Digital Qianyuan central bank digital currency
in this case, Jiuling wrote in March of the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (734), "private money was proposed at the imperial meeting", which pointed out that "whether the ancient Shu millet was in the size of coins and silk, it was money through trade. In the 10th year of Zhenyuan in Beijing (794), the land potential was partly equal to Wu's tax revenue and surname six, "said the old king." what the old king was afraid of was equal. The quasi legislative currency linked part of the first level transaction difficulty should be added: "the palace of money and goods."“ In the first year of Yuanhe (806) of Xianzong, Li Bai said: "the way of Cardiff is impermanent. It is rich in years and must be evil; The earth is limited, so the material is limited, so the material benefits will shrink. Sitting in what is called the real necessity, but money knife cloth goods, when trading, seize the respect“ In the first year (821) of the reign of emperor Mu Zong, Yang Yu Ling Jiang, the Minister of the Ministry of justice, and the king, with the right to use money and goods, kept or moved unremittingly 3) This purple speech facilitates the perspective of goods exchange technology and the actual needs of maintaining the regime, explains the source of money, and holds that money is a kind of subjective idealism from a very superficial point of view. The generation of foreign currency is interpreted as the proct of political power and ruling interests, thus confusing the internal relationship between the origin of currency and commodity exchange. The nature of the money problem thus prevents a correct understanding. In this view, the currency is actually the authority of the ruler, the tool of the ruling class, and the report of governing the country. It is impossible for the currency to exchange goods, which are goods of special nature as general equivalents. The purpose of this superficial and erroneous theory of the origin of money decides to take it for granted that money is essentially fallacious. This level of understanding, and in the Western Han Dynasty Sima Qian's ngs trading Road, the hawksbill money knife cloth coin Yan "the argument of the natural emergence of money, and there is no doubt that in the understanding of the road is far apart. Sima Qian, at the same time, realized that money itself was a special commodity, but his generation's money was connected with the proction and exchange of goods. He said that "hawksbill money Dao Bu coin" was the result of the development of NGS trade, and put forward the correct and objective parameters of the origin of money. In the Tang Dynasty, he only accepted Zheng's theory of "channel" and did not seriously study the thought
the characteristics of role management:
one of the rights of Japanese goods, the future transaction, promoting the development of e-commerce, involves the society, economy, and second, the integration of the total amount of money and the decentralized adjustment of the price level, the severity of the operation handle, can increase the national fiscal revenue, but also consolidate the rights of the feudal ruling order, Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the relationship between trade and instry, develop commodity economy, restrict the development of local forces and consolidate the economic foundation of feudal rule within the best scope of feudal governance. Monetary management, including monetary management in circulation, the theory of money and the essence of money from the origin of the state, started a general guiding ideology of the Tang Dynasty monetary management of the ruling class, the circulation of the casting right and distribution right of money proction, the monopoly of the government and state authority in the right field, and allowed the private sector to dye fat
conclusion:
it can be seen from the words above that the currency thought of Tang Dynasty was inherited and addicted to "Guan" and the currency theory of Western Han Dynasty, but there were also some problems, some progress was made, and some viewpoints were clearer, but it was not a substantial breakthrough and progress at the general level of modernization, And still stay in a fixed speaking and understanding system of light. At this level, the consciousness of the Tang Dynasty, compared with the new situation of further development of commodity economy and monetary economy, is obviously too backward. In turn, the obstacles to social and economic development in the Tang Dynasty still believe that in the authority of the commodity economy?? Money and the current wealth of the whole country, the tools of the world, such a focus can be used to change the principle of fiscal and political money, and it is impossible to act according to the laws and requirements of social and economic development, so as to meet the demand for money in economic development, resulting in contradictions and conflicts between financial interests, The financial goal of political interest and economic natural law. The historical development of money
is the proct of commodity exchange. Shells from the southeast coast of China have been found in the tombs of Ma Ma's house in Qinghai Province. Shells, even say, are the group's original currency. In addition, stone, bone shell, shell and copper shell are also found, reflecting the degree of commodity exchange. In a strict sense, the artificial casting of currency began in the spring and Autumn period with Dao and cloth. Qin Shihuang unified the whole country until the casting of Kongyuan, the ancestor of ancient Chinese currency. Wang Mang went back to the ancients and changed the system. Once the knife and cloth coins were used again, it was too short. Until the reform of the Republic of China, Wang Zhaoxing continued to change the number of gold coins in East Timor. The size of coins issued was different, the severity of the disease was different, and the coin writing was different, but the side hole round coins still increased. Today, there are many ancient coins handed down from generation to generation. When a batch of ancient coins are unearthed, they come out. With the development of commodity economy in China's feudal society, in the Tang Dynasty, after the Song Dynasty mplings, another son. Banknotes were officially issued in Yuan Dynasty, and continued to be issued in Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, the exchange of folk goods and economic exchange is not as good as the square hole money. More than 400 Yuan Dynasty positive banknotes were found in the plain farmland of Golmud farm in 1958. In the first year, banknotes of various varieties were well preserved, which is rare in China. In 1956, the capital construction project of grain department in huangmiao Street (now Jiefang Road) of Xining City, once discovered 76 Bossa's trip to yinqinghai, was an important passage for Central Asia transportation in the 5th-6th century. Persian silver coins are round. It is about 2.5 cm in diameter and 3.8 g in weight. Positive portrait of the king, the king's portrait of different silver dots a, B two styles- A in a new head crown, the crown at the side of the battlement shaped crown and at the rear of the end of the strip send vigilance behind the two floating ornaments of the sphere, the era associated with the spherical chandelier, his face near the shoulder of the bowl, the Romanian woman inscription line kadipirvci (founded in stripping, Sri Lanka). B-main crown, the front and rear wing like objects on the crown, and the rear crown are a pair of wings. Side a at the top of the crown, a ribbon of objects floats on the shoulder, opposite the police behind. A-type, b-back pattern is the same, general Sassanian silver Zoroastrian altar Pentagram (ER yuan Pentagram) and crescent shaped flame, flame altar on both sides. Each side of the sacrificial altar stands opposite. Many inscriptions on the back of the casting location. Unearthed from huangmiao street, Xining city. The time from the Persian Sassanian to the Peli Luz (equivalent to the north and south of China). Instrumentalism
the currency and the currency circulation power in Tang Dynasty are based on the general guiding ideology of the ruling class that the government monopolized the management of currency, the casting and distribution power, and the authoritative state, which did not allow private capitalists. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), the Tang Dynasty accommodated Jiuling China, so it was built vertically?? In the case of making, expand the results of the discussion“ Qunguan, the Communist Youth of China, has some suggestions and will be the "best". Li Linfu, Pei Yaoqing, Xiao Gui and others believe that "money and money are right according to the absolute rape and abuse of today's ancient ban on Kaimen, but the fear of villains, the waste of agricultural fame and wealth, and the evil abuse of installation director general is inconvenient. Liu Zhi spring loan instrument, systematically elaborated the mint right is "the right to life, not a fake person.". Later, Lu loan clearly emphasized that the currency "is the Liquan country, guarding in the palace, not to any next". In short, although Zhang Jiuling proposed the movement of vertical private casting in China, it has not been recognized. The guiding ideology that the right to proce currency casting is the privilege of the state is very clear. The origin of money, the commodity exchange mediated by money and coal, is the inevitable result of the development of commodity proction. The origin of China's money points out that before the "copper shell" in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, bones, shells, stone shells and pottery shells had begun to circulate. The development of shell ornaments since the currency can be traced back to the emperor's period, e to the machine when Chinese currency from the use of shell four or five thousand years after the civilization history of currency
on the origin of metal currency, the ancestors of Chinese people mastered the management of metal technology, some Yin, after the tombs of Shang Dynasty, meeting soil bronze block, these may be the driest metal currency
after the analysis of currency barter trade in the dry period, with the decline of economy in China for a long time, the early currencies of different tribes are not the most controversial bronzes unearthed today: axe, heart, fish, grid equipment
from a historical point of view, the process of exchange development can be condensed into the evolution of value form. Form of value - expanded form of value - general form of value - monetary form, such a history. We should start from the development process: first of all, money is a historical economic sector. The emergence and development of exchange commodities and commodities. 2、 Money is the spontaneous proct of the development of commodity economy, not the result of invention, negotiation or law. Thirdly, the development of currency exchange procts is the result of the contradiction between labor and society, and private driven development
now, some small quantities of actual shape surface volume, and burial appear in Qin Yan, commercial burial. As a result, many old coin collectors are such Chuxian, suppliers of currency<
brief introction of ancient coins
origin of money
money is the medium of commodity exchange and the inevitable result of development. Commodity proction, the origin of Chinese money, there is evidence to check the copper shell of Shang Dynasty. "Before Xia, Shang, bone, shell, stone shell, Taobei had begun to circulate. The development of the ornament of the currency shell, as can be traced back to the emperor's period, e to the machine's time, China's currency from the use of the shell has four or five thousand yuan currency civilization history
the origin of metal currency is the metal smelting technology of the ancestors of the Chinese people, and there are some bronze blocks on the tombs, which may be the earliest metal currency
the early analysis of money proction in China, after a long period of barter trade stage. Different from the ground, the early coins of different tribes are different. Some controversial bronzes are unearthed today?? Like an axe, like a heart
The history of Chinese currency development:
1. China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, which has a history of more than 4000 years
there were cloth money, knife money, yuan money, five baht money, Tongbao, coin making, silver, silver yuan, copper yuan, as well as victims of gold and silver, grain and silk money and paper money, with a wide variety of forms and materials, which can be called the world's top currency
In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone five major evolutions:the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency, from disordered shape to unified shape, from local coin to central coin, from document weight to Tongbao and Yuanbao, and from metal currency to paper currency "Jiaozi"
From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four major monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang carried out the policy of paper money and issued "Daming treasure note" and copper money However, there was no fixed issue limit and no reserve for Daming banknotes, which soon led to inflation. Therefore, after the Jiajing year in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the banknotes were no longer passable, and the folk mainly used silver and copper The Qing Dynasty copper coins follow the Ming Dynasty system, mainly casting small flat coins. Xianfeng coins are the most complex of the Qing Dynasty copper coins, which can be divided into Tongbao, chongbao and Yuanbao, with different denominations and different money bureaus. Most of the Qing Dynasty's private businesses use silver, small money uses money, and money and silver are in parallel In the early Qing Dynasty, silver ingot was the main currency, and in the late Qing Dynasty, silver ingot began to transform into silver yuan Since the middle of Ming Dynasty, foreign businessmen used their silver dollars to buy Chinese silk, tea, porcelain, etc., which made all kinds of foreign silver dollars popular in Chinain the reign of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, since the signing of the unequal treaty of Nanjing, the silver yuan used for compensation was "foreign money". At that time, China had no silver yuan in its own country, and the foreign money in stock was not enough to offset the sharply increased amount of foreign compensation, so the government of the late Qing Dynasty was forced to start casting its own silver yuan
1. Shang Dynasty: Oracle Bone Inscriptions
2, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: bronze inscriptions
3, Qin Dynasty: big seal script, small seal script
4, Han Dynasty: cursive script, running script, official script
5, Tang Dynasty: regular script
6, Song Dynasty added and used song style characters on this basis
7. Mongolian Yuan uses Chinese characters, Mongolian characters, and eight thoughts and eight characters
8
9< Chinese characters and Dangxiang characters were used in Xixia
11. In the Qing Dynasty, Han, Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan characters were used
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first, BEIBI is the earliest currency in China
Second, pre Qin copper coins
cloth coins, Dao coins, yuan coins
Third, Qin and Han copper coins
Qin, Han banliang, Han wuzhu, Xinmang coins
Fourth, Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasties, southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui Dynasty coins
Wang Zhu coins
Kaiyuan Tongbao, nianhao Qian, coins of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
copper coins of Six Dynasties and two Song Dynasties
copper coins of Northern Song Dynasty and lead coins of Southern Song Dynasty
copper coins of seven dynasties, Liao Dynasty, Xixia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty
copper coins of Liao Dynasty, Xixia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty
eight, Ming, Qing copper coins
Ming, Southern Ming and late Ming peasant uprising army copper coins, Qing, San Francisco, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom copper coins. Copper yuan
nine, lead money, iron money
ten, gold, silver and gold, silver coins
gold and gold coins, silver and silver coins
eleven, paper money
jiaozi of Northern Song Dynasty and Huizi of Southern Song Dynasty, gold, Yuan paper money, Ming and Qing paper money
(5) song and Yuan Dynasties: in the Northern Song Dynasty, the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan. The development from metal currency to paper currency is the inevitable result of social and economic development. The promotion of paper money reced the burden of merchants carrying metal currency, which was concive to commodity exchange and reflected the high development of Commerce
(6) Ming and Qing Dynasties: in the early Ming Dynasty, the main currency was paper money, and the subsidiary currency was copper money. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, silver became the main currency in general circulation.
From the 21st century BC to the 2nd century BC, natural seashells were mainly used in the Central Plains, and then graally replaced by metal coins, with the unit of "friend" and "one friend" for every ten coins. In the pre Qin period, shellfish played a al role of coin and ornament. Until the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Bei was still used as currency in China's minority areas, which was called "BA (left-right structure, left is Bei, right is ba")
in the 11th century BC, it was proced on the seashore and graally evolved into physical currency because of its strong and beautiful appearance, portable belt and counting ability
Natural seashells
1368-618 BC
Artificial shellfish (stone shell)
ring the Shang and Zhou Dynasties from the 16th century BC to the 2nd century BC, with the continuous development of commodity economy and the increasing demand for money, jade shell, bone shell, pottery shell and stone shell, which were imitated to make up for the lack of natural currency circulation, were collectively referred to as artificial shellfish currency. Most of them are similar to natural seashells, and their exchange value is equal to or slightly lower than that of natural seashells
Artificial shellfish (bone shell)
16th century bc-2nd century BC
Artificial shellfish (jade shell)
16th century bc-2nd century BC
Artificial shellfish (pottery shell)
16th century bc-2nd century BC
copper shell
11th century BC
Baojin shell
11th century BC, middle and late Shang Dynasty, with the development of society, human beings mastered smelting technology, Then came the metal shellfish currency. The shape is similar to that of natural seashells. There are golden shell, silver shell, copper shell and so on. The bronze shell is the earliest metal coin in China. Flat shoulder, arc foot and empty head cloth
fineness age: early and middle spring and Autumn period. Shape features: flat shoulder and crotch are arc-shaped, long (poor sound), perforated, and cold inside. The surface inscriptions include Gan Zhi, number, astronomical phenomena, place names, things, Yin Yang five elements, location, auspicious language, etc. Most of the coins are made of bronze
the age of fineness: early spring and autumn. Zhao coins of the Warring States period. Shrug, square or curved crotch, pointed foot. The first Jin (left and right structure, left is "Jin", right is "Jin") and the half Jin (same as before) are called "flat head and pointed foot big cloth" and "flat head and pointed foot small cloth" respectively. The face inscription is the name of the city, and some small cloth face inscriptions have the word "half". The back words are usually numbers. The body is light and thin. The coin is made of bronze
sankongbu
age of fineness: coins in the late Warring States period. According to the back text, it can be divided into two types. The utility model has a round head, a round shoulder, a round crotch, a round foot, and a round perforation on the head and two feet. Most of the characters on the surface are place names, with Ji Zhong and Ji value characters on the back. The big one recites "one or two", and the small one recites "Twelve baht" (half Liang)<
sharp blade
age of fineness: late spring and Autumn period. It is also called needle head knife. It is a special form of Jian Shou Dao. The head is as thin as a needle. Qian Wen is mostly an abstract symbol
Jieshou Dao: early Warring States period. It is made by cutting the head with sharp head knife, which is basically the same as sharp head knife
Zhi
age of fineness: at the turn of the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In the middle and late Warring States period, the coins of Zhongshan state and Zhao state were also called round head Dao or flat head Dao. The blade is straight or slightly curved with a round head. The handle surface has two straight lines. It is light and thin. Among them, "Yan" (internal and external structure, outside is "gate", inside is "speech") Yang "(today's Shanyu) small straight blade is particularly thin. In addition to the "Gandan", "white" and "Chengbo", most of the others are plain< In the middle and late period of the Warring States period. In the middle and late Warring States period, the outer circle, the hole circle and the back are plain, and there is a draft angle between the face and the back, so the back diameter is larger than the face diameter, the back hole is smaller than the face, and the edge often remains a crater. Most of them have no profile on the back and a few have profile on the front. The big seal script is extensive. Bronze. It mainly circulates in the hometown of Qin, Zhao and Wei
fangkonghuan coin
good years: the late Warring States period. In the late Warring States period, coins were made in Qin, Qi and Yan. The outer round hole is square, with or without outline, which is the ancestor of the later round coin. It contains "half Liang", "two steroids", "Wenxin", "Chang'an", "Yi (left and right structure, left is" Bei ", right is" Yi ") Hua, Yi (same front) four Hua, Yi (same front) six Hua", "Yi, Yan, Yansi" and other categories
coins of the Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin banliang
Quality years: 336-221 BC. After Qin destroyed the six states, Qin coins were used as the national currency, and Qin banliang became the lower coin symmetrical with the upper coin, which was cast throughout the country. Compared with the pre Qin banliang, the Qin banliang is tall, narrow and slightly curved. The shape is round and square, and there is no outline on the surface and back. The age of quality: Early Western Han Dynasty. Because it is shaped like a elm pod, it is called "pod money"“ "Pod money" is generally very light and of different weight<
Sanzhu
age of fineness: in the first year of Jianyuan, Emperor Wu cast the line in the first year of Jianyuan, and the line ended in the fifth year of Jianyuan. Three baht money surface outline, heavy as the text, back plain. Sanzhu is the first square hole yuan coin named "Zhu" in the history of ancient currency
Wudi Wuhu
age of fineness: it was cast in 118 BC in the fifth year of Yuanshou (118 BC) of Wudi of Han Dynasty, including Wuhu of Prefecture, Wuhu of chiche and Wuhu of Shanglin Sanguan. There are different forms of face writing, such as putting on half star, putting on horizontal outline, four Jue writing and so on. The outline is deep and the writing is exquisite. Wuzhu coin of Emperor Wu started the history of casting "wuzhu" coin in 739 and became the mainstream of "two systems of Zhu coin" in ancient China
yiping 5000
year of fineness: 7 A.D. That is "Cuo", also known as "jincuo". It was made in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (Ad 7)“ Its ring is like money, and its body is like a knife. "One knife" on the ring surface is read directly, and the Yin text is inlaid with gold. The three characters of "Ping 5000" on the knife surface are written in Yangwen and seal script. Five thousand five baht for one“ The "one knife five thousand" is exquisitely cast, which is valued by the "collectors" of the past dynasties<
the five hundred years of Hong: 7 A.D. It was made in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (Ad 7)“ The ring is like big money, and the body is like a knife. The ring surface is engraved with the two characters of Yangwen "Cu", and the knife surface is engraved with Yangwen "500" and seal script“ "Lu" can lead to "Qi". Five hundred baht for one“ The "five hundred" sword has a deep and precipitous outline and exquisite inscription< In 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty adopted Ma Yuan's suggestion and began to cast the five baht. The features of the face writing are that the "gold" prefix is larger, the "Five" prefix is more curved, the "Zhu" prefix is rounded, and the two ends of the vertical drawing are smaller. The casting is regular< In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it was also known as "chiseled edge" or "sheared wheel" five baht, which refers to the five baht coin whose edge and part of the meat were cut off or chiseled. There is no outline, and the word "wuzhu" remains in the side
Dong Zhuo's five baht
year of fineness: 190 A.D. It was made by Dong Zhuo in the first year of Xiandi's reign in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (190ad). Without internal and external outline, the word "wuzhu" is incomplete and difficult to identify, which is ridiculed as "Wuwen". The money can be called the most inferior and cheap money in the history of Chinese currency. Zhiwuzhu
quality time: in 214 ad, in the 19th year of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (214 AD), Liu Bei was cast in Cheng after entering Sichuan. In the beginning, the coin was large and heavy, but in the later, it graally lost weight, and the lightest was less than 0.8 G. Face script seal "straight hundred five baht", that is, the value of "one hundred five baht money". They often cast or engrave inscriptions and ornaments on their backs, and also cast inscriptions on their backs, such as "Wei" or "Si Chu Wen"
shuwuzhu
years of fineness: 214-263 A.D. It was made by Liu Bei after he entered Shu, about 214-263 A.D. Its shape is smaller than that of wuzhu in the Han Dynasty. It is thicker and has an outline on its face and back. Its strokes are fatter and its copper is dark< The 100 years of Dingping: the Three Kingdoms period. It is not recorded in historical records, so it is better to be listed as Shu Han money“ Dingping hundred "money body is thin and small, money seal and Yi man not clear.". Its shape is similar to that of Zhi and weiwuzhu. Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty and Emperor Ming of Ming Dynasty all had five baht coins. The new coin shape imitated the five baht coin made in Han Dynasty, so it was called "five baht coin of Wei Dynasty". The outline of Wei Wu Zhu is clear, the shape of the coin is heavy, and the border is covered with gold
daquandangqian
age: 239-246 A.D. Wu coins of the three kingdoms were made in the first nine years of chiwu reign of Sun Quan (238-246 A.D.). The four characters of seal script "Daquan Dangqian" can be read as five baht one thousand. After Wang Mang, it's the biggest worthless money. In addition, there are two thousand Daquan and five thousand Daquan<
liangzaoxinquan (liangzaoxinquan)
age: 317-376 A.D. It is the first example of square hole yuan coin in the name of the state name, which was cast by the Zhang Dynasty in the former Liang Dynasty (317-376 A.D.). Seal script can be divided into two types: opposite reading and direct reading. Qian's characters are also different. The shape can be divided into two types: light, small and heavy
wuzhu of Shenchong
age of fineness: 318-321 A.D. During the reign of emperor Xiaoyuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (318-321 A.D.), Shen Chong of Wuxing made a small coin with a big hole. Qian Wen's works of "five Zhu" and "hardware" are vague in outline, light and small in size, and seem to be imitated and cast in the style of "scissors wheel" in the Eastern Han Dynasty<
abundant goods
quality time: 319 A.D. It was made in 319 A.D. in the first year of shile of the late Zhao Dynasty in the Sixteen States of the Western Jin Dynasty. The face script is "Fenghuo", which has two styles of seal script and Li script, and is read horizontally. The face of seal script has a good outline, while the face of Li script has no good outline. The back of money has both inside and outside
Hanxing: 338-343 A.D. It is the earliest coinage in the history of Chinese coins. There are official script and seal script, direct reading and horizontal reading. They are exquisitely made, with shallow characters and thin flesh. The number handed down from generation to generation is small, especially for horizontal readers. Xiaojian Sizhu
it was cast in the reign of emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Song Dynasty (454-456 A.D.). The face text "Xiaojian" is LiuYe Zhuan, and the back text "Sizhu" carries the meaning of Zhuan. It is the same as the "Si Zhu" of Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty. Xiaojian Sizhu is poorly made with flat edges and unclear characters“ After that, the "four baht" was saved and the "Xiaojian" inscription was reserved, which became thinner and smaller, with a wide range of categories and sizes< In the first year of Yongguang (465 A.D.), Liu ziye, the deposed emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was cast. Its shape is similar to Emperor Wen's Xiaojian Sizhu. It has an outline inside and outside, with two character seal script of "Yongguang" written on its face. It is read horizontally and double. It is very rare to exist in the world because it was changed to "Jinghe" in a few months< Jinghe was cast in the first year of the Southern Dynasty (465 AD). Face text "Jing he" two characters, seal script, horizontal Book perforation on both sides, strokes clear. The money was issued by the government and handed over to the people for casting according to the style, then handed over to the official for acceptance. It is strictly forbidden to steal casting and trimming. Therefore, the outline of the text is more polished. After the abolition of emperor Gaiyuan, he was killed in March
formula female coin
it was coined in the reign of Xiao Yantian Jian, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty (502-519 A.D.) "formula female coin" was actually a "five baht" coin with no outline but only inner Guo. Because of its light, small and weak, also known as "women's money" and "men's money" (big money) symmetry. About two baht, three baht< It was cast in 523 A.D. in the fourth year of Xiao Yan's reign of Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasty. It is the first large-scale casting of iron coin in China
taihuo Liuzhu
the Liuzhu coin was made in the 11th year of Taijian (579 A.D.) by Emperor Chen Xuan of the Southern Dynasty. The face is inscribed with "taihuo Liuzhu", and the jade tendon and sheath seal characters are well proportioned, strong and outstretched. The inside and outside of the face and back are neat and well made< It was cast in 579 A.D. in the first year of the reign of emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In the face text, "Yongtong" means to pass forever, and "Wanguo" means to be available to all countries in the world. The characters are deep in outline and thick in shape. Both Qian Wen and the foundry are in a wonderful state, which can be called "Northern Zhou Dynasty"
currency devaluation rate = (amount of paper currency - amount of money needed in circulation) / amount of paper currency
the rate of currency devaluation refers to the rate of currency devaluation after devaluation compared with that before devaluation e to the fact that the amount of currency issued greatly exceeds the amount of money actually needed in circulation.
if you enter the mine now, it depends on what you do~
and what kind of work~
now most of them don't have hardware or anything~