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1. Overview
water villa is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. It is located on the Bank of xiongxi River in the suburb of Pittsburgh, USA, and designed by F.L.Wright. The owner of the villa is Kaufman, a German immigrant who owns Pittsburgh department store, so it is also called Kaufman house
the villa has three floors, covering an area of about 380 square meters, with the living room on the second floor (the main entrance floor) as the center, and the rest of the rooms spread to the left and right. The shape of the villa emphasizes the combination of blocks, which makes the building have an obvious sense of sculpture. There are two huge platforms at different levels. The first floor extends to the left and right, and the second floor stretches out to the front. Several high stone walls are interlaced between the platforms, which is very powerful. The stream flows out happily from the platform, and the building is naturally combined with the stream, rocks and trees, as if growing out of the ground
the interior space treatment of the villa can also be regarded as a model. The interior space extends freely and intersperses with each other; The inner and outer spaces blend with each other and become one. The flowing water villa has achieved great success in the treatment of space, the combination of volume and the combination with the environment. It has made a precise annotation for the theory of organic architecture and occupies an important position in the history of modern architecture[ In 1934, Kaufman, a wealthy German businessman, bought a piece of real estate in xiongpaoxi, a southeast suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It's far away from the road, with high cliffs, lush vegetation and murmuring streams. Kaufman invited Wright, a famous architect, to design a weekend villa. Wright, with his unique career sensitivity, knew that his most precious opportunity was coming. He said the site of xiongpaoxi left an unforgettable impression on him, especially the trickling stream. He wanted to combine the villa with the musical sense of running water, and eagerly asked for a topographic map with each big stone and trees more than 6 inches in diameter. The drawings came in March the next year, but he was still thinking about it until August, and Wright was patiently waiting for the moment of inspiration. Finally, one day in September, Wright quickly sketched the first sketch on the topographic map, and the villa had been conceived in Wright's mind. He described the villa as "an extension of a cliff beside a mountain stream. The living space is on the stream with several platforms. A person who cherishes this place is on this platform. He is immersed in the sound of the waterfall and enjoys the fun of life." He named the villa "running water". According to Wright's idea, "water villa" will be backed by steep cliffs, growing in the small waterfall between the boulders, cement balcony stacked together, they are different in width, thickness and length, crisscross, as if from the villa to jump out, suspended on the waterfall. Those overhanging balconies are the climax of the villa. On the bottom floor, the largest and most frightening balcony, there is a stairway. From here, you can climb down, just above the small waterfall. The stream comes into the villa with the moist breeze and the murmuring sound. This is Wright's masterpiece. The smooth and square balcony and the longitudinal thick wall made of rough stones are interlaced, just like Mondrian's highly abstract paintings, achieving a poetic visual balance in the complex and subtle changes. Some of the preserved rocks seem to break through the ground and become the natural decoration in front of the fireplace. The sweeping ribbon windows blend the interior with the surrounding dense woods. The sound and appearance of nature permeate through every corner of the villa, and the villa seems to grow out of the stream. This dramatic and wonderful idea is Wright's romantic manifesto. After the completion of the water villa, it is famous all over the world. In 1963, four years after Wright's death, Edgar Kaufman decided to dedicate the villa to the local government for permanent visit. At the handover ceremony, Kaufman's speech is a touching summary of Wright's masterpiece. He said: "the beauty of the water villa is still as fresh as the nature it matches. It used to be a wonderful place to live, but not only that, it is a work of art, beyond the general meaning. The house and the base together constitute an image of the combination, equivalence and integration with nature that human beings want. This is a work made by human beings for themselves, not by one person for another. Because of such a strong meaning, it is a public treasure, not a private treasure. "[ The water villa in spring is designed by Wright for the Kaufman family. Above the waterfall, Wright realized his dream of "house on the mesa", with the suspended floor anchored in the back and natural rocks. The main floor is almost a complete large room, which forms various subordinate spaces through space processing, and has a small ladder to connect with the pool below. The front is between the window sill and the ceiling, which is a large glass with metal window frame, with a strong contrast between virtual and real. The whole idea is bold to become the most famous modern architecture in the world
from the appearance of the water villa. We can read out the horizontal extension of the terrace, such as bridges, sidewalks, driveways, balconies and scaffolding, along their respective extension axis, across the valley and protruding around. These horizontal thrust forces are tightly assembled in a strange spatial order, and the huge terrace twists and turns, just like the water flow of a waterfall twists and turns and suddenly falls from each flat rock, It's impossible to predict that the whole building looks like it's growing out of the ground, but it's more like it's hovering over the earth. This is a building containing the highest level, that is to say, the building has gone beyond itself and is deeply imprinted in people's consciousness, creating an indelible new experience with its concrete image
water villa is a living, original, archetypal and timeless building. In order to transcend many schools in the history of architecture, it seems to rise up all over. It is located in the cliff of Pennsylvania and commands the whole valley. The fireplace in the building is made of exposed natural rocks, The magnificent outer space formed by the waterfall makes Luoshui villa more perfect, where nature and human coexist leisurely, presenting the highest state of harmony between heaven and human
the architectural style and interior space of the water villa achieve the calm and firm effect of great art. This calm atmosphere. In the meantime, the force and reaction force gather together in the interior and exterior of the whole building and between its layout and furnishings. The extraordinary interior makes people feel like entering a dream. The process leading to the huge living room space, just like the characteristics often appearing in Wright's works, must first pass through a narrow and dark covered porch, and then enter the main staircase in the opposite direction. Through the rough and porous stone walls, there is a direct traffic space on the right hand side, With his left hand, he can enter the second floor of the living room. Wright's skillful grasp of natural light makes the interior space full of vitality. Light flows on the East, South and west sides of the living room. The brightest part of the light flows down from the skylight to the stairs of the stream cliff below the building, and the enclosed rooms on the East, West and north sides are relatively dark, The rocks are on the old floor. Their reflection appears faintly, spreading in the living room space. From the north side and the cliff is reflected in the light and reflected in the light of the stairs appear hazy and soft. Psychologically, the atmosphere of the living room changes with the brightness of the light, showing a variety of style
in the use of materials, the water villa is also very symbolic. All the pillars are rough rocks. The horizontal nature of the stone and the straightness of the pillars proce a clear confrontation. All the horizontal components of the concrete seem to run through the space, giving the building the highest dynamic and tension. The exception is the rock used in the floor, which seems to be surprisingly heavy, especially the overhanging balcony. However, when you stand on an artificial stone balcony surrounded by natural stone pillars, you may have a deeper understanding of the interior space. Because the indoor space extends through the huge horizontal balcony, connecting the huge outdoor space - yaai. Wright's attitude towards international formalism, empty talk and functionalism is embodied in the stairs leading from the living room to the stream below. This famous staircase, associated with the building and the earth, is an indispensable medium of internal and external space, and always makes people linger in it again and again
Water Villa can be said to be a kind of architecture composed of positive and negative forces in a wonderful balance. It can also be said that it is a rare work of horizontal or inclined pole piercing or space technique in recent years
the choice of space furnishings, furniture style design and layout of Shuishui villa show originality. At the same time, the kaffman family paid love and concern to this priceless instry. They set it off with great art, furniture, diligent maintenance and their personal belongings. Architecture is always an architect's work, but it can not provide personal goods. Obviously, kaffman was able to do it and cherish Wright's efforts
water villa is the most photogenic and photographed private residence built in the 20th century. Although it is far away from the foot of the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Pennsylvania, it is visited by more than 130000 tourists every year
Water Villa condenses Wright's "organic" design philosophy. Considering that Wright describes it as the "extension of cliff" corresponding to "stream music", water villa is worthy of its name and becomes an abstract expression of reprocing the natural environment with architectural vocabulary. It is a concrete example with both spatial dimension and time dimension
water villa is an exercise for research and comparison, where extreme relative elements are contained in a dangerous balance, creating completely unpredictable effects
a two-tier platform. The attention to the bold overhanging of water villa makes it a powerful way for modernists to challenge gravity. For this house, Wright not only increased the efficiency of its structural system, but also increased the risk. When we see the overlapping geometric planes like the stylists, we feel that they have a historical connection with the debate of "international style". From the road on the other side of the stream, in the front, these breast walls are like floating flat belts, spreading out in the air. However, from the downstream bank of the stream, they echo two overhanging stones in shape and layout. They proce waterfalls below and reflect cascading falling water. Overhanging the house as an "extension of the cliff" above the waterfall enables him to integrate the flowing water into his layered space, which is designed for "people who like to listen to the waterfall" and constantly remind them of it
the whole complex is connected with the surrounding mountains and canyons. The thick and round breast walls on the two main platforms emphasize the plastic load feeling of the concrete, which is visually weakened by the light and the apricot yellow paint on the platform cover. It shows the metaphorical role of architectural form in the landscape
the vertical wall and rough rubble support the platform and concrete slab, which looks like cutting
water villa is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. It is located on the Bank of xiongxi River in the suburb of Pittsburgh, USA, and designed by F.L.Wright. The owner of the villa is Kaufman, a German immigrant who owns Pittsburgh department store, so it is also called Kaufman house
the villa has three floors, covering an area of about 380 square meters, with the living room on the second floor (the main entrance floor) as the center, and the rest of the rooms spread to the left and right. The shape of the villa emphasizes the combination of blocks, which makes the building have an obvious sense of sculpture. There are two huge platforms at different levels. The first floor extends to the left and right, and the second floor stretches out to the front. Several high stone walls are interlaced between the platforms, which is very powerful. The stream flows out happily from the platform, and the building is naturally combined with the stream, rocks and trees, as if growing out of the ground
the interior space treatment of the villa can also be regarded as a model. The interior space extends freely and intersperses with each other; The inner and outer spaces blend with each other and become one. The flowing water villa has achieved great success in the treatment of space, the combination of volume and the combination with the environment. It has made a precise annotation for the theory of organic architecture and occupies an important position in the history of modern architecture[ In 1934, Kaufman, a wealthy German businessman, bought a piece of real estate in xiongpaoxi, a southeast suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It's far away from the road, with high cliffs, lush vegetation and murmuring streams. Kaufman invited Wright, a famous architect, to design a weekend villa. Wright, with his unique career sensitivity, knew that his most precious opportunity was coming. He said the site of xiongpaoxi left an unforgettable impression on him, especially the trickling stream. He wanted to combine the villa with the musical sense of running water, and eagerly asked for a topographic map with each big stone and trees more than 6 inches in diameter. The drawings came in March the next year, but he was still thinking about it until August, and Wright was patiently waiting for the moment of inspiration. Finally, one day in September, Wright quickly sketched the first sketch on the topographic map, and the villa had been conceived in Wright's mind. He described the villa as "an extension of a cliff beside a mountain stream. The living space is on the stream with several platforms. A person who cherishes this place is on this platform. He is immersed in the sound of the waterfall and enjoys the fun of life." He named the villa "running water". According to Wright's idea, "water villa" will be backed by steep cliffs, growing in the small waterfall between the boulders, cement balcony stacked together, they are different in width, thickness and length, crisscross, as if from the villa to jump out, suspended on the waterfall. Those overhanging balconies are the climax of the villa. On the bottom floor, the largest and most frightening balcony, there is a stairway. From here, you can climb down, just above the small waterfall. The stream comes into the villa with the moist breeze and the murmuring sound. This is Wright's masterpiece. The smooth and square balcony and the longitudinal thick wall made of rough stones are interlaced, just like Mondrian's highly abstract paintings, achieving a poetic visual balance in the complex and subtle changes. Some of the preserved rocks seem to break through the ground and become the natural decoration in front of the fireplace. The sweeping ribbon windows blend the interior with the surrounding dense woods. The sound and appearance of nature permeate through every corner of the villa, and the villa seems to grow out of the stream. This dramatic and wonderful idea is Wright's romantic manifesto. After the completion of the water villa, it is famous all over the world. In 1963, four years after Wright's death, Edgar Kaufman decided to dedicate the villa to the local government for permanent visit. At the handover ceremony, Kaufman's speech is a touching summary of Wright's masterpiece. He said: "the beauty of the water villa is still as fresh as the nature it matches. It used to be a wonderful place to live, but not only that, it is a work of art, beyond the general meaning. The house and the base together constitute an image of the combination, equivalence and integration with nature that human beings want. This is a work made by human beings for themselves, not by one person for another. Because of such a strong meaning, it is a public treasure, not a private treasure. "[ The water villa in spring is designed by Wright for the Kaufman family. Above the waterfall, Wright realized his dream of "house on the mesa", with the suspended floor anchored in the back and natural rocks. The main floor is almost a complete large room, which forms various subordinate spaces through space processing, and has a small ladder to connect with the pool below. The front is between the window sill and the ceiling, which is a large glass with metal window frame, with a strong contrast between virtual and real. The whole idea is bold to become the most famous modern architecture in the world
from the appearance of the water villa. We can read out the horizontal extension of the terrace, such as bridges, sidewalks, driveways, balconies and scaffolding, along their respective extension axis, across the valley and protruding around. These horizontal thrust forces are tightly assembled in a strange spatial order, and the huge terrace twists and turns, just like the water flow of a waterfall twists and turns and suddenly falls from each flat rock, It's impossible to predict that the whole building looks like it's growing out of the ground, but it's more like it's hovering over the earth. This is a building containing the highest level, that is to say, the building has gone beyond itself and is deeply imprinted in people's consciousness, creating an indelible new experience with its concrete image
water villa is a living, original, archetypal and timeless building. In order to transcend many schools in the history of architecture, it seems to rise up all over. It is located in the cliff of Pennsylvania and commands the whole valley. The fireplace in the building is made of exposed natural rocks, The magnificent outer space formed by the waterfall makes Luoshui villa more perfect, where nature and human coexist leisurely, presenting the highest state of harmony between heaven and human
the architectural style and interior space of the water villa achieve the calm and firm effect of great art. This calm atmosphere. In the meantime, the force and reaction force gather together in the interior and exterior of the whole building and between its layout and furnishings. The extraordinary interior makes people feel like entering a dream. The process leading to the huge living room space, just like the characteristics often appearing in Wright's works, must first pass through a narrow and dark covered porch, and then enter the main staircase in the opposite direction. Through the rough and porous stone walls, there is a direct traffic space on the right hand side, With his left hand, he can enter the second floor of the living room. Wright's skillful grasp of natural light makes the interior space full of vitality. Light flows on the East, South and west sides of the living room. The brightest part of the light flows down from the skylight to the stairs of the stream cliff below the building, and the enclosed rooms on the East, West and north sides are relatively dark, The rocks are on the old floor. Their reflection appears faintly, spreading in the living room space. From the north side and the cliff is reflected in the light and reflected in the light of the stairs appear hazy and soft. Psychologically, the atmosphere of the living room changes with the brightness of the light, showing a variety of style
in the use of materials, the water villa is also very symbolic. All the pillars are rough rocks. The horizontal nature of the stone and the straightness of the pillars proce a clear confrontation. All the horizontal components of the concrete seem to run through the space, giving the building the highest dynamic and tension. The exception is the rock used in the floor, which seems to be surprisingly heavy, especially the overhanging balcony. However, when you stand on an artificial stone balcony surrounded by natural stone pillars, you may have a deeper understanding of the interior space. Because the indoor space extends through the huge horizontal balcony, connecting the huge outdoor space - yaai. Wright's attitude towards international formalism, empty talk and functionalism is embodied in the stairs leading from the living room to the stream below. This famous staircase, associated with the building and the earth, is an indispensable medium of internal and external space, and always makes people linger in it again and again
Water Villa can be said to be a kind of architecture composed of positive and negative forces in a wonderful balance. It can also be said that it is a rare work of horizontal or inclined pole piercing or space technique in recent years
the choice of space furnishings, furniture style design and layout of Shuishui villa show originality. At the same time, the kaffman family paid love and concern to this priceless instry. They set it off with great art, furniture, diligent maintenance and their personal belongings. Architecture is always an architect's work, but it can not provide personal goods. Obviously, kaffman was able to do it and cherish Wright's efforts
water villa is the most photogenic and photographed private residence built in the 20th century. Although it is far away from the foot of the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Pennsylvania, it is visited by more than 130000 tourists every year
Water Villa condenses Wright's "organic" design philosophy. Considering that Wright describes it as the "extension of cliff" corresponding to "stream music", water villa is worthy of its name and becomes an abstract expression of reprocing the natural environment with architectural vocabulary. It is a concrete example with both spatial dimension and time dimension
water villa is an exercise for research and comparison, where extreme relative elements are contained in a dangerous balance, creating completely unpredictable effects
a two-tier platform. The attention to the bold overhanging of water villa makes it a powerful way for modernists to challenge gravity. For this house, Wright not only increased the efficiency of its structural system, but also increased the risk. When we see the overlapping geometric planes like the stylists, we feel that they have a historical connection with the debate of "international style". From the road on the other side of the stream, in the front, these breast walls are like floating flat belts, spreading out in the air. However, from the downstream bank of the stream, they echo two overhanging stones in shape and layout. They proce waterfalls below and reflect cascading falling water. Overhanging the house as an "extension of the cliff" above the waterfall enables him to integrate the flowing water into his layered space, which is designed for "people who like to listen to the waterfall" and constantly remind them of it
the whole complex is connected with the surrounding mountains and canyons. The thick and round breast walls on the two main platforms emphasize the plastic load feeling of the concrete, which is visually weakened by the light and the apricot yellow paint on the platform cover. It shows the metaphorical role of architectural form in the landscape
the vertical wall and rough rubble support the platform and concrete slab, which looks like cutting
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4. Franklin toke's "villa flowing water" is too thick, 500000 words, 550 pages, and the price is 75 yuan. I read half of it intermittently for a long time. Finally, I was impatient and spent a whole day and a night to finish the rest. Well, although this book is thick, it is extremely wonderful. It is like a pure novel with outstanding writing style, and it is like a detective story that people can't bear to explain. For a small villa, the author spent nearly 20 years to write a "biography" of it, which is absolutely abnormal in the eyes of Chinese people. There is no biography about a certain building in China, let alone someone who spent 20 years to write a biography about a building. In China, the most common words are about architecture, such as "a Fang Gong Fu", or travel notes, or poems. The most common ones are scenic spots publications used to fool tourists. In China, architecture is a thing, and it serves people. It doesn't need people to study it and serve it. Maybe this is different from the concept of time. The concept of time in the west is broken. History is divided into many periods, which have been measured by physics. The concept of time in China is continuous. History is today, and today is history. So it brings different attitudes towards architecture. The West wants to keep the architectural features of different historical periods, while China is constantly demolishing and reconstructing. In the west, architecture is regarded as living and should be respected, while in China, architecture is regarded as utensil and can be disposed of at will. This is also the reason why there are not many ancient buildings in China and why there are no historical buildings in Chinese cities. There are also differences between China and the West in their attitude towards history. For the Chinese, history is a little girl who can be dressed up. There is no truth to speak of. Everything is just "narrative". Therefore, it is inconceivable to write biographies and histories about architecture. Even if there are, they are just folk legends and technical data. In the west, there must be truth in history. That's why toke has been studying the water villa tirelessly, giving lectures and writing biographies for it. China is a rebellious country, rebellious in all fields, and eventually change their own lives, will become superficial use of no three no four vernacular language without historical imprint of the country, in the end, in such a new country, it is impossible to have water villa style architecture. Don't think you are Chinese, so you still have 5000 years of tradition. In fact, traditional China has long died with the death of classical Chinese. Now China is an outbreak country with only 90 years of tradition. You have nothing to do with traditional China. The reason why water villa has become a classic and star in American and Chinese architecture has something to do with its adherence to the American spirit. "The modernism of Water Villa reflects the new pursuit in the great depression: clear goal, stable society and close to nature." That's what toke said. Flowing water villa shows the attitude of Americans towards nature and their yearning for future life. It continues the architectural tradition of the United States and benefits from the ethereal oriental architecture. History, value, aesthetics, life and architecture are all intertwined in this building, so it became a classic as soon as it was born. Its investor is Pittsburgh business tycoon Kaufman, and the designer is Wright. Around this villa, toke made a detailed investigation and analysis of Wright's artistic experience, Kaufman's family history and his experience, construction site Xiong Benxi, Kaufman's communication with Wright, design, architecture, interior design, media publicity, historical significance, commercial significance, and other aspects Kaufman's maintenance of it and its influence today are discussed in a special chapter of every toke. The water villa was built in 1938 and donated to the Department of environmental protection of West Pennsylvania in 1963. That is to say, it is privately owned for only 25-5 years from its completion to donation. This has something to do with Western tradition. Westerners will turn good private buildings into public resources. They are not to possess more good things, but to create more good things and turn them into public property. But not in China. Chinese people are used to turning public resources into jingling copper in their own pockets. In China, you will not see private buildings donated as public resources. No, you will also see some. For example, in tourist attractions, many of the expensive scenic spots are the former deep houses and courtyards... But don't forget that these buildings were forcibly snatched from other people's hands by "fighting local tyrants and dividing their fields" and turned over to the "public". Later, they were left unattended, and then tourism was developed, It's the fate of excellent Chinese folk architecture to circle up again to collect tickets and then "contract" them out. Today, China's rich also have beautiful manor villas, but they will never donate them. They have always used them as their own palaces or business places. Of course, such a country that does not respect architecture does not deserve private donations. Water villa is a modernist building, but it has two crucial points that Americans like it deeply. The first is that it shows the spirit of Americans towards nature. From Emerson to Whitman, natural literature has always been the tradition of American literature. Similarly, it has always been the tradition of American people to love nature and draw simple, naive and enthusiastic elements from nature, The water villa is built far away from the instrial city, in the remote xiongbenxi River, over the waterfall, and it lies on the hillside without any publicity, as if to fly up. The interior of the villa is a "cave". This kind of design, which is close to the earth, reveals a strong flavor of nature, and is Wright's representative work of "organic architecture". This kind of attitude towards nature makes it loved by Americans. In addition, it uses native American elements in its design“ Wright added a clear and American coating to this abstract skeleton, which is rooted in the ruins of the Vader terrace national reserve or other anasacchi aborigines, the tapestry like stone walls of Chaco Canyon, and the adobe steps outside the Indian crypt hall in San irdfonso. " The intake of these American traditional elements gives this modernist building a deep local tradition. In addition, in terms of traditional reference, Wright benefited from the Japanese ukiyo painting "Ono waterfall", in which the house was built on the edge of the waterfall. That is to say, in terms of site selection, he referred to the Oriental tradition. Of course, it also refers to the tradition of the old world, "the torrent rushes under the water villa, like a mill. This feature either implies European works or large-scale hydro textile mills in the 19th century,... And we have seen that the living room is full of historical hints, It can be traced back from colonial New England to Bronze Age Greece Mr. toke wrote. On the other hand, Chinese Architecture (please forgive me for my intense and dissatisfaction when I talk about China. Let me state weakly that this dissatisfaction is not directed against the government or party, but against Chinese culture and Chinese national character). At present, Chinese urban architecture is only an imagination of Western Architecture - not even plagiarism or imitation. Chinese rural architecture is an imagination of urban architecture. In China's current architecture, it is very obvious that "China is dead". Architecture is a body of civilization and its symbol. What kind of architecture corresponds to what kind of country. Chinese architecture corresponds to a nouveau riche country with no sense of history, no tradition, no creative spirit, no creativity and no self-confidence. If you look at the buildings in China, whether they are urban or rural, there has never been a little bit of traditional Chinese architecture, no reference to the Western tradition, and no creation of the future. It is just a "conceptual" accumulation of some stone forest. Nowadays, Chinese people don't understand what architecture is, they just understand it as "three rooms and one hall", "community", "shopping mall", "single building"... Nothing is more superficial than this. Maybe you will say that China also has landmark buildings and pioneer buildings. Sorry, the landmark buildings in China have become the failure experiments of the western third rate designers, but they are the expansion of the concept art. In a recent dialogue between Chen Guanzhong and Zhang Chonghe, they talked about that China likes to star architects, then artists them, and then invest government and public resources in them. As a result, the big underpants of CCTV are the Olympic venues. Researchers have long pointed out that the Olympic venues are the highest peak of star architects in history. These buildings are still very eye-catching at present, but such buildings have been proved in history for a long time, but they are just a passing cloud and a laughing stock in the history of architecture. What kind of building do we need? Perhaps, what we need is a building that continues the Chinese architectural tradition, shows the relationship between oriental people and nature, and can show Chinese values and sense of future. Whether it is urban commercial buildings or rural residential buildings, what we need is "Chinese architecture" in the true sense, rather than "residential area" of all kinds. Reading this book and comparing with the current architectural situation in China, I have this thought.
5. 1. Overview
water villa is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. It is located on the Bank of xiongxi River in the suburb of Pittsburgh, USA, and designed by F.L.Wright. The owner of the villa is Kaufman, a German immigrant who owns Pittsburgh department store, so it is also called Kaufman house
the villa has three floors, covering an area of about 380 square meters, with the living room on the second floor (the main entrance floor) as the center, and the rest of the rooms spread to the left and right. The shape of the villa emphasizes the combination of blocks, which makes the building have an obvious sense of sculpture. There are two huge platforms at different levels. The first floor extends to the left and right, and the second floor stretches out to the front. Several high stone walls are interlaced between the platforms, which is very powerful. The stream flows out happily from the platform, and the building is naturally combined with the stream, rocks and trees, as if growing out of the ground
the interior space treatment of the villa can also be regarded as a model. The interior space extends freely and intersperses with each other; The inner and outer spaces blend with each other and become one. The flowing water villa has achieved great success in the treatment of space, the combination of volume and the combination with the environment. It has made a precise annotation for the theory of organic architecture and occupies an important position in the history of modern architecture[ In 1934, Kaufman, a wealthy German businessman, bought a piece of real estate in xiongpaoxi, a southeast suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It's far away from the road, with high cliffs, lush vegetation and murmuring streams. Kaufman invited Wright, a famous architect, to design a weekend villa. Wright, with his unique career sensitivity, knew that his most precious opportunity was coming. He said the site of xiongpaoxi left an unforgettable impression on him, especially the trickling stream. He wanted to combine the villa with the musical sense of running water, and eagerly asked for a topographic map with each big stone and trees more than 6 inches in diameter. The drawings came in March the next year, but he was still thinking about it until August, and Wright was patiently waiting for the moment of inspiration. Finally, one day in September, Wright quickly sketched the first sketch on the topographic map, and the villa had been conceived in Wright's mind. He described the villa as "an extension of a cliff beside a mountain stream. The living space is on the stream with several platforms. A person who cherishes this place is on this platform. He is immersed in the sound of the waterfall and enjoys the fun of life." He named the villa "running water". According to Wright's idea, "water villa" will be backed by steep cliffs, growing in the small waterfall between the boulders, cement balcony stacked together, they are different in width, thickness and length, crisscross, as if from the villa to jump out, suspended on the waterfall. Those overhanging balconies are the climax of the villa. On the bottom floor, the largest and most frightening balcony, there is a stairway. From here, you can climb down, just above the small waterfall. The stream comes into the villa with the moist breeze and the murmuring sound. This is Wright's masterpiece. The smooth and square balcony and the longitudinal thick wall made of rough stones are interlaced, just like Mondrian's highly abstract paintings, achieving a poetic visual balance in the complex and subtle changes. Some of the preserved rocks seem to break through the ground and become the natural decoration in front of the fireplace. The sweeping ribbon windows blend the interior with the surrounding dense woods. The sound and appearance of nature permeate through every corner of the villa, and the villa seems to grow out of the stream. This dramatic and wonderful idea is Wright's romantic manifesto. After the completion of the water villa, it is famous all over the world. In 1963, four years after Wright's death, Edgar Kaufman decided to dedicate the villa to the local government for permanent visit. At the handover ceremony, Kaufman's speech is a touching summary of Wright's masterpiece. He said: "the beauty of the water villa is still as fresh as the nature it matches. It used to be a wonderful place to live, but not only that, it is a work of art, beyond the general meaning. The house and the base together constitute an image of the combination, equivalence and integration with nature that human beings want. This is a work made by human beings for themselves, not by one person for another. Because of such a strong meaning, it is a public treasure, not a private treasure. "[ (2) architectural features: the flowing water villa in spring is designed by Wright for the Kaufman family. Above the waterfall, Wright realized his dream of "house on the mesa", with the suspended floor anchored in the back and natural rocks. The main floor is almost a complete large room, which forms various subordinate spaces through space processing, and has a small ladder to connect with the pool below. The front is between the window sill and the ceiling, which is a large glass with metal window frame, with a strong contrast between virtual and real. The whole idea is bold to become the most famous modern architecture in the world
from the appearance of the water villa. We can read out the horizontal extension of the terrace, such as bridges, sidewalks, driveways, balconies and scaffolding, along their respective extension axis, across the valley and protruding around. These horizontal thrust forces are tightly assembled in a strange spatial order, and the huge terrace twists and turns, just like the water flow of a waterfall twists and turns and suddenly falls from each flat rock, It's impossible to predict that the whole building looks like it's growing out of the ground, but it's more like it's hovering over the earth. This is a building containing the highest level, that is to say, the building has gone beyond itself and is deeply imprinted in people's consciousness, creating an indelible new experience with its concrete image
water villa is a living, original, archetypal and timeless building. In order to transcend many schools in the history of architecture, it seems to rise up all over. It is located in the cliff of Pennsylvania and commands the whole valley. The fireplace in the building is made of exposed natural rocks, The magnificent outer space formed by the waterfall makes Luoshui villa more perfect, where nature and human coexist leisurely, presenting the highest state of harmony between heaven and human
the architectural style and interior space of the water villa achieve the calm and firm effect of great art. This calm atmosphere. In the meantime, the force and reaction force gather together in the interior and exterior of the whole building and between its layout and furnishings. The extraordinary interior makes people feel like entering a dream. The process leading to the huge living room space, just like the characteristics often appearing in Wright's works, must first pass through a narrow and dark covered porch, and then enter the main staircase in the opposite direction. Through the rough and porous stone walls, there is a direct traffic space on the right hand side, With his left hand, he can enter the second floor of the living room. Wright's skillful grasp of natural light makes the interior space full of vitality. Light flows on the East, South and west sides of the living room. The brightest part of the light flows down from the skylight to the stairs of the stream cliff below the building, and the enclosed rooms on the East, West and north sides are relatively dark, The rocks are on the old floor. Their reflection appears faintly, spreading in the living room space. From the north side and the cliff is reflected in the light and reflected in the light of the stairs appear hazy and soft. Psychologically, the atmosphere of the living room changes with the brightness of the light, showing a variety of style
in the use of materials, the water villa is also very symbolic. All the pillars are rough rocks. The horizontal nature of the stone and the straightness of the pillars proce a clear confrontation. All the horizontal components of the concrete seem to run through the space, giving the building the highest dynamic and tension. The exception is the rock used in the floor, which seems to be surprisingly heavy, especially the overhanging balcony. However, when you stand on an artificial stone balcony surrounded by natural stone pillars, you may have a deeper understanding of the interior space. Because the indoor space extends through the huge horizontal balcony, connecting the huge outdoor space - yaai. Wright's attitude towards international formalism, empty talk and functionalism is embodied in the stairs leading from the living room to the stream below. This famous staircase, associated with the building and the earth, is an indispensable medium of internal and external space, and always makes people linger in it again and again
Water Villa can be said to be a kind of architecture composed of positive and negative forces in a wonderful balance. It can also be said that it is a rare work of horizontal or inclined pole piercing or space technique in recent years
the choice of space furnishings, furniture style design and layout of Shuishui villa show originality. At the same time, the kaffman family paid love and concern to this priceless instry. They set it off with great art, furniture, diligent maintenance and their personal belongings. Architecture is always an architect's work, but it can not provide personal goods. Obviously, kaffman was able to do it and cherish Wright's efforts
water villa is the most photogenic and photographed private residence built in the 20th century. Although it is far away from the foot of the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Pennsylvania, it is visited by more than 130000 tourists every year
Water Villa condenses Wright's "organic" design philosophy. Considering that Wright describes it as the "extension of cliff" corresponding to "stream music", water villa is worthy of its name and becomes an abstract expression of reprocing the natural environment with architectural vocabulary. It is a concrete example with both spatial dimension and time dimension
water villa is an exercise for research and comparison, where extreme relative elements are contained in a dangerous balance, creating completely unpredictable effects
a two-tier platform. The attention to the bold overhanging of water villa makes it a powerful way for modernists to challenge gravity. For this house, Wright not only increased the efficiency of its structural system, but also increased the risk. When we see the overlapping geometric planes like the stylists, we feel that they have a historical connection with the debate of "international style". From the road on the other side of the stream, in the front, these breast walls are like floating flat belts, spreading out in the air. However, from the downstream bank of the stream, they echo two overhanging stones in shape and layout. They proce waterfalls below and reflect cascading falling water. Overhanging the house as an "extension of the cliff" above the waterfall enables him to integrate the flowing water into his layered space, which is designed for "people who like to listen to the waterfall" and constantly remind them of it
the whole complex is connected with the surrounding mountains and canyons. The thick and round breast walls on the two main platforms emphasize the plastic load feeling of the concrete, which is visually weakened by the light and the apricot yellow paint on the platform cover. It shows the metaphorical role of architectural form in the landscape
vertical walls and rough rubble support the platform and concrete slab
water villa is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. It is located on the Bank of xiongxi River in the suburb of Pittsburgh, USA, and designed by F.L.Wright. The owner of the villa is Kaufman, a German immigrant who owns Pittsburgh department store, so it is also called Kaufman house
the villa has three floors, covering an area of about 380 square meters, with the living room on the second floor (the main entrance floor) as the center, and the rest of the rooms spread to the left and right. The shape of the villa emphasizes the combination of blocks, which makes the building have an obvious sense of sculpture. There are two huge platforms at different levels. The first floor extends to the left and right, and the second floor stretches out to the front. Several high stone walls are interlaced between the platforms, which is very powerful. The stream flows out happily from the platform, and the building is naturally combined with the stream, rocks and trees, as if growing out of the ground
the interior space treatment of the villa can also be regarded as a model. The interior space extends freely and intersperses with each other; The inner and outer spaces blend with each other and become one. The flowing water villa has achieved great success in the treatment of space, the combination of volume and the combination with the environment. It has made a precise annotation for the theory of organic architecture and occupies an important position in the history of modern architecture[ In 1934, Kaufman, a wealthy German businessman, bought a piece of real estate in xiongpaoxi, a southeast suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It's far away from the road, with high cliffs, lush vegetation and murmuring streams. Kaufman invited Wright, a famous architect, to design a weekend villa. Wright, with his unique career sensitivity, knew that his most precious opportunity was coming. He said the site of xiongpaoxi left an unforgettable impression on him, especially the trickling stream. He wanted to combine the villa with the musical sense of running water, and eagerly asked for a topographic map with each big stone and trees more than 6 inches in diameter. The drawings came in March the next year, but he was still thinking about it until August, and Wright was patiently waiting for the moment of inspiration. Finally, one day in September, Wright quickly sketched the first sketch on the topographic map, and the villa had been conceived in Wright's mind. He described the villa as "an extension of a cliff beside a mountain stream. The living space is on the stream with several platforms. A person who cherishes this place is on this platform. He is immersed in the sound of the waterfall and enjoys the fun of life." He named the villa "running water". According to Wright's idea, "water villa" will be backed by steep cliffs, growing in the small waterfall between the boulders, cement balcony stacked together, they are different in width, thickness and length, crisscross, as if from the villa to jump out, suspended on the waterfall. Those overhanging balconies are the climax of the villa. On the bottom floor, the largest and most frightening balcony, there is a stairway. From here, you can climb down, just above the small waterfall. The stream comes into the villa with the moist breeze and the murmuring sound. This is Wright's masterpiece. The smooth and square balcony and the longitudinal thick wall made of rough stones are interlaced, just like Mondrian's highly abstract paintings, achieving a poetic visual balance in the complex and subtle changes. Some of the preserved rocks seem to break through the ground and become the natural decoration in front of the fireplace. The sweeping ribbon windows blend the interior with the surrounding dense woods. The sound and appearance of nature permeate through every corner of the villa, and the villa seems to grow out of the stream. This dramatic and wonderful idea is Wright's romantic manifesto. After the completion of the water villa, it is famous all over the world. In 1963, four years after Wright's death, Edgar Kaufman decided to dedicate the villa to the local government for permanent visit. At the handover ceremony, Kaufman's speech is a touching summary of Wright's masterpiece. He said: "the beauty of the water villa is still as fresh as the nature it matches. It used to be a wonderful place to live, but not only that, it is a work of art, beyond the general meaning. The house and the base together constitute an image of the combination, equivalence and integration with nature that human beings want. This is a work made by human beings for themselves, not by one person for another. Because of such a strong meaning, it is a public treasure, not a private treasure. "[ (2) architectural features: the flowing water villa in spring is designed by Wright for the Kaufman family. Above the waterfall, Wright realized his dream of "house on the mesa", with the suspended floor anchored in the back and natural rocks. The main floor is almost a complete large room, which forms various subordinate spaces through space processing, and has a small ladder to connect with the pool below. The front is between the window sill and the ceiling, which is a large glass with metal window frame, with a strong contrast between virtual and real. The whole idea is bold to become the most famous modern architecture in the world
from the appearance of the water villa. We can read out the horizontal extension of the terrace, such as bridges, sidewalks, driveways, balconies and scaffolding, along their respective extension axis, across the valley and protruding around. These horizontal thrust forces are tightly assembled in a strange spatial order, and the huge terrace twists and turns, just like the water flow of a waterfall twists and turns and suddenly falls from each flat rock, It's impossible to predict that the whole building looks like it's growing out of the ground, but it's more like it's hovering over the earth. This is a building containing the highest level, that is to say, the building has gone beyond itself and is deeply imprinted in people's consciousness, creating an indelible new experience with its concrete image
water villa is a living, original, archetypal and timeless building. In order to transcend many schools in the history of architecture, it seems to rise up all over. It is located in the cliff of Pennsylvania and commands the whole valley. The fireplace in the building is made of exposed natural rocks, The magnificent outer space formed by the waterfall makes Luoshui villa more perfect, where nature and human coexist leisurely, presenting the highest state of harmony between heaven and human
the architectural style and interior space of the water villa achieve the calm and firm effect of great art. This calm atmosphere. In the meantime, the force and reaction force gather together in the interior and exterior of the whole building and between its layout and furnishings. The extraordinary interior makes people feel like entering a dream. The process leading to the huge living room space, just like the characteristics often appearing in Wright's works, must first pass through a narrow and dark covered porch, and then enter the main staircase in the opposite direction. Through the rough and porous stone walls, there is a direct traffic space on the right hand side, With his left hand, he can enter the second floor of the living room. Wright's skillful grasp of natural light makes the interior space full of vitality. Light flows on the East, South and west sides of the living room. The brightest part of the light flows down from the skylight to the stairs of the stream cliff below the building, and the enclosed rooms on the East, West and north sides are relatively dark, The rocks are on the old floor. Their reflection appears faintly, spreading in the living room space. From the north side and the cliff is reflected in the light and reflected in the light of the stairs appear hazy and soft. Psychologically, the atmosphere of the living room changes with the brightness of the light, showing a variety of style
in the use of materials, the water villa is also very symbolic. All the pillars are rough rocks. The horizontal nature of the stone and the straightness of the pillars proce a clear confrontation. All the horizontal components of the concrete seem to run through the space, giving the building the highest dynamic and tension. The exception is the rock used in the floor, which seems to be surprisingly heavy, especially the overhanging balcony. However, when you stand on an artificial stone balcony surrounded by natural stone pillars, you may have a deeper understanding of the interior space. Because the indoor space extends through the huge horizontal balcony, connecting the huge outdoor space - yaai. Wright's attitude towards international formalism, empty talk and functionalism is embodied in the stairs leading from the living room to the stream below. This famous staircase, associated with the building and the earth, is an indispensable medium of internal and external space, and always makes people linger in it again and again
Water Villa can be said to be a kind of architecture composed of positive and negative forces in a wonderful balance. It can also be said that it is a rare work of horizontal or inclined pole piercing or space technique in recent years
the choice of space furnishings, furniture style design and layout of Shuishui villa show originality. At the same time, the kaffman family paid love and concern to this priceless instry. They set it off with great art, furniture, diligent maintenance and their personal belongings. Architecture is always an architect's work, but it can not provide personal goods. Obviously, kaffman was able to do it and cherish Wright's efforts
water villa is the most photogenic and photographed private residence built in the 20th century. Although it is far away from the foot of the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Pennsylvania, it is visited by more than 130000 tourists every year
Water Villa condenses Wright's "organic" design philosophy. Considering that Wright describes it as the "extension of cliff" corresponding to "stream music", water villa is worthy of its name and becomes an abstract expression of reprocing the natural environment with architectural vocabulary. It is a concrete example with both spatial dimension and time dimension
water villa is an exercise for research and comparison, where extreme relative elements are contained in a dangerous balance, creating completely unpredictable effects
a two-tier platform. The attention to the bold overhanging of water villa makes it a powerful way for modernists to challenge gravity. For this house, Wright not only increased the efficiency of its structural system, but also increased the risk. When we see the overlapping geometric planes like the stylists, we feel that they have a historical connection with the debate of "international style". From the road on the other side of the stream, in the front, these breast walls are like floating flat belts, spreading out in the air. However, from the downstream bank of the stream, they echo two overhanging stones in shape and layout. They proce waterfalls below and reflect cascading falling water. Overhanging the house as an "extension of the cliff" above the waterfall enables him to integrate the flowing water into his layered space, which is designed for "people who like to listen to the waterfall" and constantly remind them of it
the whole complex is connected with the surrounding mountains and canyons. The thick and round breast walls on the two main platforms emphasize the plastic load feeling of the concrete, which is visually weakened by the light and the apricot yellow paint on the platform cover. It shows the metaphorical role of architectural form in the landscape
vertical walls and rough rubble support the platform and concrete slab
6. The University of Pittsburgh and Penn State University (Parker) choose according to their grades and preferences, both of which are relatively good
the University of Pittsburgh, founded in 1787, is a world-class top research university in the United States, known as the "public Ivy League" University. The school is located in Pittsburgh, a traditional steel city in Pennsylvania. As early as 1787, the founder of the University of Pittsburgh, justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and a famous American writer, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, predicted that Pittsburgh's superior geographical location and rich natural resources would make it an important central city in the future of the United States, Therefore, the foundation of higher ecation must be established as soon as possible. With his efforts, he established Pittsburgh academy, the predecessor of the University of Pittsburgh, and served as the first president. In the 19th century, Pittsburgh became the center of the American instrial revolution, so Pittsburgh got great development and cultivated a large number of inventors and innovators in the era of instrial revolution
Penn State University, founded in 1855, is located in statecolich, Pennsylvania. There are 24 branches in the country with 17000 teaching staff. There are more than 100000 students in the University. There are more than 160 majors that can be awarded bachelor's degree, and more than 150 majors that can be awarded master's degree or / and doctor's degree.
the University of Pittsburgh, founded in 1787, is a world-class top research university in the United States, known as the "public Ivy League" University. The school is located in Pittsburgh, a traditional steel city in Pennsylvania. As early as 1787, the founder of the University of Pittsburgh, justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and a famous American writer, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, predicted that Pittsburgh's superior geographical location and rich natural resources would make it an important central city in the future of the United States, Therefore, the foundation of higher ecation must be established as soon as possible. With his efforts, he established Pittsburgh academy, the predecessor of the University of Pittsburgh, and served as the first president. In the 19th century, Pittsburgh became the center of the American instrial revolution, so Pittsburgh got great development and cultivated a large number of inventors and innovators in the era of instrial revolution
Penn State University, founded in 1855, is located in statecolich, Pennsylvania. There are 24 branches in the country with 17000 teaching staff. There are more than 100000 students in the University. There are more than 160 majors that can be awarded bachelor's degree, and more than 150 majors that can be awarded master's degree or / and doctor's degree.
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