Digital currency and passbook
1. The concept range is different. bitcoin is a kind of digital currency, and the concept of digital currency covers bitcoin
However, some digital currencies have independent issuers The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total quantity of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 milliondigital currency is abbreviated as digiccy, which is the abbreviation of "digital currency" in English. It is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. Both digital gold coin and cryptocurrency belong to digiccy. Bitcoin is a digital currency
digital currency is different from the virtual currency in the virtual world, because it can be used for real goods and services transactions, not limited to online games. The early digital currency (digital gold currency) is a form of electronic currency named after the weight of gold
today's digital currencies, such as bitcoin, lettercoin and ppcoin, are electronic currencies created, issued and circulated by means of check sum cryptography. It is characterized by the use of P2P peer-to-peer network technology to issue, manage and circulate currency. In theory, it avoids bureaucratic examination and approval, so that everyone has the right to issue currency
illegal digital currency
in recent years, "virtual currency" represented by bitcoin, Ethernet currency and Leyte currency has been traded centrally on some Internet platforms. With the help of financial technology, the price of these "currencies" has graally spread to investment, financing and other financial fields, which has aroused wide attention from all walks of life
not long ago, the people's Bank of China and other seven ministries and commissions jointly issued the announcement on preventing the financing risk of token issuance, which clearly regulated the relevant behaviors. Experts pointed out that "virtual currency" is not legal tender (legal currency) issued by monetary authorities, but a specific virtual commodity in essence
therefore, it is undoubtedly a great legal and economic risk to think that "virtual currency" has or will have the nature of legal tender and to carry out speculation, network fund-raising, lending and financing
1. digital currency facing two risks. The first is the technical level. Digital currency relies on blockchain technology and a system, which will make it suffer from security impact, such as hacker attacks on computer systems. We have seen many practical problems in this process< Another risk of digital currency is credit risk. Because there are middlemen in digital currency transactions, these middlemen are different from real organizations. In reality, organizations can be seen and felt, but the middlemen of digital currency are on the Internet, so the risk is greater
3. Digital currency has the characteristics of anonymity, quickness and irrevocability. In addition, bitcoin and other digital currencies have high circulation in the world, so many criminals use digital currency as a new money laundering channel. Moreover, there are many different ways to realize money laundering through digital currency. Generally speaking, the probability of new money laundering being found and investigated is lower than before. Many countries have no effective means and technology to combat money laundering through digital currency. These factors lead to criminals prefer this way of money laundering
investment is risky and business should be cautious
1. Application of different
digital currency: fast, economic and safe payment and settlement; Bill finance and supply chain finance; The real right of collateral is digitalized
e-money: the seller sends the buyer's payment instructions to the seller's acquiring bank through the payment gateway; The acquiring bank obtains the authorization from the issuing bank through the bank card network, and sends the authorization information back to the seller through the payment gateway; After obtaining the authorization, the Seller shall send the buyer the shopping completion information. If payment acquisition and payment authorization cannot be completed at the same time, the seller should send payment acquisition request to the acquiring bank through the payment gateway, and transfer the transaction funds from the buyer to the seller's account. The final inter-bank settlement is completed by the payment system between banks
2. Different characteristics
digital currency is characterized by low transaction cost, fast transaction speed and high anonymity
e-currency is characterized by anonymity, saving transaction cost, saving transmission cost, small holding risk, flexible and convenient payment, anti-counterfeiting and anti repetition, and non traceability
Digital currency can be divided into three categories: completely closed, unrelated to the real economy and only used in specific virtual communities, such as world of warcraft gold; It can be purchased in real currency but not converted back to real currency, and can be used to purchase virtual goods and services, such as Facebook credit; It can exchange and redeem with real currency according to a certain ratio. It can purchase both virtual goods and services and real goods and services, such as bitcoine-money: e-cash based on the Internet environment and keeping the binary data representing the value of money in the hard disk of the computer terminal; An electronic wallet that keeps the value of money in an IC card and can be circulated out of the bank payment system
the media's attention to the central bank's digital currency has increased significantly, especially after Zuckerberg testified in Congress on the Libra issue and Christina Lagarde acknowledged the "clear demand" for stable currency at her first media reception as president of the European Central Bank, which seems to have changed the public's view on this matter, Let many people in cryptocurrency community think that cbdcs is in sight<
according to the latest survey report released by the bank for International Settlements, central banks in the past seven years have been investigating this technology and assessing its impact. Of the 63 central banks surveyed, 55 said they were unlikely to issue cbdcs in the next three years, and only one reported that they were "highly likely to issue large-scale cbdcs in the next three to six years."
although the proportion of central banks studying cbdcs is very high, the crux of the problem is that it is mainly theoretical and investigative work. Only five central banks have concted more in-depth research and real project development or experimentation - but that still does not mean that they will necessarily issue cbdcs
through close observation, it is more and more obvious that both Libra recently released by Facebook and the new stable currency assets have had a significant impact on the central bank. Today's situation took hundreds of years to form, but it changed in a few months; Competition, the most terrifying and unfamiliar concept that has never been thought of before and penetrated into the elite society of central banks, is now knocking at the door
it can be said that the solution to the current situation is still unclear. Some people who are familiar with these things even say that they are bluffing. However, in Lagarde's own words, the slow and wait-and-see regulatory approach can no longer meet the needs
1. What is central bank digital currency<
what is the difference between central bank digital currency CBDC and other digital currencies
CBDC is a new form of currency, which is directly issued by the central bank in digital form as legal tender. The current form of legal currency is cash, reserve deposit or balance settlement< There are two main differences between CBDC and other digital currencies (including cryptocurrency and other forms of central bank currency):
1. CBDC has nothing to do with cryptoassets. They're not decentralized, they don't have to be blockchain based, and they're certainly not anonymous, they're not unlicensed, they're not censored< 2. Contrary to the current digital cash, the operation structure of CBDC will be different from other forms of central bank currency. CBDC has more powerful functions. They are programmable, can generate interest, can be cleared in near real time, and have cheaper handling charges and wider openness
when designing CBDC, the speed of central banks is different. Different central banks adopt their own approach. However, in general, there are three problems being explored: whether CBDC should be based on token or account number, whether CBDC should be batch (only open to banks) or retail (open to the public), and whether it should be based on DLT
when CBDC is to be implemented, things will become complicated, and there are many thorny problems to be considered
for example, once CBDC is launched, does it need to cancel cash? Should CBDC carry interest? Should they have face value like cash? Or linked to the total price index? What impact will this have on commercial banks? What about anonymity and privacy? All these questions need to be answered<
2. Motivation for issuing CBDC
in the 2017 staff discussion paper, the Bank of Canada gave six reasons for issuing CBDC in an article entitled "central bank digital currency: motivation and impact":
1. Ensure that the central bank provides sufficient cash to the public, and maintain the seigniorage revenue of the central bank
2, Support non-traditional monetary policy
3. Rece overall risk and improve financial stability
4. Improve payment competitiveness
5. Promote financial inclusiveness
6. Curb criminal activities
looking back at the bank for International Settlements survey we analyzed earlier, payment security and domestic efficiency are selected as the most important motives of the central bank. According to a large number of papers published by the central bank and other large financial institutions, for developed countries, the transformation into a cashless society is the main driving factor, while for developing countries, financial inclusiveness, cost rection and operational efficiency are the main motivation
throughout the rest of the reports and the literature that can be found, the fierce competition brought about by bitcoin and other innovations in the cryptocurrency instry, as well as the clear need for "one step ahead", of course, are not listed as the reasons for issuing CBDC< The advantages and potential risks of CBDC are very low.
if the central bank starts to launch CBDC and succeeds in the end, there are many potential benefits
from a technical point of view, CBDC is much better than the current form of legal currency. They can be tracked better, collect taxes more conveniently, transmit monetary policy better, have better financial inclusiveness, and rece the cost of procing physical currency
the most obvious advantage is that payment is cheaper and faster, whether it is domestic payment or cross-border payment
in addition to the design and implementation problems, a key problem of issuing CBDC is that CBDC may increase the risk of bank operation. However, this only happens when banks promise that their deposits can be converted into CBDC on demand, which is not necessarily the case, according to the Bank of England document
4. Facts on the ground
how far is it from us to see a real CBDC appear in the market? It's hard to estimate, but at present, we can sum up the current situation in one sentence: all talk but no practice
if we put aside the failed digital currencies of Ecuador, Tunisia and Venezuela, we can only do theoretical research, a small amount of experiments, and issue some feasible CBDC issuance announcements supported by the state in the future
the most famous CBDC projects in progress are: e-peso in Uruguay (the project was successfully tested in 2018), DCEP in China, "project Inthanon" in Thailand, e-krona in Sweden (still in the research stage)...
5. The revolution has not yet been successful, and comrades still need to work hard
considering the factors mentioned above, Most of the headlines about CBDC's upcoming release are groundless. All projects scheled to be released this year have been delayed
in fact, there is still a long way to go for the birth of CBDC, and to convince the public, we need more than a statement. Given the current situation, it seems that CBDC and other cryptocurrencies may not affect each other - at least for now.
the functions and properties of digital currency are exactly the same as paper money, but its form is digital Mu Changchun, director of the digital currency Research Institute of the central bank, said that the central bank's digital currency is a digital alternative to paper money, that is, digital currency and electronic payment tools. If we regard the digital currency issued by the central bank as digital RMB cash, we can understand the concept of digital currency very well
Mu Changchun once described such a use scenario: as long as you and I have DC / EP digital wallets on mobile phones, we don't even need the network. As long as the mobile phone has electricity and two mobile phones touch each other, we can transfer the digital currency in one person's digital wallet to another person. Digital money does not need to bind any bank account when it is paid, unlike WeChat and Alipay bank. p>
fan Yifei, vice governor of the central bank, said that the central bank's digital currency focuses on replacing M0 (i.e. banknotes and coins), and maintains the properties and main features of cash, which meets the needs of portability and anonymity, and will be the best tool to replace cash
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extended materials
Digital RMB will be carried out in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and other places
the notice on printing and distributing the overall plan for comprehensively deepening the innovation and development of service trade was released on the official website of the Ministry of Commerce on the 14th, which announced the pilot areas of digital RMB
the reporter noted that Article 93 "comprehensively deepen the pilot tasks, specific measures and division of responsibilities for innovative development of trade in services" proposes to carry out digital RMB pilot projects in Beijing Tianjin Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and other pilot areas in central and Western China
according to the notice, the people's Bank of China has formulated policy safeguard measures; First, Shenzhen, Cheng, Suzhou, xiong'an new area and other relevant departments of the future Winter Olympic Games scene will assist in the promotion, and then expand to other regions as appropriate
the pilot areas for comprehensive deepening are Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing (21 municipal districts including Fuling District), Hainan, Dalian, Xiamen, Qing, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Changchun, Harbin, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Cheng, Guiyang, Kunming, Xi'an, Urumqi, Suzhou, Weihai, xiong'an New District of Hebei, Gui'an New District of Guizhou Shaanxi Xixian new area and other 28 provinces and cities (regions)
1. On the right side of the small black dot, the first is the angle and the second is the point; On the left of the little black dot, the first is yuan, the second is ten yuan, the third is hundred yuan, and there is a "," between the third and the fourth. It's a group of three, separated by ",". So as not to read the wrong number. For example, "borrow, loan" is the term of bank
2. The basic meaning of passbook:
passbook, or deposit book, commonly known as red book, is used to record bank transactions of deposit account. The size of the area will vary from country to country and from bank to bank. It can be the size of a checkbook or a passport
3. Historical significance:
(1) going back & quot; Passbook & quot; In addition to the significance of credit and withdrawal, it also has another historical significance, that is, the origin of folding style. It should be said that the invention of papermaking made our ancestors give up the method of engraving on bamboo slips, and accept the convenience of using paper, but retain the habit of reading
(2) after that, with the prosperity and decline of Qianzhuang instry, these folding passbooks naturally withdrew from the stage of history, but the name of passbook is still used today
(3) nowadays, with the financial marketization, the passbook is as popular as RMB. According to the different uses of the passbook, there are many kinds of passbooks, such as bank passbook, time passbook, medical insurance passbook and so on
According to historical records, the earliest credit institution in China's history was the "quality storehouse" (similar to pawnbroking) in the northern and Southern Dynasties. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there appeared "counter shop" and so on "Certificate" and so on are records of single transaction in the form of single paper or origami, which can be said to be the predecessor of "passbook" The prototype of the bank originated from the middle of Ming Dynasty. It was a folk credit institution with the development of commodity economy. At that time, it was called "money shop", "money table" or "money shop". At the beginning, they only exchanged money, and then graally developed to deposit money business, which resulted in a more formal passbook With the development of coastal trade, the money market was formed in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the bank had become an instry of considerable scale The bank's folding passbook is the same size as our common bus promissory note. It's more delicate, and it's also made of cardboard. The outside of the cover is covered with various colors of cloth, which is very beautiful Some covers have been bronzed. Unfolding the passbook, you can see each one to two jiao stamp ty ticket delivered and pasted by the issuing party in the upper right corner, as well as the date of deposit and withdrawal and payment recorded in neat and beautiful brush font in vertical arrangement from right to left. This is the traditional Chinese writing tool and conventional writing form. Open to see, that neat and symmetrical folding form, let a person very naturally will proce business, so it is called "passbook" With the development of financial market, passbook is as popular as RMB. However, what is the earliest "passbook" like and why can it be used as credit certificate? According to historical records, the earliest credit institution in China's history was the "quality storehouse" (similar to pawnbroking) in the northern and Southern Dynasties, and in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the "counter shop" appeared