Cultural imperialism and decentralization

1. Player network platform is not safe, and the efficiency of money collection is low. Try not to trade on player network platform. It's going to be a pit. We can't find the north

2. Cultural imperialism has two main objectives: one is economic, the other is political. Economically, it is necessary to grab the market for its cultural goods, while politically, it is necessary to establish hegemony by transforming the public consciousness. The export of entertainment goods is one of the most important sources of capital accumulation, and it is also a means to replace the export of manufacturing instry to make profits in the world. Politically, cultural imperialism alienates people from their cultural roots and traditions of solidarity, and replaces them with the "demands" created by the news media and changing with each propaganda campaign. The political effect is to separate people from their traditional class and social circle, and to create a gap between people

cultural imperialism emphasizes the division of the working class: it encourages workers with fixed positions to separate from temporary workers, temporary workers from the unemployed, and the unemployed to separate from each other at the level of "underground economy". Cultural imperialism also encourages workers to classify themselves into a class, which is divided by such trivial differences as lifestyle, race and gender to distinguish them from those who are lower than themselves, regardless of the huge inequality that separates them from those who ride on them

the main goal of cultural imperialism is to exploit youth politically and economically. The imperialist entertainment and advertising are aimed at the youth who are most vulnerable to American commercial propaganda. The signal is simple and direct: modernity is associated with the consumption of American media procts. Young people represent the major market for American cultural exports. They are most receptive to consumerism and indivialism. The mass media manipulated the rebellious behavior of teenagers by stealing the left language and leading dissatisfaction to luxury consumption

the reason why American cultural imperialism focuses on young people is not only because they are a market, but also for political reasons. This is to eliminate the political threat that indivial rebellion may turn into a political revolution against economic and cultural forms of control

in the past two decades, the progressive movement has encountered a kind of counter argument: when the majority of the people in the third world are suffering from deteriorating living standards, increasing social and personal insecurity and decreasing public facilities (on the other hand, the unprecedented affluence of a few rich people), the subjective response to this situation is only scattered resistance, In a word, there is a big gap between the growing inequality and social and economic status quo and the weak revolutionary or silent subjective response. The maturing "objective conditions" of the third world are not enough to transform the subjective forces of the state and society. Obviously, there is no "spontaneous" relationship between socio-economic regression and socio political transformation American cultural imperialist cultural intervention (including ideology, consciousness and social action in the broadest sense) is the key link to transform objective conditions into conscious political intervention. It seems absurd that imperialist policy makers seem to understand the importance of the cultural dimension of political practice better than their opponents<

cultural control and global exploitation

the US led imperialism can not only be understood as an economic and military system for control and exploitation. The cultural control of American cultural imperialism is an inseparable aspect of any sustainable global exploitation system< As far as the third world is concerned, cultural imperialism can be defined as the systematic infiltration and control of the Western ruling class over the people's cultural life. It has achieved the goal of reshaping the values, codes of conct, systems and identities of the oppressed people and making them subordinate to the interests of the imperialist class. Cultural imperialism can appear in both traditional and modern forms. Over the past few centuries, the church, ecation system and public authorities have instilled obedience and loyalty in the name of God or theocracy. While these traditional means of cultural imperialism are still effective, new modern tools based on modern system are becoming more and more important for imperialist control. Nowadays, mass media, publicity, advertising, secular performers and intellectuals play a major role. In today's world, Hollywood, CNN and Disneyland are more influential than the Vatican, the Bible and the public speeches of politicians

cultural infiltration is closely related to political, military control and economic exploitation. The U.S. military intervention to support the Central American genocidal government to ensure its own economic interests is often accompanied by strong cultural infiltration. The United States sponsored the Christian Church to invade Indian villages and instill the idea of obedience in the victims of Indian farmers. The purpose of sponsoring the international conference is for the subed intellectuals to discuss "democracy and market". Escapist TV shows broadcast the fantasy of "another world.". Cultural infiltration is the extension of the non military means of the war machine to suppress the rebels< The new characteristics of cultural colonialism are different from the previous practice in the following aspects: (1) it is to capture the masses, not just to change the leading figures< (2) the mass media, especially TV, invade every family. It works not only from "inside" and "below", but also from "outside" and "above"< (3) modern cultural colonialism has a global scale and its impact is omnipresent. To serve the symbols, purposes and interests of the mythical imperialist forces with the deception of the world< (4) as a tool of today's cultural imperialism, mass media only belongs to "non-governmental" organizations in the sense of form. The loss of the formal relationship with the government just gives the private media a legal cover in order to publicize the interests of imperialism as "news" and "entertainment"< (5) in the era of modern imperialism, political interests are expressed through non imperialist subjects“ The "news report" focuses on the biographies of employed peasant soldiers in Central America and working-class black Americans smiling ring the Gulf War

because of the growing distance between the promise of peace and prosperity under the control of capital not subject to the law and the reality of growing poverty and violence. The mass media has further reced the possibility of discussions from different perspectives in their programs. The complete match is to separate the cruelty of existing capitalism from the dreamy promise of free markets

in order to bring down the organized resistance, cultural colonialism wants to eliminate democratic identity or empty its substantive socio-economic content. In order to destroy the unity of the community, cultural imperialism touted the worship of "Modernity" as consistent with the foreign creed. In the name of "personality", social norms are attacked, and people's personality is reshaped under the control of media information. Just as imperialist weapons dismember a civil society and its banks plunder the country's economy, imperialist media provide indivials with those escapist identities

on the one hand, cultural imperialism vilifies its revolutionary opponents by destructive and evil means, on the other hand, it encourages the collective "lack of memory" of the mass atrocities of Pro Western regimes. The western media never told their audience that the anti Communist and pro American authorities slaughtered 100000 Indians in Guatemala, 75000 working people in El Salvador and 50000 people in Nicaraguan. The mass media covered up the fact that the introction of market economy had caused great disasters in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, which made hundreds of millions of people suffer from poverty<

mass media: publicity and capital accumulation

with the expansion of American communication network to the world, mass media has become one of the main sources of wealth and rights of American capital. An increasing percentage of the wealthiest people in North America get their wealth from the mass media. Among the 400 richest Americans, the number of people making money from mass media rose from 9% in 1982 to 18% in 1989. Today, almost a fifth of the richest people in the United States make money from the mass media. In the United States, cultural capitalism has replaced manufacturing as a source of wealth and influence

mass media has become an integral part of global politics and economy in the United States. And became a major source of huge profits. With the increase of exploitation, inequality and poverty in the third world countries, the mass media controlled by the West has turned critical people into negative ones. Celebrities and mass entertainment in Western media have become the main factors to transfer potential political turmoil. During Reagan's presidency, it was particularly prominent that the media manipulated the central position of the public through well-known but politically reactionary entertainers. This phenomenon has spread to Latin America and Asia

in Latin America, the growth of TV sets and the decline of income are directly related to the weakening of people's struggle. There, from 1980 to 1990, the number of TV sets increased by 40%, while the average real income decreased by 40%. At the same time, a large number of new liberal political candidates were elected president mainly relying on TV images<

the increasing penetration of mass media into the poor, the growth of investment and benefits of American companies in peddling cultural goods, and the saturated propaganda to the audience with the information of personal consumption and exploration that provides the poor with the eye, all these define the realistic challenge of cultural colonialism

the information of American media alienates the people of the third world in a al sense. They created the myth of "transnational" and "cross class" union. Through television, the successful interviewees and the poor onlookers living in the Spanish speaking area have established a false intimate and imaginary connection. These links provide a channel to discuss indivial solutions to private problems. The message is clear: the victims are to blame for their poverty. Success depends on personal struggle. Major television satellite networks, wholesale outlets of mass media in the United States and Europe, should avoid any criticism of the political and economic roots and consequences of new cultural imperialism. And this new cultural imperialism has temporarily misled and paralyzed tens of millions of poor Latin American people<

imperialism and language politics

American cultural imperialism has developed a al strategy to counter the left and establish hegemony. On the one hand, it tries to pollute the language of the left; On the other hand, it is committed to recing the public's vigilance against the evil of Western forces

in the 1980s, the western mass media systematically took over the basic ideas of the left, hollowed out their original contents and loaded them with reactionary information. For example, the mass media portrays politicians who want to restore capitalism and increase inequality as "reformers" or "revolutionaries", and labels those who oppose them as "conservatives". writing

3. And economy; Military imperialism is similar, that is, through the export of culture, it makes its own culture dominant in the import place, while the local culture is forced to graally disappear. The popularity of Christmas and the decline of Spring Festival are the best examples

4.

Yes, from theory to practice, what can be summed up is the concept of science

cultural imperialism

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by virtue of cultural advantages, vigorously expand and occupy the world cultural market. By making use of advanced science and technology and developed national ecation, culture has always been in the leading position in the world, vigorously opening up and occupying the world cultural market, and trying to turn this cultural advantage of a country into a worldwide cultural advantage is cultural imperialism

Cultural imperialism has two main goals: one is economic, the other is political. Economically, it is necessary to grab the market for its cultural goods, while politically, it is necessary to establish hegemony by transforming the public consciousness. The export of entertainment goods is one of the most important sources of capital accumulation, and it is also a means to replace the export of manufacturing instry to make profits in the world. Politically, cultural imperialism is to separate people from their cultural roots and unity traditions, and replace them with the "needs" created by the news media, which change with each propaganda offensive. The political effect is to separate people from their traditional class and social circle, and to create a gap between people

cultural imperialism emphasizes the division of the working class: it encourages workers with fixed positions to separate from temporary workers, temporary workers from the unemployed, and the unemployed to separate from each other at the level of "underground economy". Cultural imperialism also encourages workers to classify themselves into a class, which is divided by such trivial differences as lifestyle, race and gender to distinguish them from those who are lower than themselves, regardless of the huge inequality that separates them from those who ride on them

The main goal of cultural imperialism is to exploit the youth politically and economically. The imperialist entertainment and advertising are aimed at the youth who are most vulnerable to American commercial propaganda. The signal is simple and direct: modernity is associated with the consumption of American media procts. Young people represent the major market for American cultural exports. They are most receptive to consumerism and indivialism. The mass media manipulated the rebellious behavior of teenagers by stealing the left language and leading dissatisfaction to luxury consumption

the reason why American cultural imperialism focuses on youth is not only because they are a market, but also for political reasons. This is to eliminate the political threat that indivial rebellion may turn into a political revolution against economic and cultural forms of control

From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, the progressive movement encountered a kind of counter argument: when the majority of the people in the third world suffered from deteriorating living standards, increasing social and personal insecurity and decreasing public facilities (on the other hand, the unprecedented affluence of a few rich people), the subjective response to this situation was only scattered resistance, In a word, there is a big gap between the growing inequality and social and economic status quo and the weak revolutionary or silent subjective response. The maturing "objective conditions" of the third world are not enough to transform the subjective forces of the state and society. Obviously, there is no "spontaneous" relationship between socio-economic regression and socio political transformation. It is the key link to transform objective conditions into conscious political intervention. It seems absurd that imperialist policy makers seem to understand the importance of the cultural dimension of political practice better than their opponents

the practical characteristics of cultural imperialism the nature of imperialism is to invade, exploit and conquer others. The old imperialism uses gunboats or financial means, while the new imperialism uses cultural and ideological means in addition to these means

Cultural imperialism is backed by strong economic strength and mainly expands through the market[ 2] Cultural imperialism is a kind of expansion of cultural value, that is, to realize global cultural domination through the sale of procts or commodities with cultural value

Cultural imperialism realizes cultural expansion through the dissemination of information procts

the theoretical characteristics of cultural imperialism

1. The diversity of theory

includes Orientalism, cultural imperialism, and national expansionism

2. The diversity of theoretical content

about culture

every country has its own cultural heritage, and the existence of cultural heritage is the embodiment of national spirit, The Chinese civilization has formed the traditional culture of the Chinese nation since the legendary Pangu created the world, after the brewing of three emperors and five emperors, Qin emperor, Han Emperor, Wu Emperor, Tang emperor, Song Zu and so on. The origin, development and development of Chinese civilization were restricted by the local conditions at that time. It seems that many elements of civilization are not enough now, but at least these civilizations have played an indelible role in the development and growth of the Chinese nation after years of washing and tempering

China's response

take China's film and television instry as an example

after China's entry into WTO, China's market will be further opened, and the film and television instry is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. In this opportunity and challenge, China is facing not only the huge impact of the economic form of the film and television instry, but also the huge impact of "cultural imperialism" in the cultural field. This issue, no matter from the economic form or from the cultural form, needs our great attention< With China's entry into WTO, China's market will be further opened, and the film and television instry will face unprecedented opportunities and challenges. Judging from the contents of the bilateral WTO agreement signed by China and the United States, the film instry is one of the instries most affected in the cultural field< After China's accession to the WTO, the film and television instry in developed countries, especially the film and television instry in the United States, will build their advantages in entering the Chinese market in the following aspects
first of all, they take advantage of the opportunity of China's reform and opening up to enter the Chinese film and television market. The transmission of International Film and television culture has always been unbalanced. Among the European and American countries, the United States is the largest film and television country. First, they implemented one-way circulation of film and television procts from several major countries, especially the United States, to China; Second, the vast majority of film and television procts in circulation are entertainment. With large-scale operation, abundant financial resources and proction level, they have taken advantage of the opportunity of opening up the market to enter the Chinese market
secondly, they use their capital advantages to occupy the Chinese film and television market. International media enterprises, especially American enterprises, have adopted multi-level development strategy to accelerate the accumulation and concentration of capital, rapidly expand the scale of assets, and rapidly improve their competitiveness by virtue of the integration of developed capital market and high-tech instry< Third, they monopolize the market by high-tech means. With the development of information technology and the trend of globalization, the evolution of international media instry is changing with each passing day
fourthly, we should make use of the advantages of large foreign enterprises to compete with China
fifthly, international intellectual property protection tends to make me passive. Intellectual property protection is similar to a double-edged sword. It not only protects innovation activities and technological progress, but also brings development difficulties for backward countries

Second, after China's entry into WTO, strategic thinking on the development of Chinese film and television culture
in the face of the strong impact of imperial culture and the global expansion trend of American film and television, some countries with rich historical and cultural traditions in the world, especially France, Italy, Germany and Britain, which have created a brilliant history in film and television culture, are seeking unity in the awakening. Under the advocacy of France, many countries have developed their own cultural strategies, and at the same time, they seek various ways to carry out cultural counterattack. In addition to the corresponding government support policies, such as special subsidies and other measures, and even unprecedented cultural joint action

first of all, in terms of the concept of film and television culture, we should not only see the invasion of "cultural imperialism", but also fully understand the general trend of cultural communication shown in the map of "world civilization" of the information society in the 21st century
secondly, in terms of the operation of film and television culture communication mechanism, it is necessary to establish a market operation system in line with the world film and television instry as soon as possible
thirdly, in the specific operation level of film and television, we must show strong international characteristics in all operation links of market research, film creation, film proction and film distribution
an advanced and scientific marketing system should be established and applied in film and television distribution. In the market operation of film and television, how to use marketing strategy determines the success or failure of film and television
the purpose of resisting the invasion of "cultural imperialism" is to create the diversity of world film and television culture. The significance of this is not simply to let the film and television of various countries and regions simply coexist, but to use the film and television to promote the cultural exchange and communication between human beings in the sustainable development of human civilization in the world, and fully mobilize the overall wisdom resources and art resources of human beings to deal with the survival problems we are facing. We insist on the diversity of film and television culture, that is to admit that each film and television culture has its own special charm and unique cultural form. Only in this way can the world culture be rich and colorful, and the world be rich and colorful

5. This is not a good statistic. It is estimated that foreign scholars have defined it, just like Herbert
Schiller, who is just one of them. Here are some classified introctions about cultural imperialism, which may be useful to you.

cultural imperialism has two main goals: one is economic, the other is political. Economically, it is necessary to grab the market for its cultural goods, while politically, it is necessary to establish hegemony by transforming the public consciousness. The export of entertainment goods is one of the most important sources of capital accumulation, and it is also a means to replace the export of manufacturing instry to make profits in the world. Politically, cultural imperialism alienates people from their cultural roots and traditions of solidarity, and replaces them with the "demands" created by the news media and changing with each propaganda campaign. The political effect is to separate people from their traditional class and social circle, and to create a gap between people

cultural imperialism emphasizes the division of the working class: it encourages workers with fixed positions to separate from temporary workers, temporary workers from the unemployed, and the unemployed to separate from each other at the level of "underground economy". Cultural imperialism also encourages workers to classify themselves into a class, which is divided by such trivial differences as lifestyle, race and gender to distinguish them from those who are lower than themselves, regardless of the huge inequality that separates them from those who ride on them

the main goal of cultural imperialism is to exploit youth politically and economically. The imperialist entertainment and advertising are aimed at the youth who are most vulnerable to American commercial propaganda. The signal is simple and direct: modernity is associated with the consumption of American media procts. Young people represent the major market for American cultural exports. They are most receptive to consumerism and indivialism. The mass media manipulated the rebellious behavior of teenagers by stealing the left language and leading dissatisfaction to luxury consumption

the reason why American cultural imperialism focuses on young people is not only because they are a market, but also for political reasons. This is to eliminate the political threat that indivial rebellion may turn into a political revolution against economic and cultural forms of control

in the past two decades, the progressive movement has encountered a kind of counter argument: when the majority of the people in the third world are suffering from deteriorating living standards, increasing social and personal insecurity and decreasing public facilities (on the other hand, the unprecedented affluence of a few rich people), the subjective response to this situation is only scattered resistance, In a word, there is a big gap between the growing inequality and social and economic status quo and the weak revolutionary or silent subjective response. The maturing "objective conditions" of the third world are not enough to transform the subjective forces of the state and society. Obviously, there is no "spontaneous" relationship between socio-economic regression and socio political transformation American cultural imperialist cultural intervention (including ideology, consciousness and social action in the broadest sense) is the key link to transform objective conditions into conscious political intervention. It seems absurd that imperialist policy makers seem to understand the importance of the cultural dimension of political practice better than their opponents<

cultural control and global exploitation

the US led imperialism can not only be understood as an economic and military system for control and exploitation. The cultural control of American cultural imperialism is an inseparable aspect of any sustainable global exploitation system< As far as the third world is concerned, cultural imperialism can be defined as the systematic infiltration and control of the Western ruling class over the people's cultural life. It has achieved the goal of reshaping the values, codes of conct, systems and identities of the oppressed people and making them subordinate to the interests of the imperialist class. Cultural imperialism can appear in both traditional and modern forms. Over the past few centuries, the church, ecation system and public authorities have instilled obedience and loyalty in the name of God or theocracy. While these traditional means of cultural imperialism are still effective, new modern tools based on modern system are becoming more and more important for imperialist control. Nowadays, mass media, publicity, advertising, secular performers and intellectuals play a major role. In today's world, Hollywood, CNN and Disneyland are more influential than the Vatican, the Bible and the public speeches of politicians

cultural infiltration is closely related to political, military control and economic exploitation. The U.S. military intervention to support the Central American genocidal government to ensure its own economic interests is often accompanied by strong cultural infiltration. The United States sponsored the Christian Church to invade Indian villages and instill the idea of obedience in the victims of Indian farmers. The purpose of sponsoring the international conference is for the subed intellectuals to discuss "democracy and market". Escapist TV shows broadcast the fantasy of "another world.". Cultural infiltration is the extension of the non military means of the war machine to suppress the rebels< The new characteristics of cultural colonialism are different from the previous practice in the following aspects: (1) it is to capture the masses, not just to change the leading figures< (2) the mass media, especially TV, invade every family. It works not only from "inside" and "below", but also from "outside" and "above"< (3) modern cultural colonialism has a global scale and its impact is omnipresent. To serve the symbols, purposes and interests of the mythical imperialist forces with the deception of the world< (4) as a tool of today's cultural imperialism, mass media only belongs to "non-governmental" organizations in the sense of form. The loss of the formal relationship with the government just gives the private media a legal cover in order to publicize the interests of imperialism as "news" and "entertainment"< (5) in the era of modern imperialism, political interests are expressed through non imperialist subjects“ The "news report" focuses on the biographies of employed peasant soldiers in Central America and working-class black Americans smiling ring the Gulf War

because of the growing distance between the promise of peace and prosperity under the control of capital not subject to the law and the reality of growing poverty and violence. The mass media has further reced the possibility of discussions from different perspectives in their programs. The complete match is to separate the cruelty of existing capitalism from the dreamy promise of free markets

in order to bring down the organized resistance, cultural colonialism wants to eliminate democratic identity or empty its substantive socio-economic content. In order to destroy the unity of the community, cultural imperialism touted the worship of "Modernity" as consistent with the foreign creed. In the name of "personality", social norms are attacked, and people's personality is reshaped under the control of media information. Just as imperialist weapons dismember a civil society and its banks plunder the country's economy, imperialist media provide indivials with those escapist identities

on the one hand, cultural imperialism vilifies its revolutionary opponents by destructive and evil means, on the other hand, it encourages the collective "lack of memory" of the mass atrocities of Pro Western regimes. The western media never told their audience that the anti Communist and pro American authorities slaughtered 100000 Indians in Guatemala, 75000 working people in El Salvador and 50000 people in Nicaraguan. The mass media covered up the fact that the introction of market economy had caused great disasters in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, which made hundreds of millions of people suffer from poverty<

mass media: publicity and capital accumulation

with the expansion of American communication network to the world, mass media has become one of the main sources of wealth and rights of American capital. An increasing percentage of the wealthiest people in North America get their wealth from the mass media. Among the 400 richest Americans, the number of people making money from mass media rose from 9% in 1982 to 18% in 1989. Today, almost a fifth of the richest people in the United States make money from the mass media. In the United States, cultural capitalism has replaced manufacturing as a source of wealth and influence

mass media has become an integral part of global politics and economy in the United States. And became a major source of huge profits. With the increase of exploitation, inequality and poverty in the third world countries, the mass media controlled by the West has turned critical people into negative ones. Celebrities and mass entertainment in Western media have become the main factors to transfer potential political turmoil. During Reagan's presidency, it was particularly prominent that the media manipulated the central position of the public through well-known but politically reactionary entertainers. This phenomenon has spread to Latin America and Asia

in Latin America, the growth of TV sets and the decline of income are directly related to the weakening of people's struggle. There, from 1980 to 1990, the number of TV sets increased by 40%, while the average real income decreased by 40%. At the same time, a large number of new liberal political candidates were elected president mainly relying on TV images<

the increasing penetration of mass media into the poor, the growth of investment and benefits of American companies in peddling cultural goods, and the saturated propaganda to the audience with the information of personal consumption and exploration that provides the poor with the eye, all these define the realistic challenge of cultural colonialism

the information of American media alienates the people of the third world in a al sense. They created the myth of "transnational" and "cross class" union. Through television, the successful interviewees and the poor onlookers living in the Spanish speaking area have established a false intimate and imaginary connection. These links provide a channel to discuss indivial solutions to private problems. The message is clear: the victims are to blame for their poverty. Success depends on personal struggle. Major television satellite networks, wholesale outlets of mass media in the United States and Europe, should avoid any criticism of the political and economic roots and consequences of new cultural imperialism. And this new cultural imperialism has temporarily misled and paralyzed tens of millions of poor Latin American people<

imperialism and language politics

American cultural imperialism has developed a al strategy to counter the left and establish hegemony. On the one hand, it tries to pollute the language of the left; On the other hand, it is committed to recing the public's vigilance against the evil of Western forces

in the 1980s, the western mass media had a systematic system

6. The health of the body is very important, in life we should pay attention to their own healthy living measures, take good care of their stomach
gastric distension is caused by inflammation of stomach and odenum, reflux, tumor or change of gastric juice secretion, which will delay the emptying speed of the stomach, and the food accumulated in the stomach will continuously proce pressure on the gastric wall. At the same time, a large amount of gas is proced after over distribution of food in the stomach, which increases the pressure in the stomach and causes gastric distension
1. Supplement dietary fiber for breakfast. Don't worry about stomach distension. Timely prevention in life is also hopeful. Constipation is the main cause of abdominal distension. Breakfast to eat a bowl of bran cereal can supplement dietary fiber, promote gastrointestinal peristalsis. To supplement dietary fiber, both insoluble dietary fiber (such as wheat bran) and soluble dietary fiber (plantain powder) are needed
2. Try to eat vegetables cooked. Improper diet is an important cause of stomach distension. You should choose a healthy diet in your life. Cooked vegetables are easier to digest than raw ones. The study found that the nutrition intake from half cooked carrots is basically the same as that from one raw carrot, but cooked carrots occupy less space in the intestine, which is not easy to cause flatulence
3. Drink plenty of water. Drinking water is also a healthy way of life, in life we should have our own healthy drinking habits. Many people think that drinking more water will cause abdominal distension. In fact, drinking more water can help eliminate flatulence. Normally, you should drink eight glasses of water a day. Add a few slices of ginger to the boiled water to make ginger water more helpful to relieve intestinal discomfort
4. Avoid acid drinks. Drinks are very common in our life, but unreasonable use will also cause health hazards. Coffee, fruit juice and alcoholic drinks are high acid drinks that stimulate the intestines. These drinks are easy to cause flatulence after drinking too much, so try not to drink them.

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8. Postmodernism and social theory

Sedman / Wagner

this paper discusses various viewpoints between postmodernist social theorists and their critics. Their argument is part of a broader discussion in western society about the significance and social role of modern science. In essence, it is a debate about the significance of science and the ambition of a scholar<

the challenge of postmodernism

social scientists have never had a stable sense of luxury about their identity and social roles. Because the meaning of social science they had accepted was questioned. The debate about the epistemological, political and moral status of social science has never stopped. Is social science a science? Or are they just part of the humanities? Is social science different from Natural Science in the formation and interpretation of concepts? Is social science necessarily ideological? Or does its moral and political characteristics just mean that it's a wet blanket? These problems cause people to pay close attention to the legitimacy of knowledge and system of social science

the 60s-70s is an important period for the debate on the meaning of social science. Positivism, which plays a leading role in social science, has been criticized one after another. A series of philosophical movements, the most prominent of which are hermeneutics, philosophy of everyday language, post empiricism, philosophy of science and post structuralism, all attack the dominant positivist orthodoxy. Critics who agree with these views hold that both natural science and social science involve the interpretation and collation of empirical reality; Philosophical, aesthetic and moral thinking play an important role in all empirical inquiry; Moreover, when resisting empirical argument, the explanation of science and literature are similar. Although these critics are consistent on some basic points, they are different on other equally important issues. For example, the general analysis of post empiricists by social scientists with hermeneutic tendency shows that they adopt a more context and descriptive research approach

from positivism and its critics, there is a shift of focus. On the one hand, the current debate focuses on the relative merits and demerits of hermeneutic, post empirical and critical normative paradigms in social sciences. In other words, although the positivist social science model has been rejected in these theoretical debates, the epistemological privilege of science has not been challenged. Therefore, social scientists put forward hermeneutics, post positivism, or critical theory as the alternative basis of social science. On the other hand, the criticism of positivism, especially the criticism of post structuralism, challenges positivism and its critics' scientism. Many people begin to emphasize the social and historical embeddedness of any research, its basic moral and political nature, and all kinds of efforts to provide a unified paradigm of social science are bound to fail, and they are indeed unsatisfactory. Thus, a new division has emerged: on the one hand, social scientists who insist on the possibility and desirability of obtaining reliable analytical basis, namely "modernists"; on the other hand, they are critics of this idea. In social science, postmodernism criticizes the attempt of modernism to lay the foundation for social science and integrate it. In his criticism of modernist Social Sciences, postmodernists rethink the relationship between scientific knowledge, power and society, as well as the relationship between science, criticism and narration< Although the Enlightenment thinkers criticized metaphysics and religion, they never gave up the following idea: true knowledge must be universal and based on a certain metadiscourse. Thus, science, as the medium of truth, replaces theological doctrine. The scientific paradigm, which was initially developed in the context of the study of nature, extended to the humanities and social fields. By the end of the 18th century, proposals for the establishment of a social science had sprung up

from the founding period of social science to the classical period, the banner of modernist design has not been down. Classical masters -- Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Spencer, Weber, Pareto, smore, or ward -- recognized and actually spread the privileged position of Science in epistemology, the pursuit of the unity of knowledge based on the discovery of universal principles, and the practical utility of science. For example, although Comte and Marx have different views on the conceptual framework and explanatory principles of social science, they have made a distinction between their scientific approach and the pre scientific or purely "ideological" stance of their predecessors and contemporaries. Moreover, both of them believed that science was helpful to the progress of society. Comte expected that his "positivism philosophy" and "positivism politics" would become the guide of social reconstruction after the French Revolution. Marx believes that by turning the working class into a revolutionary political motivation, and thus becoming a material force, his critique of political economy will contribute to the liberation of mankind< However, in one way, the classical masters deviated from their forerunners. The former places social science on the basis of philosophical metadiscourse, while the latter increasingly expects social theory to provide revolutionary basis. We can find that in the 19th century, as a basic discourse, the concept of social theory has emerged. Its goal is to establish the basic premise, concept and problem of social science; Providing criteria for adjudicating disputes over experience and theory; In order to unify all kinds of researches, a comprehensive conceptual framework is proposed

in the 20th century, social science has experienced a process of indivialization and cultural legitimacy. This process shapes Social Science in a unique way. The discipline of social science means the improvement of its scientific requirements. In their efforts to obtain institutional legitimacy and material resources, contemporary social scientists are often forced to suppress the practical moral or political role of science. Logical positivism provides the initial basic principles of knowledge for this purpose. While social sciences seek institutional autonomy, they develop their own analytical and research agenda. Intellectual debates are often treated as purely analytical or methodological issues related to the discipline. As a result, the role of social theory as a metadiscourse, which aims to rule disciplinary debates, has been expanded. Today's theory, especially sociological theory, is usually defined as a unique "professional" or field of expertise, which focuses on its own "independent" epistemological, analytical and methodological issues. As a basic discourse, social theory has graally become a meta theory< It is ironic that the success of Social Science in the system, in turn, contributed to the criticism of modernist design. For example, the growing dependence of social science on private and public funded institutions, which inevitably affect social science, raises doubts about its claimed value neutrality. Stephen Turner's paper proves the defects and contradictions in the basic ideas implemented by sociologists in the 20th century. However, he argues that although these ideas often lead to fruitful research topics, they also proce meta theoretical discussions, and sometimes their only reference point seems to be other texts or discussions on other texts. In addition, the reconstruction of social research as a pure analytical model, excluding its practical, moral and political intentions, strengthens the public's vague sense of social science. This is especially the case when social theory tries to lay a foundation for social research and thus falls into the net of meta theory chaos. Postmodernism, in part, seems to be a response to the above situation and the conflict between empiricism and rationalism, which either drag social science to aimless or aimless. To some extent, postmodernism can be described as a movement to revitalize knowledge

of course, postmodernism is not the first attempt to revive the intellectual world through criticism and reconstruction. The history of social science reads like a new drama. From Comte's criticism of Enlightenment thinkers, or Marx's criticism of Comte, to Durkheim's and Weber's criticism of Marx, to Parsons's attempts to integrate classical traditions, as well as new Marxism, exchange theory and structural sociology's efforts to replace structural functionalism, Therefore, the desire to revitalize social analysis through criticism and reconstruction has become an enring motif. The criticism of postmodernism may be unique because it challenges the social science ideas that all competing schools or paradigms actually share. Postmodernism criticizes the idea of modernism that science itself - not one theory or paradigm - is a privileged form of reason or medium of truth. It refutes the claim of science that only scientific knowledge has a reliable basis. It challenges a unified, consensus based scientific agenda. It questions the modernist idea that the main function of social science is to provide a solid conceptual foundation for social research. Postmodernism criticizes what modernism thinks: science is, or should be, value neutral; Postmodernism emphasizes the practical and moral significance of science

the central theme of postmodernism is to criticize the following proposition: scientific knowledge is universal and can be confirmed in a way unrelated to context. Postmodernists claim that the standard of truth depends on context. The standards of social science knowledge in Europe, Britain and America are inevitably connected with the specific cultural presupposition of Western modernity. For example, the separation of cognitive truth from moral and aesthetic knowledge, the priority given to cognitive truth in fact, the emphasis on propositional knowledge, and various basic principles set up for what can be counted as evidence or fact are all consistent in the Western cultural tradition. In addition, there are conflicting evaluation criteria for what can be regarded as effective research or theory in various disciplines of social science. For some social scientists, predictability, simplicity of concept system, or quantifiability are the main standards; Other social scientists emphasize the comprehensiveness of explanation, the richness of description, the relevance of inference, or the standards of morality, politics and aesthetics. These different values seem to avoid a rational consensus

postmodern criticism transcends the general historical context of science. S. Seidman agrees with the radical decentralization of science. He pointed out that social science knowledge not only bears the mark of civilization in a broad sense and national culture as a part of it, but also bears the mark of more specific class, race, gender or sexual orientation on its procers. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a general theory

9. 1、 New changes of contemporary capitalism
great changes have taken place in the economic, political and cultural structures of the global society in the 20th century, especially in recent decades. Capitalism, as an important part of the global society, has certainly undergone a series of new changes
in Shouguang, the social proctivity based on high and new technology has developed rapidly. With the advent of atomic energy and quantum mechanics, atomic energy and electronic technology, especially the information and technology born in the middle of the 20th century, have developed rapidly, which has greatly promoted the development of modern social proctive forces, profoundly changed people's mode of proction and way of life, and pushed the instrial age developed in the 19th century to the information age since the 20th century
driven by high and new technology, modern transportation and communication revolution has taken place. As a result, the global communication of human beings develops. Especially in recent decades, the rapid development of economic globalization has swept all countries, completely breaking through the strict barriers between the traditional nation states, and connecting the global proctivity and economic structure
e to the increasingly important role of high-tech in proction, knowledge, especially high-tech knowledge, plays an increasingly significant role in economic development. In recent years, the so-called "new economy" in the United States is based on high-tech and emerging instries (at present, it instry is mainly information instry)< Secondly, the economic structure of capitalism has changed to a certain extent. Driven by the new social proctive forces, the global social instrial structure is changing rapidly. The proportion of traditional instries, mainly agriculture and instry, in economic development has decreased, while the proportion of information instry has increased by a large margin. As a result, the modernization index system of economic and social development is also undergoing major changes. Due to the increasing number of transnational corporations, the traditional multi economic structure based on nation-state has begun to transform into an integrated global socio-economic structure
new changes have taken place in the structure of capital flow and the way of capital accumulation. The dominant position of traditional commercial capital in circulation has given way to proction capital and financial capital. After the 1980s, e to the implementation of new liberalism, financial capital graally took the lead. Accordingly, the way of capital accumulation and wealth possession has graally changed from the traditional accumulation of material wealth to the accumulation of financial and monetary wealth< At the same time, the polarization between centralization and marginalization is becoming more and more serious. The traditional gap between the East and the west is still widening, and the new gap between the north and the south is developing faster< Thirdly, the political relations of capitalism have changed to some extent. In the first half of the 20th century, there were many contradictions in the capitalist system, and with the rise of a large number of socialist countries, capitalism was on the verge of collapse. In order to ease the contradictions, capitalist countries adopt the socialist mode of economic operation to varying degrees, the most typical of which are Keynesianism and Roosevelt's new deal, that is, the implementation of state intervention in economic operation; Establishing the social welfare system on the social value goal and giving in to the working class; In terms of political relations, party politics should be carried out. These "social reform" measures eased social contradictions and promoted social development to a certain extent< However, new changes have taken place in capitalism since the late 1970s and early 1980s. As some major capitalist countries have adopted new liberalism policies and implemented market liberalization, especially in the financial field, the working class has encountered increasing market competition pressure and various contradictions have intensified
in order to win more interests in the international community and pass on domestic contradictions, capitalism has been actively using economic globalization and international economic and political organizations in recent years. It should be said that over the years, many international organizations represented by the United Nations have played a significant role in maintaining world peace and promoting human development, but many of them have directly served capitalist power politics< Fourthly, the ideology and culture of capitalism are also changing. As Engels once said in his later years, "the more developed capitalist proction is, the less trivial deception and deception it can adopt as the characteristics of its early stage. Where time is money, where business ethics is bound to develop to a certain level, so it is not out of ethical fanaticism, but purely in order not to waste time and labor. " (see complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 22, P. 368) indeed, e to the pressure of market competition,
working class struggle and various social movements, capitalism has to revise some social value goals, and people's democratic consciousness, justice consciousness, moral consciousness and civilization level have been improved to a certain extent. However, the deep-rooted private concept, indivialism, hedonism and even decadence caused by capitalism still exist universally, which permeates all aspects of social culture and people's thinking and seriously affects the progress of society< Second, we should treat contemporary capitalism dialectically.

although some new changes have taken place in the economy, politics and culture of contemporary capitalism, the essence of capitalism has not changed. The basic contradiction of capitalist society revealed by Marx more than 150 years ago still exists today, that is, the socialization of proction and the private possession of the means of proction still exist, only changing the form< Today, economic globalization dominated by capitalism is essentially an extreme form of socialization of proction, that is, globalization of proction, globalization of trade, globalization of financial flow, etc; The increase of billionaires and financial oligarchs is a sign that all kinds of capital are more concentrated in the hands of a few people. Objectively speaking, the globalization of proction, trade and financial circulation needs the joint efforts of human beings to control it. However, e to the existence of capitalist private ownership and the spread of new liberalism with privatization as the mainstream in recent years, the economic development of the global society, especially the development of financial circulation, presents an unprecedented anarchy, A few billionaires and financial oligarchs took advantage of this Anarchy to manipulate the international financial market and created one international financial crisis after another, from which they made a fortune. The people of the world, especially the people of the developing countries, became the objects and victims of the international bourgeoisie
furthermore, the development of high and new technology has promoted the great development of proctive forces and social economy, from which the people should have benefited, but the fact is the opposite. Because of the basic contradiction of capitalism, high-tech has become the most powerful force to destroy traditional instries and force workers to lose their jobs; The development of economic globalization has further tapped out the potential of the global labor market, enabling the international bourgeoisie to make use of cheaper labor, which has made the working class in developed countries even worse, It has provoked contradictions among the international working class and linked the interests of the international bourgeoisie through economic globalization. For example, workers and even labor organizations in the United States and some other Western powers have made great efforts to oppose China's accession to the world trade organization
in developed capitalist countries, the living conditions of the working class are generally better than before, but the problem of relative poverty is becoming more and more serious, and absolute poverty still exists
as Francois Chanel, a famous French scholar, said in an interview recently, although the living conditions of some of the working class have improved, they have a relatively stable income, their wages have increased, and even a small amount of stocks, on the whole, they are more seriously exploited than in the 1930s, and their income is relatively small, Some have less income than before; And another part of workers, especially those in traditional instries, fall into the bottom of society and are in absolute poverty
he also tells us that some people think that class structure no longer exists in capitalist countries; The difference between people is only income. As long as we work hard, everyone can rise from a lower class to a higher class; Some small and medium-sized procers have disappeared and disappeared in the development of capitalism. But in fact, class structure still exists; Small and medium-sized procers still exist, but they have been marginalized and their living conditions and social status have worsened
some western bourgeois scholars boast that in developed capitalist countries, workers also hold shares, so there is no longer a boundary between the bourgeoisie and the working class, and even think that today's capitalism is "people's capitalism". To
this, Sanai told us that although the situation of each country and company is different, one thing is the same, that is, the shareholding of workers is negligible. Take the United States as an example. Its retirement and pension system is very perfect. Workers' share of shares is the highest in capitalist countries, and it is also the highest in Anglo Saxon countries. Even so, 10% of the rich in the United States own 90% of the financial assets, while 90% of the workers only own 10%. It can be seen that share ownership is very concentrated. Moreover, the system of allowing workers to hold shares is also to stabilize the capitalist system, not to let workers have more financial property
shanai further said that the situation of workers' shareholding is related to the adjustment of capitalist economic structure. In terms of instrial structure, for the workers of enterprises not affected, the bank requires them to invest and hold shares, and they can get interest and dividend, but the interest and dividend income of these workers is also very small. In France, there are about 2000-3000 francs per person per year, generally no more than 5000 francs. Therefore, the share income of workers is actually meaningless, only ideological, that is, capitalism can be advocated to solve problems for workers, which is the development trend of Neo liberalism
another French scholar, Suzanne debrunov, also said that in addition to what Chanel said, there is also a situation in which a part of the shares are distributed to the workers when the country carries out a large number of privatization, so that the workers can become shareholders. However, this is only the method adopted when the enterprise is very difficult and the wages of the workers can not be increased. The shares given to workers are a substitute for wages, and what is increased is the so-called future income, which is actually false income. It is true that a few workers buy stocks, but more workers are in debt; It's even worse in the United States, where low-income workers are heavily in debt, especially in housing. The situation in France was not serious in the past, and it is serious now
they also told us that at present, the western bourgeoisie openly proposes to change the labor law. The European Commission used to be very tight on labor law, but now it's relaxed. For example, in the past, female workers didn't work night shift, but now they do; In the past, child labor was not allowed, but now it is allowed in the United States; In Europe, it used to be only allowed to use workers over the age of 16, but now we are talking about the use of 14-year-old child labor. The European employers' Association also proposed that the conditions for receiving unemployment benefits should be more stringent, and workers receiving unemployment benefits should be strictly examined. Moreover, the original labor law must be enforced

10. This is the view put forward by Jiang Qiping, the current Secretary General of the information research center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the editor in chief of Internet Weekly, in 2012. It is still very advanced, especially when mobile Internet comes, the "female thinking" in brand marketing is more obvious. For example, chestnut, a very important function of brand has become to meet people's emotional needs, especially in today's material affluence, how to let people get rid of loneliness is the problem of everyone's research; For another example, with the advent of the era of experience, whether in procts or activities, experience has become an unavoidable problem. It is said that in the Internet age, women's unique emotional characteristics will be like a ck to water in this era. Ladies and gentlemen, take the opportunity
we can revisit this point of view and see how things that used to be considered only female characteristics become the ideological characteristics of all human beings with the help of the Internet< With the development of Internet, experience economy is rising. Women may be better suited to experience the economy. Because compared with men, they are better at rational thinking, and women are more perceptual and experienced. When men also join the experience economy, the ideological characteristics of human beings change from rationality to sensibility

the arrival of the era of picture reading is a significant sign of the Internet reflecting the characteristics of feminism. According to the theory of instrialization (he called it "an ancient tradition"), language is the essential attribute of human beings; And "image is the medium of sub humans", which "include savages, mb animals, children, women and the public". However, the multimedia technology of the Internet has liberated the image of women and changed them from "sub human" to mainstream human< However, this does not only mean the rise of women's rights. In the era of picture reading, men and women are involved together. The most exaggerated thing about reading pictures is that in Japan, there are generally two versions of the official white paper every year, one is the text version and the other is the cartoon version. Of course, the comic version of the government white paper is not only for women. Japanese men can now use the ideological characteristics of feminism in the most serious and rational government report. In the words of the illiterate six ancestors, it is called epiphany. It is to grasp things directly with the right brain of image thinking (feminization) instead of the left brain of conceptualization (masculinization)

men should not be embarrassed because intuition is the expertise of women in the past. In fact, it is the ideological trait of an outstanding commander like Napoleon to use intuitive insight to make quick decisions under the condition of insufficient information. Clausewitz's "on war" (the summary report of Napoleon's war Art) is about the art of commanding war by experiencing the characteristics of feminism. From this, we can see that Kristeva's invention of using the word "ideological traits" to summarize feminism is superior to those feminists: ideological traits also apply to men

2) the emotional thinking of the Internet is also recognized by women. In the era of instrial revolution, people fell into the contradiction of Austin's sense and emotion. Marianne was lack of sense but more than emotion; John Dashwood and his wife are more rational than emotional. In business, only cold-blooded animals like Grandet can laugh to the end. The Internet has once again changed the ideological characteristics of human beings. The emotional ideological characteristics of feminism have become the common advantages of new women and new men

nowadays, emotion is no longer a legend on the Internet. Facebook is to love this kind of emotion as a link, rather than selfishness this kind of reason as a link, to link everyone together. Facebook and MySpace go to heaven and go to hell. The difference between them is nothing more than an acquaintance network and a stranger network. The main difference between them is the emotional concentration. In places of high emotional concentration, women always have the upper hand. According to Aileen Lee's "why women dominate the Internet", women become the main users of social networking sites, spending 30% more time on them than men, while 55% of the users of mobile social networking sites are women. Women dominate the Internet

this is in contrast to the instrial age. In Balzac's works, almost all women are frustrated because they are always on the edge of business and become marginal figures in society. The rules of business are self-interest centered and exclusive of altruism. Business is a dry world, not a wet one. Today, the future of the Internet is wet. Technological interconnection activates emotional interconnection. Through social interaction, women turn the market into a love field. When making money by the power of love is more than making money by selfishness, the coldest hearted animals and men who are beaten by iron will soften their hearts, change their thinking characteristics, and take the initiative to find the balance between IQ and EQ

Zuckerberg of Facebook is a man who is close to feminism. His business inspiration is not from Balzac's patriarchal society, but from the Indian matriarchal society. "Do you know the gift economy?" he said? In some less developed areas, compared with the market economy, this is a very interesting form of non mainstream economy. I would like to share some achievements with you. Out of gratitude and generosity, people will give me something back. The whole culture is built in this framework of mutual gifts. " He was talking about the gift economy of the matriarchal society that moss discovered. The key to the gift economy is that the Chinese people know it, but never say it in Economics: the gift is light and the affection is heavy

3) decentralized thinking of the Internet is one of the main characteristics of men's ideological characteristics. From the "center periphery" structure of imperialism to the head of a family, everything in traditional society revolves around the center of the organization. Eligare, a feminist, named this tendency "phallocentrism", which refers to the central control tendency of logocentrism. Women, like the Internet, are naturally "distributed". Eligare even uses the fact that women's sexual feelings are distributed around rather than concentrated in one point like men to explain the non centrality, diversity, mobility, openness and relevance of women's characteristics

if we are not as feminist as eligare, we will find that the truth is that centralization is the characteristic of all mechanical systems, while decentralization is the characteristic of all life systems. The real connection between women and decentralization lies in that they are excluded from the mechanical system activities dominated by men for a long time, and they are more closely related to the life system activities such as childbearing. On the other hand, the feminism of the Internet, in the aspect of decentralization, is more intrinsically related to the fact that the Internet is developing in the direction of social ecosystem, resulting in more characteristics of self-organization and self coordination among nodes<

Alibaba's organization is no longer like the mechanical system under central control in Chaplin's modern times, but more like the self-organization, self coordination, decentralization, flow and open ecosystem advocated by feminism, although Ma Yun is still so manly

if we look at this, we will find that the feminism of decentralization is not transmitted to the Internet through women's bodies and influences the Internet. Therefore, according to the feminist logic, the influence of women on the Internet is not to the point. On the contrary, the logic of Lacan and Kristeva is more logical. In their view, the world is composed of three structures: reality, imagination and symbol. Reality represents the physical aspect, imagination represents the psychological aspect, and symbol represents the symbolic aspect. The influence of decentralization on people's ideological characteristics (whether women or men) is that through the ality of imagination and reality, what kind of self do people project onto the big screen of life composed of symbols. They correctly understand that the subject in Cartesian era is being replaced by the living self in Internet era

once women find a suitable way of activity on the Internet, it may be e to their physical and psychological adaptability, and they are ahead of men. Men may also adapt to the trend, wake up from the illusion of being strong and powerful, and change their inherent ideological characteristics of logocentrism. Water, but that doesn't mean only they can wake up. The emergence of this process is promoted by women's instinctive Internet practice. Has it not changed the world more than just changing themselves

women just change themselves, and the world will not change qualitatively; The substantial influence of women on the Internet lies in that it changes people's way of thinking and the whole world by promoting the formation of the feminist characteristics of the Internet.