Does digital currency influence the dominance of US dollar
CBDC. How to participate? Including the following two cases, let's take Kazakhstan as an example. The first is that Kazakhstan can issue RMB denominated Kazakh government bonds. The issuer is Kazakhstan, but the RMB denominated bonds are sovereign bonds for Kazakhstan, which can also be sold to the Central Bank of China in exchange for CBDC. The second is that Kazakhstan issues treasury bonds denominated in its own currency, which are issued by Kazakhstan and priced in its own currency. This method is the easiest for Kazakhstan, because this is their own national debt, which is sold to the Central Bank of China, which gives it CBDC. The similarities between the two lie in that they both sell treasury bonds to the Central Bank of China, but the issuers of treasury bonds are not the same, and the pricing currencies of treasury bonds are not the same, so the requirements for Kazakhstan are not the same. In theory, these ways can be used as a political tool to influence and regulate the relationship between the Chinese government and Kazakhstan<
4 digital currency will become the biggest magic weapon of RMB internationalization
China is now facing the biggest challenge, in terms of currency, in fact, the internationalization of RMB. The monetary settlement system based on US dollar has brought great problems to the decision-makers outside the US dollar. The best way to rece the status of US dollar is to replace us dollar with a global digital currency to end the dominant advantage of US dollar. The Chinese version of CBDC is likely to become the biggest magic weapon to promote the internationalization of RMB and end the hegemony of US dollar. The opportunity for RMB internationalization lies in the trend of de dollarization. Therefore, we need friendly countries other than US dollars to participate in China's digital currency. Taking the lead in the use of digital currency in block trading and financial settlement to bypass the restrictions on trading in US dollar will certainly realize the development of de dollarization and form a new currency trading system dominated by China and participated by many parties. So how to achieve it? In essence, it is to transfer benefits, so that non dollarized friendly countries can participate in the issuance process of CBDC, and even share the seigniorage of RMB. It is the most effective magic weapon to embody the spirit of democratization and benefit sharing of blockchain and bitcoin in the design of sovereign currency, which is also the most practical way to realize the internationalization of RMB.
For atoms: the number of electrons and protons is the number of elements. For example, h is element 1, which contains one electron and one proton
The neutron number should know the mass number. If you haven't learned this yet, the mass number can be simply regarded as the relative atomic mass, the number of neutrons = the relative atomic mass minus the number of protons. For example, if O is element 8, it has eight electrons and eight protons. Relative to the atomic mass of 16, the number of neutrons = 16-8 = 8for ions, protons and neutrons are exactly the same as above, and electrons change, gain more and lose less. The method is similar
the number of electrons outside the nucleus = atomic number = proton number inside the nucleus = nuclear charge number (the number of electrons outside the nucleus of an ion = atomic number (sum) - charge number)
the maximum number of electrons held by each electron layer is 2n ^ 2 (n is the electron layer number). The number of electrons in the outermost layer is not more than 8 (when the k layer is the outermost layer, it is not more than 2). There are no more than 18 electrons in the second outer layer and 32 electrons in the last three layer
the extranuclear electrons are always arranged in the electron layer with the lowest energy first, and then from the inside to the outside, they are arranged in the L layer and then in the m layer. The above four laws are interrelated and cannot be understood in isolation
extended data:
neutrons exist in neutron stars as clusters (neutron stars are one of the few possible endpoints after supernova explosions e to gravitational collapse at the end of star evolution.) In the middle. The neutrons in the solar system mainly exist in all kinds of nuclei, and the neutrons in the elements are very rare β Decay is a change in which the neutron in the element releases an electron to become an element of the previous element sequence
Neutrons can be classified according to their velocities. High energy (high-speed) neutrons have the ability to ionize and penetrate deep into matter. Neutrons are the only ionizing radiation that can make other substances radioactive. This process is called "neutron excitation"“ "Neutron excitation" is widely used in the proction of radioactive materials in medical, academic and instrial fields High energy neutrons can travel very long distances in air. Neutron radiation needs to be masked by hydrogen rich materials, such as concrete and water. Nuclear reactor is a common neutron source, and water is used as an effective neutron shieldarrangement rule:
1. The electrons are arranged in different layers from the nucleus to the nucleus, and the energy is from low to high
The maximum number of electrons in each layer is 2n2 (n is the number of electron layers) There are no more than 8 electrons in the outermost layer (no more than 2 in the first layer), no more than 18 electrons in the second outer layer and no more than 32 electrons in the last three layers In general, the electrons are always in the lowest energy layer, that is, the first layer, when the first layer is full, then the second layer, when the second layer is full, then the third layerDigital currency is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the blockchain technology it relies on has been decentralized and can be used in other fields besides digital currency , which is one of the reasons why bitcoin is popular; On the other hand, if digital currency is widely used by the public as a kind of currency, it will have a huge impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial infrastructure, financial market, financial stability and so on. Specific Wu Xiaoxia:
1. Impact on monetary policy
if digital currency is widely accepted and can play the role of currency, it will weaken the effectiveness of monetary policy and bring difficulties to policy-making
because digital currency issuers are usually unregulated third parties, money is created outside the banking system, and the amount of circulation depends entirely on the wishes of the issuers, which will lead to the instability of money supply. In addition, the authorities are unable to monitor the issuance and circulation of digital currency, which will lead to the inability to accurately judge the economic operation and bring trouble to policy-making, At the same time, it will weaken the effectiveness of policy transmission and implementation
2. Impact on financial infrastructure. The use of distributed ledgers also poses challenges to trading, clearing and settlement, as it promotes the disintermediation of traditional service providers in different markets and infrastructures. These changes may have potential impacts on market infrastructure other than retail payment systems, such as large payment systems, securities settlement systems or trading databases
3. The impact on financial intermediation and financial market in a broad sense. As a financial intermediary, banks perform the ties of acting supervisors and supervise borrowers on behalf of depositors
generally, banks also carry out liquidity and maturity conversion business to realize the financing from depositors to borrowers. If digital currency and distributed ledger are widely used, any subsequent disintermediation may have an impact on savings or credit evaluation mechanisms
4. The impact of security risks and financial stability
assuming that digital currency is recognized by the public, its use increases significantly and replaces legal currency to a certain extent, negative events such as network attacks on user terminals related to digital currency will lead to currency fluctuations, which will have an impact on the financial order and the real economy
in addition, the virtual currency based on blockchain technology is usually held by a few people at the beginning. For example, the first purchase of bitcoin in May 2010 was $25 pizza purchased by 10000 BTC, and the price of each bitcoin rose to $1200 in more than three years by the end of 2013
{rrrrrrr}
extended materials
Amazon will launch digital currency project in Mexico. Amazon is recruiting software development managers for digital and emerging payments (DEP) to develop new payment procts that will enable customers to convert cash into digital currency
the digital and emerging payments sector intends to launch the proct in Mexico first. The follow-up will be extended to Brazil and India. It is reported that the digital currency project will completely focus on payment services in emerging markets
At present, the status of RMB is constantly rising. Many countries have begun to abandon the US dollar and use RMB to price oil, but it will not shake the petrodollar system. Although RMB can be used to price oil transactions now, it still needs a long way to go to become an international one and completely break the petrodollar system, It's going to take a long time. But it has no effect on digital currency, because many countries do not recognize digital currency. Now the world is mainly based on the currency of the Committee. The appreciation of RMB has a great impact on the domestic market, and even leads to inflation. After promotion, it is even less valuable. However, with the rise of RMB, Can let us the influence of RMB, can let all the people in the country on the mobile phone can exchange, this is very convenient{ RRR} in this case, cash will only be less and less, replaced by the rise of digital currency. But the rise of digital RMB will not affect the status of the United States now
the Bretton Woods system is the sum of the rules, measures and corresponding organizational forms established by the agreement for the arrangements made by all countries on currency exchange, balance of payments adjustment, composition of international reserve assets, etc., aiming to provide a solid economic foundation after World War II. In February 1973, the U.S. dollar further devalued, and the world's major currencies were forced to implement the floating exchange rate system e to the impact of speculators. So far, the Bretton Woods system completely collapsed. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund and the world bank, as important international organizations, continue to exist and play an important international role
the purpose is to establish a fixed exchange rate system linked to us dollar and gold, end the chaotic international financial order, and create favorable external conditions for the expansion of international trade and world economic growth; As a reserve currency and a means of international settlement, the US dollar makes up for the shortage of gold, improves the global purchasing power, and promotes international trade and transnational investment.
On July 1, 1944, after three weeks of discussion, the conference led by the United States adopted the International Monetary Fund Agreement and the international bank for reconstruction and development agreement based on the white plan, and established the Bretton Woods system with the US dollar as the center
In order to maintain the consensus reached by the Bretton Woods system, two international financial institutions, the International Monetary Fund and the international bank for reconstruction and development, were establishedit is not difficult to see from the name that the purpose of IMF is to maintain the stability of international exchange rate and provide short-term rescue loans to member countries with temporary financial difficulties. For example, if the Greek government is in financial difficulties, if it does not rescue, it will soon go bankrupt, and the IMF will help
WB was initially set up to revive Europe, but now it mainly provides long-term loans to developing countries, which is really very good. Low interest and interest free loans from the world bank are used in infrastructure construction in many areas of central and Western China, and the world bank also sends experts to provide technical guidance The history has proved that the establishment of Bretton Woods system has formed a world monetary system with us dollar as the center, which is concive to the standardization and unification of post-war financial currency and plays a positive role in the recovery and reconstruction of post-war economywhile bringing benefits to the world, it is more beneficial to the United States: it makes the US dollar gain the status of world financial hegemony. If the situation changes, the United States is likely to break its promise and have adverse effects on the economies of other countries
The Bretton Woods system is concive to the globalization of the world economy, but it has its own natural defects: its operation is based on the premise of the stability of the U.S. economy and sufficient gold reserves. Once the U.S. economy fluctuates or declines, the system is bound to be unable to maintain If the balance of payments of the United States keeps a surplus, there will be a shortage of US dollars; If the U.S. balance of payments deficit, there will be a U.S. disasterin the long run, RMB internationalization is in line with China's strategic interests and should be steadily promoted. Sooner or later, China will have an international currency in line with its economic status
there will be several trends. The oil settlement currency has been implemented, and the bilateral settlement is also being vigorously promoted. The position of RMB in the reserve currency will be increased, the link between RMB and gold trading will be strengthened, and the corresponding procts and trading mechanisms will be launched. The most important thing is the graal opening of the capital account, which will be related to the domestic economy and the next step of RMB internationalization (Shen Qi)