises. Accounting is the proct of economic development. The application and development of modern information technology, especially the network technology in the field of accounting, indicates that the accounting technology means across to the accounting information stage. Through the organic combination of accounting and modern information technology (mainly network technology), the accounting basic theory, accounting practice, accounting ecation and other aspects are comprehensively innovated, and then the accounting information system meeting the requirements of modern enterprise management is established. The development of network economy in the knowledge age is a qualitative leap for accounting informatization, which is of great significance. It is no longer a simple substitute for accounting technology or an extension of electronic computer, but a challenge to all aspects of current accounting< (3) after China's accession to the WTO and global economic integration, the whole economic environment has undergone profound changes. First of all, the barriers to the world market have been greatly reced, and the entry threshold has been greatly reced. Various factors of proction will be more smoothly and unimpeded from the regional optimal allocation to the global optimal allocation according to the principle of comparative advantage, so as to promote the formation of a fair, just and reasonable world market. The second is the further expansion of the market, which intensifies the increasingly fierce competition. Competition is the core law of market economy, and its basic principle is survival of the fittest and survival of the fittest. The fundamental function of global economic integration is not only to realize the optimal allocation of various scarce elements, but also to promote the generation of universal independent, independent and rational subjects. As an international common business language for recording and reporting the economic activities of enterprises, accounting is facing the challenge brought by the change of economic environment, which is a practical problem in front of us. After China's entry into WTO, the global economic integration will have a great influence on the accounting reform and development in China. The new accounting environment means that we must follow the international trade rules and make the whole accounting work play a more prominent role in promoting international trade, international capital flow and international economic exchanges. Therefore, it is increasingly urgent to speed up the pace of accounting internationalization. At the same time, under the background of the acceleration of economic globalization and the rapid development of information technology, the development process of accounting internationalization in China will be further accelerated. In this regard, the rapid development of China's accounting internationalization requires us to have a clear understanding of China's current accounting environment and the nature and trend of accounting internationalization< In recent years, great changes have taken place in China's political and economic system. With the deepening of economic system reform and opening to the outside world, the original planned economy system is graally changing to the market economy system, and the degree of marketization is constantly improving, and the changes in the economic field are more and more profound. First of all, with the graal establishment of modern enterprise system, the "two rights" of investor's ownership and legal person's property right are separated. The enterprise is no longer an administrative appendage of the government, but a legal entity with independent accounting, independent operation, self financing and self-development. The government's management of the enterprise has also changed from direct management to indirect management. While the state-owned economy plays a leading role, the trend of diversification of investment subjects is becoming more and more obvious. In addition to state investment, there are also institutional investment and personal investment, etc. economic development presents many new characteristics. Many special economic businesses are emerging, which also leads to many special accounting problems, such as fair value measurement, debt restructuring and non monetary transactions. Secondly, the domestic capital market has developed rapidly in recent years, which has played a positive role in the development of the whole national economy. With the expansion and complexity of the capital market, new economic phenomena emerge in endlessly. For example, the frequent and large amount of asset restructuring, asset replacement and cross shareholding of listed companies are obviously special. In addition, as the main body of the capital market, the ownership structure of listed companies is also relatively special. In addition to public shares, state-owned shares and corporate shares usually account for a large proportion and cannot be circulated. The special ownership structure leads to a large proportion of related party transactions among state-owned enterprises in China. All these phenomena lead to many new and special accounting problems. We know that accounting is adapted to a specific economic system. What kind of economic system there is, there is what kind of accounting system. However, our current accounting report pays more attention to the information that can truly and reliably reflect the financial status and operating results of enterprises formed by past transactions and events. Under the background of these economic changes, the accounting mode is required to change to the market economy mode accordingly, so as to play a positive role in promoting the transformation of enterprise management mechanism and the development of securities market< (5) continuous expansion of new fields of related disciplines
disciplines closely related to accounting include finance, finance, taxation, auditing, enterprise management, etc. With the reform of the economic system, the content and system of these related disciplines are constantly changing, such as the withdrawal of finance from micro economic activities, the continuous improvement of accounting status in the economic field, the diversification of investment subjects, and the coexistence of multiple economic components, which makes it more difficult for tax collection and supervision, and the requirements for accounting to provide true and complete accounting information are also constantly strengthened. With the reform of enterprise system, accounting not only serves the enterprise itself, but also provides true and reliable accounting information for investors, creditors, the public and consumers. Especially the innovation of the financial system, the application of a large number of derivative financial instruments, more and more accounting subjects participate in the transaction of financial derivatives. As we all know, financial derivatives are far more complex and changeable than traditional financial instruments. They are characterized by intertemporal, off balance sheet trading, uncertainty and high risk, leverage effect, hedging and speculative arbitrage. Therefore, on the one hand, the accounting entities involved in the transaction have to bear the huge risks brought about by the future price changes, on the other hand, it is difficult to fully reflect in the traditional accounting statements, because its transaction characteristics can not meet the recognition principles of traditional accounting, and can not be revealed in the statement as an element of the statement. In addition, the development of science and technology and the emergence of e-commerce have created an automatic, paperless and digital social and economic environment, changed the proction mode and management mode of enterprises, and also changed the traditional accounting operation environment, which has the characteristics of transaction virtualization
6. Some enterprises engaged in e-commerce have great economic strength; Some are very small in scale, with only one office, a few computers and a few technicians, engaged in the sales of digital assets; Some just built a website on the Internet. For many enterprises engaged in e-commerce, the procts they sell can be roughly divided into two categories, namely tangible goods and intangible goods
the so-called intangible goods are information, computer software, film and television entertainment and other digital goods. In reality, these commodities all have certain carriers, such as CD-ROM, disk, tape, etc. However, on the Internet, these digital commodities can be directly transmitted to consumers through the computer network without carriers. After the tangible goods are ordered online by customers, the enterprise will send special personnel to customers. As the sales of intangible goods and tangible goods are two different business methods, their accounting is also different. There are four business models for e-commerce of intangible commodities: online subscription model, paid browsing model, advertising support model and online donation model. The accounting treatment of these four models are different
1. Accounting under the paid browsing mode
in the paid browsing mode, digital goods are only put on the website for people to download, and customers only need to pay a registration fee or a small fee. In the first mock exam, the digital procts are mainly developed by the enterprises themselves, and some are digital goods licensed by an enterprise. Enterprises open up this kind of download digital goods for customers, which can be regarded as the labor services provided by enterprises; A small part of the expenses paid by customers can be regarded as the income from labor services
digital commodity is a very special commodity, just a lot of code in the computer. The money enterprises need to pay for these goods can be recorded as the cost of digital goods. At the same time, because the update speed of computer software and hardware is extremely fast, the ration of digital goods is very short, and almost no one knows how long a certain digital goods can be popular. These characteristics make digital goods have their own particularity. In the accounting process, we can set up the "digital goods" account just like low value consumables, and set up the secondary detailed accounts such as "in stock digital goods", "in use digital goods" and "digital goods amortization" under the account. When an enterprise purchases or researches and develops a digital commodity, it can enter the title of "digital commodity - digital commodity in stock". Once someone hits and downloads the Internet, it will be transferred from "digital goods - in library digital goods" to "digital goods - digital goods". At the same time, the cost of digital goods is amortised. There are many amortization methods, such as one-off amortization method, five five amortization method, etc. one can be selected as the cost reimbursement method. If the "five five amortization method" is adopted, half of the cost will be amortized when the digital goods are delivered out of the warehouse. When the digital goods are out of date or are eliminated, such as the emergence of a new version of software, the amount of the subject of "digital goods in use" will be directly written off. The specific processing methods are as follows: when obtaining,
borrowing: digital goods in stock
lending: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
when someone downloads,
borrowing: digital goods in use
lending: digital goods in stock
amortization half of the cost at the same time,
debit: business cost
Credit: digital goods - amortization of digital goods
service fee received by download service,
debit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
Credit: business income
when the new version of the digital goods appears and is eliminated,
debit: business cost
digital goods - amortization of digital goods
Credit: digital goods - in use digital goods
2. Accounting under online subscription mode
online subscription is mainly an e-commerce mode in which enterprises engaged in e-commerce provide entertainment programs, newspapers and magazines, and require customers to pay for them. The price required by online subscription mode is more expensive than that of online browsing. The price of carrier goods in real life is almost the same, and sometimes it may be higher. Customers buy online because they can get these goods first-hand. In the first mock exam, enterprises are sold as commodity sellers, not providing labor services and obtaining service fees, and enterprises are selling sales. Because it is selling goods, there is a problem of matching sales revenue with sales cost. Therefore, when the income is realized and carried forward, the cost of goods should also be carried forward to maintain the correspondence between income and cost. However, some enterprises only have a version on the enterprise website, so when each sale is established, the inventory cost of each sale cannot be obtained, and the cost cannot be carried forward immediately. In this way, when the sales is established, it will not be recognized as sales revenue immediately, but will put this sum of money into a "pending digital goods" subject and process it at one time at the end of the month. When an enterprise obtains a digital commodity, it can enter the digital commodity into the secondary detailed account "a digital commodity" under the "digital commodity" account, and amortization the cost of sales at the end of the month. Specifically, it can be realized by the following entries:
when a digital commodity is obtained,
debit: digital commodity - a digital commodity
Credit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
when selling,
debit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
Credit: digital commodity to be processed
when the amortization period of digital commodity is determined and the income and cost are carried forward at the end of the month,
debit: digital goods to be processed
Credit: sales revenue of goods
tax payable value added tax payable
debit: sales cost of goods
Credit: digital goods - a certain digital goods
3. Accounting under advertising support mode
the main business of an enterprise is to attract the attention of consumers, Attract consumers to the enterprise's website to get consumers' click. This kind of enterprises mainly earn money from advertisers to attract them to put their advertisements on their websites and charge part of the fees. As long as the enterprises engaged in e-commerce can attract consumers to hit more ads on the e-commerce website, they can attract more advertisers to put their ads on the enterprise website, so that the enterprises can make more money. This mode is relatively simple in accounting treatment, when receiving payment from advertisers:
debit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
Credit: other business income
4. Accounting under the online donation mode
under the online donation mode, enterprises mainly present some goods to customers while selling goods, so as to obtain customers' long-term purchase desire. This part of the goods should be used as a means of promotion, enter the enterprise's advertising expenses, not as the enterprise's sales revenue. However, in terms of Taxation, these commodities should be paid relevant taxes as sales commodities
as for the sale of tangible goods on the Internet, it mainly involves the delivery in real life. Enterprises must establish a large distribution network to cope with the online ordering behavior at any time, which is necessary to increase the cost of enterprises. If it is between enterprises, the freight may be borne by the buyer; If it is sold to indivials, this cost can only be made up by increasing sales volume or increasing sales price. This kind of sales is similar to commodity sales in real life, and its accounting treatment is also similar to general commodity sales
after finishing my opening report, I can give you the general content of my opening for your reference. However, different school instructors have different requirements. Pay attention to the use of punctuation marks, pay attention to the use of format, and pay attention to the classification of my content (especially remind me that it's best to write the opening because the thesis will have a clue after I write the opening)
< br />The title of my thesis is & lt; On the creative planning of Legal TV programs & gt
1. Purpose and significance of topic selection
2. Research status at home and abroad (literature review): first, make a summary of your research literature, It is to introce who has put forward some opinions in the literature
and then divide the key points according to the content of your topic selection (for example, my key points are: 1. Research on TV programs; 2. Research on creative planning of TV programs; 3. Research on creative planning of Legal TV programs). Of course, it can also be introced according to the literature at home and abroad. The so-called introction is to separate the TV programs The author's name and content (for example, channel specialization and column personalization) are the concrete manifestation of the fierce competition between TV media. In this context, the planning and innovation of TV programs have become the focus of contemporary TV people
Professor Hu Zhifeng mentioned in TV program planning that planning can be understood as designing and planning to achieve a specific purpose and goal with the help of certain information materials, so as to provide creativity, ideas, methods and Countermeasures for specific operable behaviors
Professor Zhang Xiaolin of Shaanxi TV station defined the meaning of TV program in "analysis and Research on TV program planning" as the so-called TV program planning, which means that the planners follow the operation rules of TV programs to make overall planning and demonstration on the proction and operation process of TV programs, such as topic selection, shooting and proction, broadcast and sales, And finally form a kind of TV behavior of guiding writing. In TV program planning, Dr. Wang Fu of CCTV divides TV program planning into: 1. Planning of recorded programs; 2. Planning of live programs; 3. Planning of host programs; 4. Planning of participatory programs; 5. Planning of cooperative programs; 6. Planning of large programs.)
3. The content of topic selection research: This is very important, that is, the outline of your future paper, the direction, intention and problems you intend to study
4 Research methods and the main problems to be solved:
research technical route: select the topic under the guidance of the instructor → determine the topic → understand the research status of other people in the present society of this topic → formulate research contents and methods → consult relevant materials in the library → search relevant materials online → collect and organize materials → write a paper
research methods: literature analysis method The methods of text close reading, comparison and comprehensive analysis
the key problem to be solved is to analyze the current situation of legal programs, and put forward suggestions and opinions on the imperfections. According to the current audience heart and hobby trend, summed up the development trend of creative planning< 5. Research and writing plan: (as follows)
from May 22, 2009 to June 12, 2009 to determine the topic and collect relevant data
from June 13, 2009 to December 20, 2009 to write the opening report and topic
from December 21, 2009 to January 10, 2011 to collect data and carry out research to form a writing outline
from January 11, 2011 to March 28, 2011 to conct in-depth research, Form the first draft of the paper
March 29, 2011 - April 30, 2011 paper modification, finalization, printing
6. References: the list of references in your hand, for example: [1] Li Dong. On radio and television program planning [M]. Beijing: China radio and Television Publishing Company
the so-called intangible goods are information, computer software, film and television entertainment and other digital goods. In reality, these commodities all have certain carriers, such as CD-ROM, disk, tape, etc. However, on the Internet, these digital commodities can be directly transmitted to consumers through the computer network without carriers. After the tangible goods are ordered online by customers, the enterprise will send special personnel to customers. As the sales of intangible goods and tangible goods are two different business methods, their accounting is also different. There are four business models for e-commerce of intangible commodities: online subscription model, paid browsing model, advertising support model and online donation model. The accounting treatment of these four models are different
1. Accounting under the paid browsing mode
in the paid browsing mode, digital goods are only put on the website for people to download, and customers only need to pay a registration fee or a small fee. In the first mock exam, the digital procts are mainly developed by the enterprises themselves, and some are digital goods licensed by an enterprise. Enterprises open up this kind of download digital goods for customers, which can be regarded as the labor services provided by enterprises; A small part of the expenses paid by customers can be regarded as the income from labor services
digital commodity is a very special commodity, just a lot of code in the computer. The money enterprises need to pay for these goods can be recorded as the cost of digital goods. At the same time, because the update speed of computer software and hardware is extremely fast, the ration of digital goods is very short, and almost no one knows how long a certain digital goods can be popular. These characteristics make digital goods have their own particularity. In the accounting process, we can set up the "digital goods" account just like low value consumables, and set up the secondary detailed accounts such as "in stock digital goods", "in use digital goods" and "digital goods amortization" under the account. When an enterprise purchases or researches and develops a digital commodity, it can enter the title of "digital commodity - digital commodity in stock". Once someone hits and downloads the Internet, it will be transferred from "digital goods - in library digital goods" to "digital goods - digital goods". At the same time, the cost of digital goods is amortised. There are many amortization methods, such as one-off amortization method, five five amortization method, etc. one can be selected as the cost reimbursement method. If the "five five amortization method" is adopted, half of the cost will be amortized when the digital goods are delivered out of the warehouse. When the digital goods are out of date or are eliminated, such as the emergence of a new version of software, the amount of the subject of "digital goods in use" will be directly written off. The specific processing methods are as follows: when obtaining,
borrowing: digital goods in stock
lending: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
when someone downloads,
borrowing: digital goods in use
lending: digital goods in stock
amortization half of the cost at the same time,
debit: business cost
Credit: digital goods - amortization of digital goods
service fee received by download service,
debit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
Credit: business income
when the new version of the digital goods appears and is eliminated,
debit: business cost
digital goods - amortization of digital goods
Credit: digital goods - in use digital goods
2. Accounting under online subscription mode
online subscription is mainly an e-commerce mode in which enterprises engaged in e-commerce provide entertainment programs, newspapers and magazines, and require customers to pay for them. The price required by online subscription mode is more expensive than that of online browsing. The price of carrier goods in real life is almost the same, and sometimes it may be higher. Customers buy online because they can get these goods first-hand. In the first mock exam, enterprises are sold as commodity sellers, not providing labor services and obtaining service fees, and enterprises are selling sales. Because it is selling goods, there is a problem of matching sales revenue with sales cost. Therefore, when the income is realized and carried forward, the cost of goods should also be carried forward to maintain the correspondence between income and cost. However, some enterprises only have a version on the enterprise website, so when each sale is established, the inventory cost of each sale cannot be obtained, and the cost cannot be carried forward immediately. In this way, when the sales is established, it will not be recognized as sales revenue immediately, but will put this sum of money into a "pending digital goods" subject and process it at one time at the end of the month. When an enterprise obtains a digital commodity, it can enter the digital commodity into the secondary detailed account "a digital commodity" under the "digital commodity" account, and amortization the cost of sales at the end of the month. Specifically, it can be realized by the following entries:
when a digital commodity is obtained,
debit: digital commodity - a digital commodity
Credit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
when selling,
debit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
Credit: digital commodity to be processed
when the amortization period of digital commodity is determined and the income and cost are carried forward at the end of the month,
debit: digital goods to be processed
Credit: sales revenue of goods
tax payable value added tax payable
debit: sales cost of goods
Credit: digital goods - a certain digital goods
3. Accounting under advertising support mode
the main business of an enterprise is to attract the attention of consumers, Attract consumers to the enterprise's website to get consumers' click. This kind of enterprises mainly earn money from advertisers to attract them to put their advertisements on their websites and charge part of the fees. As long as the enterprises engaged in e-commerce can attract consumers to hit more ads on the e-commerce website, they can attract more advertisers to put their ads on the enterprise website, so that the enterprises can make more money. This mode is relatively simple in accounting treatment, when receiving payment from advertisers:
debit: cash or bank deposit or electronic currency
Credit: other business income
4. Accounting under the online donation mode
under the online donation mode, enterprises mainly present some goods to customers while selling goods, so as to obtain customers' long-term purchase desire. This part of the goods should be used as a means of promotion, enter the enterprise's advertising expenses, not as the enterprise's sales revenue. However, in terms of Taxation, these commodities should be paid relevant taxes as sales commodities
as for the sale of tangible goods on the Internet, it mainly involves the delivery in real life. Enterprises must establish a large distribution network to cope with the online ordering behavior at any time, which is necessary to increase the cost of enterprises. If it is between enterprises, the freight may be borne by the buyer; If it is sold to indivials, this cost can only be made up by increasing sales volume or increasing sales price. This kind of sales is similar to commodity sales in real life, and its accounting treatment is also similar to general commodity sales
after finishing my opening report, I can give you the general content of my opening for your reference. However, different school instructors have different requirements. Pay attention to the use of punctuation marks, pay attention to the use of format, and pay attention to the classification of my content (especially remind me that it's best to write the opening because the thesis will have a clue after I write the opening)
< br />The title of my thesis is & lt; On the creative planning of Legal TV programs & gt
1. Purpose and significance of topic selection
2. Research status at home and abroad (literature review): first, make a summary of your research literature, It is to introce who has put forward some opinions in the literature
and then divide the key points according to the content of your topic selection (for example, my key points are: 1. Research on TV programs; 2. Research on creative planning of TV programs; 3. Research on creative planning of Legal TV programs). Of course, it can also be introced according to the literature at home and abroad. The so-called introction is to separate the TV programs The author's name and content (for example, channel specialization and column personalization) are the concrete manifestation of the fierce competition between TV media. In this context, the planning and innovation of TV programs have become the focus of contemporary TV people
Professor Hu Zhifeng mentioned in TV program planning that planning can be understood as designing and planning to achieve a specific purpose and goal with the help of certain information materials, so as to provide creativity, ideas, methods and Countermeasures for specific operable behaviors
Professor Zhang Xiaolin of Shaanxi TV station defined the meaning of TV program in "analysis and Research on TV program planning" as the so-called TV program planning, which means that the planners follow the operation rules of TV programs to make overall planning and demonstration on the proction and operation process of TV programs, such as topic selection, shooting and proction, broadcast and sales, And finally form a kind of TV behavior of guiding writing. In TV program planning, Dr. Wang Fu of CCTV divides TV program planning into: 1. Planning of recorded programs; 2. Planning of live programs; 3. Planning of host programs; 4. Planning of participatory programs; 5. Planning of cooperative programs; 6. Planning of large programs.)
3. The content of topic selection research: This is very important, that is, the outline of your future paper, the direction, intention and problems you intend to study
4 Research methods and the main problems to be solved:
research technical route: select the topic under the guidance of the instructor → determine the topic → understand the research status of other people in the present society of this topic → formulate research contents and methods → consult relevant materials in the library → search relevant materials online → collect and organize materials → write a paper
research methods: literature analysis method The methods of text close reading, comparison and comprehensive analysis
the key problem to be solved is to analyze the current situation of legal programs, and put forward suggestions and opinions on the imperfections. According to the current audience heart and hobby trend, summed up the development trend of creative planning< 5. Research and writing plan: (as follows)
from May 22, 2009 to June 12, 2009 to determine the topic and collect relevant data
from June 13, 2009 to December 20, 2009 to write the opening report and topic
from December 21, 2009 to January 10, 2011 to collect data and carry out research to form a writing outline
from January 11, 2011 to March 28, 2011 to conct in-depth research, Form the first draft of the paper
March 29, 2011 - April 30, 2011 paper modification, finalization, printing
6. References: the list of references in your hand, for example: [1] Li Dong. On radio and television program planning [M]. Beijing: China radio and Television Publishing Company
7. Chapter 6: financial statements
part of statement preparation
1. Preparation of balance sheet:
(1) fill in according to the balance of general ledger account:
fill in directly: "trading financial assets", "short-term loans", "notes payable", "employee compensation payable"
analysis and calculation: "Monetary Fund" = "cash on hand" + "bank deposit" + "other monetary funds" (excluding reserve fund)
note: the stock dividends issued by enterprises are not accounted by the "dividends payable" account“ "Bonds payable" includes face value and interest
(2) calculate and fill in according to the balance of subsidiary accounts:
accounts receivable = accounts receivable (debit) + advance accounts receivable (debit) - bad debt provision
advance accounts = advance accounts receivable (debit) + accounts payable (debit)
accounts payable = accounts payable (credit) + advance accounts receivable (credit)
advance accounts receivable = advance accounts receivable (credit) + accounts receivable (credit)
(3) according to the general ledger accounts and Sub ledger account balance analysis calculation filling:
long term borrowing = long term borrowing general ledger account balance long term borrowing e within one year
long term prepaid expenses = long term prepaid expenses general ledger account balance amortization amount within one year (this part is included in "non current assets e within one year")
(4) fill in according to the net amount of relevant account balance minus its allowance account balance System:
notes receivable = general ledger balance of notes receivable - net amount after bad debt provision
other receivables = general ledger balance of other receivables - net amount after bad debt provision
long term equity investment = general ledger balance of long term equity investment - provision for impairment of long term equity investment
fixed assets = general ledger balance of fixed assets - accumulated depreciation - provision for impairment of fixed assets
under construction Project = general ledger balance of construction in progress - provision for impairment of construction in progress
intangible assets = general ledger balance of intangible assets - accumulated amortization - provision for impairment of intangible assets
(5) comprehensively use the above filling methods to analyze the filling:
inventory = raw materials + entrusted processing materials + revolving materials + material procurement + materials in transit + issued goods + / - cost difference (borrowing plus lending minus) - provision for inventory depreciation< br />
2、 Preparation of income statement:
(1) operating income = main business income (loan) + other business income (loan)
(2) operating cost = main business cost (loan) + other business cost (loan)
(3) asset impairment loss = debit amount - credit amount
(4) profit and loss of fair value change = credit amount - debit amount (if it is negative, (5) operating profit = operating income - operating costs - business taxes and surcharges - sales expenses - administrative expenses - financial expenses - / + impairment loss (loan minus loan plus) + / - income from changes in value (loan minus loan plus) + / - investment income (loan minus loan plus)
(6) total profit = operating profit + non operating income - non operating expenses
(7) net profit Profit = total profit income tax expense
part of statement preparation
1. Preparation of balance sheet:
(1) fill in according to the balance of general ledger account:
fill in directly: "trading financial assets", "short-term loans", "notes payable", "employee compensation payable"
analysis and calculation: "Monetary Fund" = "cash on hand" + "bank deposit" + "other monetary funds" (excluding reserve fund)
note: the stock dividends issued by enterprises are not accounted by the "dividends payable" account“ "Bonds payable" includes face value and interest
(2) calculate and fill in according to the balance of subsidiary accounts:
accounts receivable = accounts receivable (debit) + advance accounts receivable (debit) - bad debt provision
advance accounts = advance accounts receivable (debit) + accounts payable (debit)
accounts payable = accounts payable (credit) + advance accounts receivable (credit)
advance accounts receivable = advance accounts receivable (credit) + accounts receivable (credit)
(3) according to the general ledger accounts and Sub ledger account balance analysis calculation filling:
long term borrowing = long term borrowing general ledger account balance long term borrowing e within one year
long term prepaid expenses = long term prepaid expenses general ledger account balance amortization amount within one year (this part is included in "non current assets e within one year")
(4) fill in according to the net amount of relevant account balance minus its allowance account balance System:
notes receivable = general ledger balance of notes receivable - net amount after bad debt provision
other receivables = general ledger balance of other receivables - net amount after bad debt provision
long term equity investment = general ledger balance of long term equity investment - provision for impairment of long term equity investment
fixed assets = general ledger balance of fixed assets - accumulated depreciation - provision for impairment of fixed assets
under construction Project = general ledger balance of construction in progress - provision for impairment of construction in progress
intangible assets = general ledger balance of intangible assets - accumulated amortization - provision for impairment of intangible assets
(5) comprehensively use the above filling methods to analyze the filling:
inventory = raw materials + entrusted processing materials + revolving materials + material procurement + materials in transit + issued goods + / - cost difference (borrowing plus lending minus) - provision for inventory depreciation< br />
2、 Preparation of income statement:
(1) operating income = main business income (loan) + other business income (loan)
(2) operating cost = main business cost (loan) + other business cost (loan)
(3) asset impairment loss = debit amount - credit amount
(4) profit and loss of fair value change = credit amount - debit amount (if it is negative, (5) operating profit = operating income - operating costs - business taxes and surcharges - sales expenses - administrative expenses - financial expenses - / + impairment loss (loan minus loan plus) + / - income from changes in value (loan minus loan plus) + / - investment income (loan minus loan plus)
(6) total profit = operating profit + non operating income - non operating expenses
(7) net profit Profit = total profit income tax expense
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