Seashell digital currency
Publish: 2021-05-14 22:03:41
1. One belt, one road Summit Forum, 1. the five Session Fifth the 12th CPPCC National Committee
2, the first forum, the high-level forum, the 2030 core vision, the 2030 vision, the Fifth, the Asian forum, the Asian forum, the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the", "the". Nuclear safety
8, sharing economy
9, healthcare reform
10, terrorist attack
2, the first forum, the high-level forum, the 2030 core vision, the 2030 vision, the Fifth, the Asian forum, the Asian forum, the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Games", the "Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the Asian Forum", "the", "the". Nuclear safety
8, sharing economy
9, healthcare reform
10, terrorist attack
2.
In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions:
1, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
2
3. The evolution from local coinage to central coinage4. From the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao
5. The evolution from metal currency to paper currency
From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB 
knowledge development:
commemorative coin
ordinary commemorative coin is RMB with specific theme and limited issue. Since the people's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins, with a total circulation of about 850 million. The denominations range from 1 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, which condenses the glorious achievements and major historical events of the people's Republic of China over 50 years into the square inch of commemorative coins
3. Money originated from barter. In primitive society, people used barter to exchange the materials they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency.
4. "Money" is the common name of currency in China. It is a special commodity that acts as an equivalent in the exchange of goods and services in a specific country or economy, or to repay debts. Why is money called money“ What is the origin of the word "money"? It turns out that in the long development of commodity exchange, the commodities that play the role of general equivalent do not use gold at the beginning, but use livestock first. However, the size, weight, sex, health and disease of livestock are different. In addition, it can not be separated and is not easy to carry and keep, so it is replaced by grain and silk. However, as a general equivalent, there will also be speculation that "Wengu asks for profits and makes thin silk for the market". Because of their different quality, the price trend will cause trouble. As time goes by, people trade goods with weapons, proction tools and other objects as general equivalents. In ancient China, there was a kind of agricultural tool, which was called "Qian" at that time. At first, Qian was a bronze casting tool for farming. Because farmers have to rely on this tool to engage in proction and labor, and "money" is easier to exchange than land and other goods. Because it was used as a medium of exchange for a long time, it graally evolved into currency, and the name "money" has been used. In the Han Dynasty, the feudal and superstitious rulers, out of the desire to accumulate wealth, changed "money" to "spring", and "spring" became the borrowing of "money". It's more vivid to use "spring" to call money. No wonder some people vividly compare that "spring" comes together from all directions and flows to all directions. Therefore, until modern times, the borrowed word "Quan" is still used. For example, coin collectors always use "Quanyou" as a reference.
5.
1、 Understanding of the concept of digital currency (1) entity based digital currency since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper money, and all countries in the world are actually paper money. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency
In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issuance of paper money as deficit money because of making up the fiscal deficit, and believed that the issuance of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflationZhang chunjia's research in the introction to virtual currency also proves that the supply of paper currency without precious metals and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of currency is called virtual currency
Conclusion the emergence of virtual currency is not accidental, it is a part of the history of currency evolution and the crystallization of digital technology revolution. Looking back on the history of money, any form of money from birth to maturity will experience doubt and even exclusion. Like the traditional currency, it is not naturally perfect. It is constantly improving in the process of development to better adapt to and serve the proctive forces6.
It is an inevitable trend for legal tender to develop into legal digital tender. In the long history of currency development, China, as the earliest ancient civilization in the world, according to the literature and relevant archaeological findings, the currency has been used for more than 5000 years, and the alternate development of its currency in various dynasties is very representative. For example, before the early Shang Dynasty, our ancestors took the lead in using shells as an equivalent trade, which greatly facilitated people's daily life; From the early Shang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, with the development of commodity exchange, there was an increasing demand for money. Seashells could not meet people's demand, so various shapes of copper coins began to appear; Since the late Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, paper money has been invented creatively. Nowadays, the development from traditional banks to E-banks has injected action into the development of China's low-carbon cashless society and created a good social environment for the development of legal currency to digital currency
non legal digital currency challenges legal sovereign currency. In 2009, Nakamoto created the world's first point-to-point decentralized digital currency, which was initially used as a gray commodity trading currency in the dark network (black market) within nine years. It has obtained legal status in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Western Asia, Europe and other countries and regions. At its peak, bitcoin's total market value was close to $10000. Because bitcoin and other digital currencies have the characteristics of global transaction, point-to-point, anonymity, legalization of some countries and other factors, the state can not implement supervision and prohibition, resulting in a large number of capital flight and illegal transfer of assets, increasingly affecting the national financial stability, and posing challenges to the national currency, foreign exchange and other financial systems. At the same time, bitcoin and other digital currencies are increasingly challenging the security of the financial system of illegal countries, which also leads to bitcoin facing more severe financial regulatory policies and technical barriers in these countries
7.
in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, seashells were still an important currency. The poor people didn't pick up seashells to make themselves rich because they had strict seashells screening conditions, and the later mining was controlled by people
there are requirements for the selection of seashells, so it's not so easy to pick them up casually< p> It is also grown along the coast of the ocean, and is the earliest cargo in China, representing wealth and status. Seashells are small and lovely, so it is convenient for people to count. Shang Dynasty was good at business, which made seashells become an important currency and popular in the market. Although there were a large number of seashells, they were mostly small toothed seashells from the South China Sea at that time, with pearl like luster, which made so many primitive people like and accept them. Therefore, people don't accept the seashells picked up by ordinary seaside, while those on land can't pick up seashells at all. When people first bartered, seashells temporarily acted as a kind of intermediary, which was lighter than seashells on ordinary beaches
after seashells no longer become money, poor people can only pick up some seashells for decoration
8. About the origin of money
paper money is a common form of money in the world, and the earliest paper money in the world is Jiaozi in Cheng, Sichuan Province in the Northern Song Dynasty
China is the first country in the world to use currency. According to the literature records and a large number of unearthed cultural relics, the origin of Chinese currency has a history of at least 4000 years. The development of Chinese currency culture has a long history, from the original shell coin to cloth coin, knife coin, round coin, ant nose coin and fangkong coin popular after the unification of China by the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, jiaozi appeared in China
the emergence of paper money is a great progress in the history of money. Some people think that the origin of Chinese paper money can be traced back to the "white deer skin money" of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and the "flying money" of emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the National Treasury was empty because of the long-term war with Xiongnu. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the "three baht coins" and "white gold coins" (alloy coins made of silver and tin) were coined, and the "white deer skin coins" were issued at the same time. The so-called "white deer skin coin" uses the white deer skin of the palace as the coin material. Each piece is one square foot, and the surrounding color is painted. The value of each piece is 400000. Because its value is far away from its own value, the "white deer skin coin" is only used as a tribute between kings and princes, not used in the field of circulation, so it is not a real sense of paper money, only a pioneer of paper money“ "Feiqian" appeared in the middle of Tang Dynasty. At that time, when merchants went out to do business with a large amount of copper money, there were many inconveniences. They first went to the official to issue a certificate, which recorded the place and the number of coins, and then went to other places to withdraw money and buy goods with the certificate. This certificate is called "feiqian"“ In essence, "flying money" is only a kind of exchange business. It does not intervene in circulation and does not function as currency. Therefore, it is not paper money in the real sense. In the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" in Cheng, Sichuan Province was the beginning of real paper money
it is not accidental that paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, it is the inevitable proct of social, political and economic development. The commodity economy developed rapidly in Song Dynasty, and more money was needed in commodity circulation. However, the shortage of copper money at that time could not meet the demand in circulation. At that time, the iron coin was used in Sichuan area, which was of low value and heavy weight, and was extremely inconvenient to use. At that time, one copper coin was worth ten iron coins. The weight of one thousand iron coins was 25 Jin for a large coin and 13 Jin for a medium coin. It costs 20000 yuan to buy a piece of cloth. It weighs about 500 Jin. It takes a car. Therefore, we need light money objectively, which is the main reason why paper money first appeared in Sichuan. Moreover, although the Northern Song Dynasty was a highly centralized feudal autocratic country, the national currency was not unified, and there were several currency areas, which were independent and not universal. At that time, there were 13 routes (administrative units in Song Dynasty) dedicated to copper coins, 4 routes dedicated to iron coins, and Shaanxi and Hedong used both copper and iron coins. The use of paper money can prevent the outflow of copper and iron money. In addition, the Song Dynasty government was often attacked by Liao, Xia and Jin Dynasties, and the military expenses and reparations were very large. It also needed to issue paper money to make up for the fiscal deficit. Various reasons contributed to the emergence of "Jiaozi"
the original jiaozi was issued freely by merchants. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi shop" appeared in Cheng, Sichuan Province, which specialized in keeping cash for merchants carrying huge sums of money. The depositor delivers the cash to the shop owner. The shop owner temporarily fills in the amount of cash deposited by the depositor on a roll made of paper, and then returns it to the depositor. When the depositor withdraws the cash, he pays the shop owner the interest of 30 Wen, that is, 3% of the deposit fee. This paper voucher which temporarily fills in the deposit amount is called "Jiaozi". At this time, "Jiaozi" is just a kind of certificate of deposit and withdrawal, not currency
with the development of commodity economy, "Jiaozi" is more and more widely used. Many businessmen jointly set up jiaozi shops specializing in issuing and exchanging "Jiaozi", and set up jiaozi sub shops in various places. Due to the fact that jiaozi shop owners abide by the credit and take it as they come, the printed "Jiaozi" pattern is exquisite, it is hidden as a mark, there are mistakes between black and red, and it is difficult for others to forge their own words, so "Jiaozi" has won a high reputation. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying coins, there are more and more cases of large-scale transactions between merchants who directly use "Jiaozi" to pay for money at any time. It is in the repeated circulation process that jiaozi has graally acquired the character of credit currency. Later, jiaozi shop owners found that only using part of their deposits would not endanger the reputation of Jiaozi. So they began to print jiaozi with uniform denomination and format, which was issued to the market as a new means of circulation. This kind of "Jiaozi" has been the symbol of coins, and has really become paper money. However, jiaozi was not recognized by the government at this time, and it was still a private issue
however, not all jiaozi shops are law-abiding and trustworthy. There are some greedy shop owners who are greedy for profits, who cheat maliciously and shut down their business after they have made excessive payments; Or misappropriate deposits, run other business failure and bankruptcy, so that the "Jiaozi" can not be cashed. In this way, when depositors can't withdraw money, they often cause trouble and litigation. Therefore, ring the reign of Jingde (1004-1007), Zhang Yong, the governor of Yizhou, reorganized jiaozi shops, eliminated outlaws, and managed them exclusively by 16 wealthy merchants. So far, the issue of Jiaozi was approved by the government
in the first year of Tiansheng (1023), the government set up jiaozi business in Yizhou, and one or two officials of the Jing Dynasty acted as supervisors to preside over the distribution of Jiaozi, and "set up a papermaking house to eliminate the disadvantages of forgery" to strictly control the printing process. This is the earliest paper money officially issued by the government in China - "guanjiaozi". It issued paper money 600 or 700 years earlier than the United States (1692), France (1716) and other western countries, so it is also the earliest paper money in the world
in the early stage of the issuance of "guanjiaozi", its shape was modeled on the "private relationship" among the people, and stamped with the seal of the state, but the amount of money temporarily filled in was different, generally from consistent to ten, and the circulation scope was specified. In the reign of emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed into five Guan and ten Guan. By the time of emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed to two kinds: Yiguan and wuwuwen. There are also restrictions on the amount of issue. It is stipulated that the issue shall be divided into three years (two years in full) for each sector, and the new one shall be exchanged for the old one. The first jiaozi issue was 1 256 340 units, with a reserve capital of 360 000 units (taking Sichuan tieqian as the note capital), and the reserve was equivalent to 28% of the issue“ The circulation scope of Jiaozi was basically limited in Sichuan. Later, although it was popular in Shaanxi and Hedong, it was soon abolished< In 1107, the Song government changed "Jiaozi" to "qianyin" and "jiaoziwu" to "qianyinwu". In addition to Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huguang and other places still use "Jiaozi", other roads use "qianyin". Later, Sichuan changed jiaozi to qianyin in 1109“ The biggest difference between "Qian Yin" and "Jiao Zi" is that it takes "Luo" as the unit“ The paper, printing, picture and seal of "Qian Yin" are excellent. But "Qian Yin" did not buy notes, and was not allowed to exchange them, so the value of paper vouchers dropped sharply. In the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, each coin was only worth 100 Wen in cash
"Jiaozi" is a great achievement in the history of currency in our country, which facilitates business contacts and makes up for the lack of cash. In addition, "Jiaozi", as the earliest banknote issued in China and even in the world, also occupies an important position in the history of printing and printmaking, which is of great significance to the study of ancient banknote printing technology in China<
about the history of currency development
China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone six major evolutions:
first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
in Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value have changed from "Bei". From this we can see that Bei is the earliest currency in China
with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper shell is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history
with the extensive use of artificial coinage, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< From the appearance of Tongbei in the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency graally formed four systems characterized by the domination of the feudal lords, namely, shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that the half Liang coins with round square holes of Qin state could be used throughout the country
the circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country has ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which is a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king."< In the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture and minted five baht coins by the central government. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency
since then, the central government has been directly in charge of the coinage of all dynasties. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties< (4) the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao (24 baht is one or two)<
in the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins with the idea of "opening up a new era". Kaiyuan Tongbao is a change from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao in ancient China
Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution< In the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, the government made a lot of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper coins. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so cumbersome and inconvenient that paper money jiaozi came into being in Sichuan. The appearance of Jiaozi is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in ancient Chinese currency history
hand in
paper money is a common form of money in the world, and the earliest paper money in the world is Jiaozi in Cheng, Sichuan Province in the Northern Song Dynasty
China is the first country in the world to use currency. According to the literature records and a large number of unearthed cultural relics, the origin of Chinese currency has a history of at least 4000 years. The development of Chinese currency culture has a long history, from the original shell coin to cloth coin, knife coin, round coin, ant nose coin and fangkong coin popular after the unification of China by the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, jiaozi appeared in China
the emergence of paper money is a great progress in the history of money. Some people think that the origin of Chinese paper money can be traced back to the "white deer skin money" of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and the "flying money" of emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the National Treasury was empty because of the long-term war with Xiongnu. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the "three baht coins" and "white gold coins" (alloy coins made of silver and tin) were coined, and the "white deer skin coins" were issued at the same time. The so-called "white deer skin coin" uses the white deer skin of the palace as the coin material. Each piece is one square foot, and the surrounding color is painted. The value of each piece is 400000. Because its value is far away from its own value, the "white deer skin coin" is only used as a tribute between kings and princes, not used in the field of circulation, so it is not a real sense of paper money, only a pioneer of paper money“ "Feiqian" appeared in the middle of Tang Dynasty. At that time, when merchants went out to do business with a large amount of copper money, there were many inconveniences. They first went to the official to issue a certificate, which recorded the place and the number of coins, and then went to other places to withdraw money and buy goods with the certificate. This certificate is called "feiqian"“ In essence, "flying money" is only a kind of exchange business. It does not intervene in circulation and does not function as currency. Therefore, it is not paper money in the real sense. In the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" in Cheng, Sichuan Province was the beginning of real paper money
it is not accidental that paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, it is the inevitable proct of social, political and economic development. The commodity economy developed rapidly in Song Dynasty, and more money was needed in commodity circulation. However, the shortage of copper money at that time could not meet the demand in circulation. At that time, the iron coin was used in Sichuan area, which was of low value and heavy weight, and was extremely inconvenient to use. At that time, one copper coin was worth ten iron coins. The weight of one thousand iron coins was 25 Jin for a large coin and 13 Jin for a medium coin. It costs 20000 yuan to buy a piece of cloth. It weighs about 500 Jin. It takes a car. Therefore, we need light money objectively, which is the main reason why paper money first appeared in Sichuan. Moreover, although the Northern Song Dynasty was a highly centralized feudal autocratic country, the national currency was not unified, and there were several currency areas, which were independent and not universal. At that time, there were 13 routes (administrative units in Song Dynasty) dedicated to copper coins, 4 routes dedicated to iron coins, and Shaanxi and Hedong used both copper and iron coins. The use of paper money can prevent the outflow of copper and iron money. In addition, the Song Dynasty government was often attacked by Liao, Xia and Jin Dynasties, and the military expenses and reparations were very large. It also needed to issue paper money to make up for the fiscal deficit. Various reasons contributed to the emergence of "Jiaozi"
the original jiaozi was issued freely by merchants. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi shop" appeared in Cheng, Sichuan Province, which specialized in keeping cash for merchants carrying huge sums of money. The depositor delivers the cash to the shop owner. The shop owner temporarily fills in the amount of cash deposited by the depositor on a roll made of paper, and then returns it to the depositor. When the depositor withdraws the cash, he pays the shop owner the interest of 30 Wen, that is, 3% of the deposit fee. This paper voucher which temporarily fills in the deposit amount is called "Jiaozi". At this time, "Jiaozi" is just a kind of certificate of deposit and withdrawal, not currency
with the development of commodity economy, "Jiaozi" is more and more widely used. Many businessmen jointly set up jiaozi shops specializing in issuing and exchanging "Jiaozi", and set up jiaozi sub shops in various places. Due to the fact that jiaozi shop owners abide by the credit and take it as they come, the printed "Jiaozi" pattern is exquisite, it is hidden as a mark, there are mistakes between black and red, and it is difficult for others to forge their own words, so "Jiaozi" has won a high reputation. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying coins, there are more and more cases of large-scale transactions between merchants who directly use "Jiaozi" to pay for money at any time. It is in the repeated circulation process that jiaozi has graally acquired the character of credit currency. Later, jiaozi shop owners found that only using part of their deposits would not endanger the reputation of Jiaozi. So they began to print jiaozi with uniform denomination and format, which was issued to the market as a new means of circulation. This kind of "Jiaozi" has been the symbol of coins, and has really become paper money. However, jiaozi was not recognized by the government at this time, and it was still a private issue
however, not all jiaozi shops are law-abiding and trustworthy. There are some greedy shop owners who are greedy for profits, who cheat maliciously and shut down their business after they have made excessive payments; Or misappropriate deposits, run other business failure and bankruptcy, so that the "Jiaozi" can not be cashed. In this way, when depositors can't withdraw money, they often cause trouble and litigation. Therefore, ring the reign of Jingde (1004-1007), Zhang Yong, the governor of Yizhou, reorganized jiaozi shops, eliminated outlaws, and managed them exclusively by 16 wealthy merchants. So far, the issue of Jiaozi was approved by the government
in the first year of Tiansheng (1023), the government set up jiaozi business in Yizhou, and one or two officials of the Jing Dynasty acted as supervisors to preside over the distribution of Jiaozi, and "set up a papermaking house to eliminate the disadvantages of forgery" to strictly control the printing process. This is the earliest paper money officially issued by the government in China - "guanjiaozi". It issued paper money 600 or 700 years earlier than the United States (1692), France (1716) and other western countries, so it is also the earliest paper money in the world
in the early stage of the issuance of "guanjiaozi", its shape was modeled on the "private relationship" among the people, and stamped with the seal of the state, but the amount of money temporarily filled in was different, generally from consistent to ten, and the circulation scope was specified. In the reign of emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed into five Guan and ten Guan. By the time of emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed to two kinds: Yiguan and wuwuwen. There are also restrictions on the amount of issue. It is stipulated that the issue shall be divided into three years (two years in full) for each sector, and the new one shall be exchanged for the old one. The first jiaozi issue was 1 256 340 units, with a reserve capital of 360 000 units (taking Sichuan tieqian as the note capital), and the reserve was equivalent to 28% of the issue“ The circulation scope of Jiaozi was basically limited in Sichuan. Later, although it was popular in Shaanxi and Hedong, it was soon abolished< In 1107, the Song government changed "Jiaozi" to "qianyin" and "jiaoziwu" to "qianyinwu". In addition to Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huguang and other places still use "Jiaozi", other roads use "qianyin". Later, Sichuan changed jiaozi to qianyin in 1109“ The biggest difference between "Qian Yin" and "Jiao Zi" is that it takes "Luo" as the unit“ The paper, printing, picture and seal of "Qian Yin" are excellent. But "Qian Yin" did not buy notes, and was not allowed to exchange them, so the value of paper vouchers dropped sharply. In the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, each coin was only worth 100 Wen in cash
"Jiaozi" is a great achievement in the history of currency in our country, which facilitates business contacts and makes up for the lack of cash. In addition, "Jiaozi", as the earliest banknote issued in China and even in the world, also occupies an important position in the history of printing and printmaking, which is of great significance to the study of ancient banknote printing technology in China<
about the history of currency development
China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of its formation and development, ancient Chinese currency has undergone six major evolutions:
first, the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency
in Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value have changed from "Bei". From this we can see that Bei is the earliest currency in China
with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells have been unable to meet people's needs. People began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper shell is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history
with the extensive use of artificial coinage, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage< From the appearance of Tongbei in the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, China's currency graally formed four systems characterized by the domination of the feudal lords, namely, shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After Qin unified China, the first emperor of Qin promulgated the earliest currency law of China in 210 BC, which stipulated that the half Liang coins with round square holes of Qin state could be used throughout the country
the circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country has ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which is a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China< Third, the evolution from local coinage to central coinage. The gentry, the rich businessmen and the local forces took advantage of the opportunity to make money. In the reign of Emperor Wen, "Dr. Deng Tong also made money for the king."< In the fourth year of Yuanding (1115 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the minting right of the prefecture and minted five baht coins by the central government. From then on, it was determined that the central government should be responsible for the unified management of coin casting and issue, which was a significant evolution from local coin to central coin in the history of ancient Chinese currency
since then, the central government has been directly in charge of the coinage of all dynasties. The return of the minting right to the central government played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of the dynasties< (4) the evolution from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao (24 baht is one or two)<
in the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins with the idea of "opening up a new era". Kaiyuan Tongbao is a change from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao in ancient China
Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution< In the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, the government made a lot of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper coins. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so cumbersome and inconvenient that paper money jiaozi came into being in Sichuan. The appearance of Jiaozi is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in ancient Chinese currency history
hand in
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