The influence of digital currency on financial market
The digital RMB red envelope of 10 million yuan issued by Shenzhen city has brought the development of e-money back to the people's vision
in fact, since April 2020, small-scale pilot projects of digital RMB have been carried out in Shenzhen, Cheng, Suzhou and xiong'an, and the pilot scale will be expanded to 28 provinces and cities in August 2020
as a socially recognized "super outlet", in addition to the high investment of digital currency related enterprises, its impact on the financial market is also of great research value
Policy evolution of the development of digital RMBas early as 2014, the central bank has concted research layout on digital RMB, and discussed the development framework of digital RMB with major international financial institutions and research institutions in the 2016 digital currency seminar
after six years of development, China has initially developed the "pbctfp blockchain platform" and continuously promoted the pilot activities of digital RMB. It can be predicted that as today's technology and policy outlet, digital RMB will have excellent development prospects and extremely fast development speed in the next few years
Figure 1: Policy Evolution of digital RMB
with the improvement of China's national strength, digital RMB provides an opportunity to establish a "new system of RMB cross border settlement", which can promote RMB payment activities around the world and realize the internationalization of RMB
CBDC. How to participate? Including the following two cases, let's take Kazakhstan as an example. The first is that Kazakhstan can issue RMB denominated Kazakh government bonds. The issuer is Kazakhstan, but the RMB denominated bonds are sovereign bonds for Kazakhstan, which can also be sold to the Central Bank of China in exchange for CBDC. The second is that Kazakhstan issues treasury bonds denominated in its own currency, which are issued by Kazakhstan and priced in its own currency. This method is the easiest for Kazakhstan, because this is their own national debt, which is sold to the Central Bank of China, which gives it CBDC. The similarities between the two lie in that they both sell treasury bonds to the Central Bank of China, but the issuers of treasury bonds are not the same, and the pricing currencies of treasury bonds are not the same, so the requirements for Kazakhstan are not the same. In theory, these ways can be used as a political tool to influence and regulate the relationship between the Chinese government and Kazakhstan<
4 digital currency will become the biggest magic weapon of RMB internationalization
China is now facing the biggest challenge, in terms of currency, in fact, the internationalization of RMB. The monetary settlement system based on US dollar has brought great problems to the decision-makers outside the US dollar. The best way to rece the status of US dollar is to replace us dollar with a global digital currency to end the dominant advantage of US dollar. The Chinese version of CBDC is likely to become the biggest magic weapon to promote the internationalization of RMB and end the hegemony of US dollar. The opportunity for RMB internationalization lies in the trend of de dollarization. Therefore, we need friendly countries other than US dollars to participate in China's digital currency. Taking the lead in the use of digital currency in block trading and financial settlement to bypass the restrictions on trading in US dollar will certainly realize the development of de dollarization and form a new currency trading system dominated by China and participated by many parties. So how to achieve it? In essence, it is to transfer benefits, so that non dollarized friendly countries can participate in the issuance process of CBDC, and even share the seigniorage of RMB. It is the most effective magic weapon to embody the spirit of democratization and benefit sharing of blockchain and bitcoin in the design of sovereign currency, which is also the most practical way to realize the internationalization of RMB.
For atoms: the number of electrons and protons is the number of elements. For example, h is element 1, which contains one electron and one proton
The neutron number should know the mass number. If you haven't learned this yet, the mass number can be simply regarded as the relative atomic mass, the number of neutrons = the relative atomic mass minus the number of protons. For example, if O is element 8, it has eight electrons and eight protons. Relative to the atomic mass of 16, the number of neutrons = 16-8 = 8for ions, protons and neutrons are exactly the same as above, and electrons change, gain more and lose less. The method is similar
the number of electrons outside the nucleus = atomic number = proton number inside the nucleus = nuclear charge number (the number of electrons outside the nucleus of an ion = atomic number (sum) - charge number)
the maximum number of electrons held by each electron layer is 2n ^ 2 (n is the electron layer number). The number of electrons in the outermost layer is not more than 8 (when the k layer is the outermost layer, it is not more than 2). There are no more than 18 electrons in the second outer layer and 32 electrons in the last three layer
the extranuclear electrons are always arranged in the electron layer with the lowest energy first, and then from the inside to the outside, they are arranged in the L layer and then in the m layer. The above four laws are interrelated and cannot be understood in isolation
extended data:
neutrons exist in neutron stars as clusters (neutron stars are one of the few possible endpoints after supernova explosions e to gravitational collapse at the end of star evolution.) In the middle. The neutrons in the solar system mainly exist in all kinds of nuclei, and the neutrons in the elements are very rare β Decay is a change in which the neutron in the element releases an electron to become an element of the previous element sequence
Neutrons can be classified according to their velocities. High energy (high-speed) neutrons have the ability to ionize and penetrate deep into matter. Neutrons are the only ionizing radiation that can make other substances radioactive. This process is called "neutron excitation"“ "Neutron excitation" is widely used in the proction of radioactive materials in medical, academic and instrial fields High energy neutrons can travel very long distances in air. Neutron radiation needs to be masked by hydrogen rich materials, such as concrete and water. Nuclear reactor is a common neutron source, and water is used as an effective neutron shieldarrangement rule:
1. The electrons are arranged in different layers from the nucleus to the nucleus, and the energy is from low to high
The maximum number of electrons in each layer is 2n2 (n is the number of electron layers) There are no more than 8 electrons in the outermost layer (no more than 2 in the first layer), no more than 18 electrons in the second outer layer and no more than 32 electrons in the last three layers In general, the electrons are always in the lowest energy layer, that is, the first layer, when the first layer is full, then the second layer, when the second layer is full, then the third layerDigital currency is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the blockchain technology it relies on has been decentralized and can be used in other fields besides digital currency , which is one of the reasons why bitcoin is popular; On the other hand, if digital currency is widely used by the public as a kind of currency, it will have a huge impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial infrastructure, financial market, financial stability and so on. Specific Wu Xiaoxia:
1. Impact on monetary policy
if digital currency is widely accepted and can play the role of currency, it will weaken the effectiveness of monetary policy and bring difficulties to policy-making
because digital currency issuers are usually unregulated third parties, money is created outside the banking system, and the amount of circulation depends entirely on the wishes of the issuers, which will lead to the instability of money supply. In addition, the authorities are unable to monitor the issuance and circulation of digital currency, which will lead to the inability to accurately judge the economic operation and bring trouble to policy-making, At the same time, it will weaken the effectiveness of policy transmission and implementation
2. Impact on financial infrastructure. The use of distributed ledgers also poses challenges to trading, clearing and settlement, as it promotes the disintermediation of traditional service providers in different markets and infrastructures. These changes may have potential impacts on market infrastructure other than retail payment systems, such as large payment systems, securities settlement systems or trading databases
3. The impact on financial intermediation and financial market in a broad sense. As a financial intermediary, banks perform the ties of acting supervisors and supervise borrowers on behalf of depositors
generally, banks also carry out liquidity and maturity conversion business to realize the financing from depositors to borrowers. If digital currency and distributed ledger are widely used, any subsequent disintermediation may have an impact on savings or credit evaluation mechanisms
4. The impact of security risks and financial stability
assuming that digital currency is recognized by the public, its use increases significantly and replaces legal currency to a certain extent, negative events such as network attacks on user terminals related to digital currency will lead to currency fluctuations, which will have an impact on the financial order and the real economy
in addition, the virtual currency based on blockchain technology is usually held by a few people at the beginning. For example, the first purchase of bitcoin in May 2010 was $25 pizza purchased by 10000 BTC, and the price of each bitcoin rose to $1200 in more than three years by the end of 2013
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Amazon will launch digital currency project in Mexico. Amazon is recruiting software development managers for digital and emerging payments (DEP) to develop new payment procts that will enable customers to convert cash into digital currency
the digital and emerging payments sector intends to launch the proct in Mexico first. The follow-up will be extended to Brazil and India. It is reported that the digital currency project will completely focus on payment services in emerging markets
e-cash flow still flows through the central bank and financial institutions to enterprises and indivials, which is identical with paper money in terms of money creation channels, circulation links and functions, and does not break away from the scope of traditional monetary policy regulation. The main function of e-cash is to facilitate transaction payment
considering that the development of non cash payment methods such as third-party payment has greatly facilitated transaction payment in recent years, the impact of e-cash on money transaction demand is limited, and the overall impact on monetary policy is not significant. The extent to which e-cash is accepted by the public depends on its convenience and security.