First step project of decentralization
We need to call the police. This belongs to currency fraud. We can't blindly trust the virtual investment platform that can easily earn a lot of money. Fraud gangs often use "small investment, big income" as t to let investors taste the sweetness first and then increase investment, so as to achieve the purpose of fraud
at present, the so-called "digital currency" in the market is not legal digital currency. The so-called "digital currency" launched by some institutions and enterprises and the so-called promotion of the central bank's issuance of digital currency may involve pyramid selling and fraud. It is necessary for the general public to raise their risk awareness, invest rationally and prudently, and prevent the interests from being damaged
extended information:
five ways to distinguish whether digital currency is MLM currency. virtual currency does not rely on specific monetary institutions to issue, it is based on a specific algorithm, generated through a large number of calculations, is a decentralized way of issuing. Each different terminal node is responsible for maintaining the same account book, and the maintenance process is mainly to package and encrypt the transaction information by the algorithm, while the MLM currency is mainly issued by a certain organization, and the profit is made by pulling the head
2. Transaction mode. Virtual currency is a kind of sporadic transaction formed spontaneously in the market. After the scale is formed, the third party graally establishes an exchange to complete the transaction. The MLM currency is issued by an institution and traded on its own platform
3. The virtual currency itself is an open source program, maintained in the GitHub community. The parameters and methods of the total amount limit are shown in the open source code. The open source of MLM currency is completely ing other people's open source code, and there is no use of open source code to build programs, so its essence is controlled by the website like Q currency
Whether the source code link is given. The general decentralized digital currency will give the source code link in the prominent position of the official website, so as to show the operation mechanism of the monetary system openly and transparently. What MLM currency focuses on is the transaction process of recharge purchase, not to mention its operation mechanism, and even the website does not have the link address of the source code5. Whether the official website starts with HTTPS. In general, the addresses of the official website and trading website of decentralized digital currency begin with HTTPS. The purpose of this kind of website is to protect users' data from illegal theft. But the official website of MLM currency, trading website and other related websites do not start with HTTPS
The decentralized forecasting platform has long been a popular financial tool to avoid risks and speculate on global events. A decentralized forecasting market can do the same, but it has cryptocurrency and cannot censor the market. Aug has provided everything from politics and weather forecasting to dealing with the risks of real-world financial or adverse events
4. The role of exchange and open market is realized through decentralized exchange (DEX). DEX is a P2P market of Ethereum assets between two parties, in which no third party acts as the intermediary of transaction. Therefore, they are different from centralized exchanges like coinbase & Co. in this respect. Some DEX also use some highly innovative token exchange methods, such as atomic exchange and other non storage methods to exchange one asset for another with minimum settlement time and risk
other types of open markets focus on the exchange's irreplaceable token (NFT), commonly known as cryptocurrency collectibles. Platforms such as opensea and ratebits facilitate the search and purchase / sale of cryptocurrency assets, ranging from NFT in games such as cryptokitties to virtual parcels in decentraland games. Even some markets, such as district0x, are said to allow users to create their own exchanges and vote on management programs. Current examples of DEX providing cryptocurrency transactions include currency DEX and ether Delta
Stable currencynow, there are many types of stable currency. Part of the difference between them is how they issue coins, how they check their reserves and how they price them. Stable token is a token issued by blockchain to maintain stable value. It is usually linked to dollars, gold or other external assets to achieve this goal. Generally speaking, stable currency can be divided into the following three categories:
< UL >cryptocurrency pledge stable currency includes maker's Dai. However, the stable currency supported by legal tender is by far the most popular stable currency in the market. The first is tether, although there are many alternatives. The models of these stable currencies are similar to each other. For all of this, the user must trust the provider. Some provide regular and voluntary audits to build the necessary trust through transparency
stable currency without pledge is neither centralized nor supported by cryptocurrency assets. They are based on algorithms to maintain stable values. In short, the algorithm takes supply and demand as parameters and adjusts them to keep balance. The foundation is a pioneer in this category, but it failed e to regulatory considerations. As a result, the project was abandoned
The future of defi - what's the potential< p> The final question, of course, is what the potential of the whole defi movement is? Basically, there are a lot of things that are simply exaggerated in the field of cryptocurrency. The immeasurable potential is attributed to the vision, so the actual proct has no chance to realize the exaggerated expectations. Then there's serious disillusionment and boredom. However, compared with defi, it is different because there are already some finished procts, such as maker, and the market has well accepted themnevertheless, we are still in the early stage of the whole defi movement. But the potential behind it is enormous. Even if only a small number of defis (such as lending) succeed in the future, that's more than enough. If the defi ecosystem can provide better conditional lending than most national banks and other lending institutions, it could lead to global adoption
but this is also one of the biggest obstacles that we have to overcome in the field of defi. On the one hand, more ecation is needed so that the masses can even know the existence of this alternative method. As before, only a small number of people worry about issues related to cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. In particular, there are even fewer people dealing with the defi department, and they have not even heard of it. On the other hand, the user friendliness of such procts must be greatly improved, so as to lay the necessary road for the public to use the procts and for global adoption
From the current mainstream blockchain projects, blockchain projects are mainly divided into four categories: the first category: currency; The second is platform; The third category: application category; The fourth type: asset token
currencies mainly act as the "exchange media" in the field of blockchain assets, and the exchange media refer to general equivalents, such as gold and silver bills in the past< (currency exchange on trading blockchain assets)
platform projects refer to the establishment of technical platforms to meet the needs of various blockchain application development, which can rece the threshold of application development on blockchain
application projects cover a wide range of fields, including finance, social networking, games, property rights protection, etc., and are also the fastest growing fields of blockchain assets
asset token project refers to the blockchain mapping of physical assets, that is, the physical assets on the chain. At present, there are no more than 10 varieties
01 currency
the first category is currency project, which is also the earliest blockchain project. Currency projects mainly include bitcoin and lightcoin. In addition, there is another kind of asset with the characteristics of anonymity. Its main functions include protecting the privacy of both sides of payment while realizing payment. The well-known ones are dash, monero and zcash. Currency is mainly used as the "exchange medium" in the field of blockchain assets. The exchange medium is the general equivalent you use to exchange goods. For example, gold, silver and silver bills can be used as the exchange medium in the past. At present, there are more than 2100 types of digital assets in the world, and the number of currency blockchain projects has increased rapidly recently. As of June 2018, bitcoin is still the largest market value
02 platform type
the second type is platform type blockchain project. The main function of platform type blockchain project is to establish a technical platform to meet the technical requirements of various blockchain application development; In short, platform applications allow developers to directly issue digital assets and write smart contracts on the blockchain. Smart contract is a computer program running on the blockchain database, which can be automatically executed under the conditions of its source code setting
for example, you develop a smart contract based on the house rent protocol on the blockchain. When the owner receives the rent, it will trigger the automatic execution and give the security key of the apartment to the tenant
the main function of platform blockchain projects is to establish the underlying technology platform, so that developers can do application development on the underlying technology platform. A considerable number of platforms are still in the development state. As of June 2018, Ethereum has the largest market value
03 application
the third category is application blockchain projects. Application projects are blockchain projects based on blockchain development platform (such as Ethereum), which can solve many problems in various fields of the real economy
for example, augur, Golem, vechain, omisego, which provides asset exchange and transfer services. Using blockchain technology, these projects can better solve the problems of trust and cross-border circulation. At the same time, using smart contracts and tokens on the blockchain, they can better realize automatic execution and greatly improve the efficiency of social and economic activities. Application blockchain projects cover a wide range of fields, including finance, social networking, games, property rights protection and so on. It is also the field with the fastest market value increment of blockchain projects at present
04 asset token
the fourth category is the asset token blockchain project. Asset token refers to linking the blockchain assets to physical assets such as gold and US dollars, which is the blockchain mapping of physical assets. As of February 2018, there are no more than 10 varieties. The typical representatives are usdt against US dollars, digix Dao against gold, Digix each token represents 1 gram of Gold Certified by the London Bullion Market Association. Asset token has the advantages of convenient transaction and safekeeping. First of all, asset token is more convenient for transaction. Because blockchain assets can be split, it has better liquidity
for example, at present, real estate needs to be transferred as a whole. If the real estate can be token, it can be split and purchased, which is more convenient for transaction. Secondly, the token of physical assets is more concive to custody. Gold is easy to wear out and cause losses in physical transactions, but there is no need for physical transfer after the token of physical assets, which is more concive to the custody of physical assets
Any unit or indivial that obstructs or restricts suppliers from entering the local government procurement market or the government procurement market of its own instry shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If he refuses to make corrections, the person in charge of the unit or indivial shall be punished by the administrative department at a higher level or the relevant organ
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the effectiveness of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
blockchain is unified in the whole network, so it is logically centralized. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized.
01
understand the declaration situation
first, from the national level (Ministry of science and technology, Ministry of instry and information technology, national development and Reform Commission, Ministry of culture, Ministry of Agriculture...), provincial level (Department of science and technology, commission of instry and information technology, national development and Reform Commission, Department of Agriculture...), municipal level (bureau of science and technology, bureau of instry and information technology The national development and Reform Commission...) and other official websites can check the information related to or possibly related to the application of enterprise development projects, and analyze whether the enterprise meets the application conditions in combination with the instry and scale of the enterprise.
if there is enough time in the process of applying for projects, The overall layout of the market can be carried out according to the first overall document. We can understand the source of these science and technology projects and the relationship between them and various plans. Then we can plan the declaration items in advance according to the plan of our own region.
because every science and technology policy is related to the overall plan of the local government, However, municipal units generally have master plans, and there will be statements about science and technology in master plans.
the introction of science and technology projects is a document issued by government departments, and the basis for their introction can be found in master plans.
02
guidelines for research application
now many projects and funds have clear funding scope Subject classification.
enterprises should analyze and screen the projects that meet the application requirements in combination with the application and completion situation in previous years, focus on the scope of funding, project requirements, project ownership and subject, and subject classification of projects, and determine the projects to be applied according to the requirements of specific support items in the application guide, Enterprises can judge whether to declare the project according to the following points:
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6. Adequate literature preparation.
03
topic selection of the project
whether it is basic research or applied research, the topic selection is best problem-oriented, not technology-oriented. Once the problem is found, the topic is found. However, most of the problems that can be solved with new technology are not good.
hot topics are not necessarily good topics, People in hot spots are also very hot. But in hot spots that are not hot, it must be a good topic, because the review of project books lags behind the application for half a year.
in the field of basic research, it is of course effective to quote heavyweight literatures, but it should also be noted that if you use the latest heavyweight literatures as guidance, you will find that many people are surprisingly consistent with your ideas, However, some judges are particularly against following suit.
04
schele of project declaration
it is suggested that the person in charge of the declaration should summarize the rules of the project declaration time of each department every year, which can help enterprise science and technology management personnel plan projects in advance and do a good job in project declaration.
generally, national declaration projects only have one application opportunity a year; There are one or two opportunities to declare projects at the provincial and municipal levels in a year. The specific time limit for each year is not exactly the same, and the project declaration guidelines or documents issued in that year shall prevail.
If any uncertain matters are found, timely communication with the competent department of the project is required,
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write a good project application
the application materials are the only materials for the evaluation experts to judge whether the enterprise's application projects meet the requirements, so the quality of the application materials becomes a crucial link in the process of project application.
generally speaking, the content of project application mainly includes the policy basis for applying for funds, the quality of the application materials, and the quality of the application materials The necessity or significance of the project, the research background and development trend of the project at home and abroad, the main research content of the project, the innovation points and the key technical problems to be solved, the existing working basis and advantages, the expected economic and social benefits, etc.
in short, a good project application should be & quot; Write it for others to appreciate;, If & quot; The items written are incomprehensible to others;, This application is very dangerous.
in the application of high-level and high-level projects, it requires innovation, seeking novelty, limited goals, doing something and not doing something.
how to write an application for science and technology projects<
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main contents
generally speaking, the contents to be considered in an application project can be divided into two parts: the first is the research content and plan of the project, and the second is the research basis of the applicant.
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research content and plan of the project
in this part, enterprises should make clear the following problems:
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4. The innovation of the project and the key problems to be solved
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6. Feasibility analysis
7. Project features and innovations
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9. Budget and annual research plan.
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research basis
the research basis of the project includes the following contents:
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2. Working conditions
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4. Undertaking scientific research projects.
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research content and plan of the project
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basis for establishing the project and domestic and foreign trends
to apply for the project, we need to know the research field and instry of the project, whether it meets the requirements of the national, instrial, provincial and municipal development programs or instrial policies, and highlight the topics closely related to the project, According to the needs of different levels of elaboration.
before the declaration, we need to sort out the development process of the reported project horizontally and / or vertically, and briefly describe the important development nodes in the development process. It can be summarized as research trends at home and abroad (pay attention to quoting the latest literature and review (recent three years)), and summarize our advantages compared with the previous or others, Through the summary and analysis of this part, we should refine the research hotspots and difficulties of the disciplines (Special Topics) related to your application project, including the characteristics and shortcomings of each research stage, the degree of our research progress at this stage, briefly clarify the key contents to be solved, and explain the significance of the research,
tips:
references must provide the full name and source of the author; It is necessary to refer to the works of well-known domestic experts; Literature review can not avoid the latest research progress at home and abroad.
02
research objectives
the research objectives of a project refer to the objectives to be achieved after the project solves problems.
according to the actual situation of the enterprise, we should pass on the objectives and expectations to the evaluation experts after the project is completed. Generally speaking, it includes technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives, technical objectives Economic goal and academic goal.
technical goal:
technical goal refers to that this science and technology project can fill the technological gap in the national, provincial, municipal or instrial fields, promote technological development and lead the progress of the instry.
economic goal:
it can describe the proction capacity of the enterprise, the completion of sales revenue and the contribution to the tax revenue of the region, If necessary, the financial department should make an objective estimation of the sales revenue, profits and taxes according to the proction capacity that can be achieved.
academic Objective:
refers to the number of papers published by enterprise researchers, the number of patents applied for, or the proction approval and Instry standard revision obtained by the enterprise after the completion of the project, The description of technology patents and proct patents should not be exaggerated to avoid increasing the difficulty of project acceptance.
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research content
research content refers to the specific work done by enterprises around the completion of the project, including research methods, technical routes, etc.
the content should be appropriate to ensure the completion of the research cycle; They complement each other and serve the research objectives; In the whole process, pay attention to the wording and do not disclose the technical secrets of the enterprise.
research methods:
research methods should be combined with the actual situation of the enterprise, using the existing personnel, equipment and technical conditions, and adopting scientific and reasonable ways and means, To achieve the research objectives.
technical route:
technical route is the overall design from the beginning to the completion of the project, which clarifies the research methods used in the whole process, the research contents completed, the key problems solved and the expected goals achieved, and highlights the technology, approaches and innovation points in the proposed problems, Highlight the innovation of the technical route.
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the innovation points of the project and the key problems to be solved
the key problems to be solved correspond with the technical objectives of the research purpose. We should carefully analyze the potential technical problems that may appear in the process of project implementation, some research contents or factors that have an important impact on the expected objectives in the research process This part reflects the applicant's deep understanding of the overall goal of the project and the ability to solve it as a whole. Enterprises need to pay attention to the following aspects:
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2< In this part, we need to make clear the specific and executable work plan and process of the implementation of the research content, the interrelationship and complementarity of the research contents, and the labeling and unification of the application methods, It can be represented by flow chart.
the research method, technical route and experimental scheme should be specific, but not too detailed, otherwise it is easy to get loopholes. Your expression must make the judges think that you have a good understanding of the whole process of experimental technology, and you can use technical terms and abbreviations as much as possible, Write out the main experimental materials and experimental process.
the technical method must be that this experiment has been established, at least with relevant experimental basis or virtual basis. All key technologies should have literature sources, preferably published in their own laboratory. If there is literature, there is no doubt, Key experimental materials must be available or available.
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feasibility analysis
mainly refers to the reliability of experimental materials (system), the feasibility of experimental methods, the reliability of pre experimental conclusions, the predictability of theory, etc.
the theoretical analysis, research methods, method analysis, pre experimental results analysis of the project The analysis of special experimental materials (reagents), the analysis of experimental conditions and the analysis of the ability of project team members to use technical methods may not be comprehensive, but can focus on writing.
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project features and innovations
project features and innovations, technical difficulties are the key points of the project application report, It is also an important basis for the evaluation of experts. In the project, new materials, new methods, new processes and new technologies are used to create new procts. Only in this way can the project reflect innovation and use patents and technologies
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< H2 > extended materials:1. Computer level 2 examination subjects:
< P > the examination center of the Ministry of ecation has decided to implement paperless NCRE from the first half of 2013. The level 2 six subjects are: Level 2 C, level 2 VB, level 2 VFP, level 2 Java, level 2 access and level 2 C + +[ 3] Cancel "Delphi language programming" course (Code: 62)from March 2018, NCRE will implement the 2018 examination syllabus, cancel the subject of "Visual FoxPro database programming" in Level 2 (Code: 27), and December 2017 will be its last examination. New "Python language programming" subjects (Code: 66), test ration: 120 minutes, in September 2018 for the first time
2. Computer level 2 examination mode:
freshmen who apply for the level 2 examination of six subjects, all adopt paperless examination (that is, all computer examination), replacing the traditional examination mode (written examination plus computer examination). The old students who take the make-up examination of seven subjects in the second level still take the make-up examination according to the traditional mode. In the paperless examination, the written part of the traditional examination is transplanted to the computer, and the examination content and requirements remain unchanged. Paperless examination time for 120 minutes, full score of 100 points, the total score of 60 points can be obtained certificate. Candidates who have not obtained the qualification certificate will not take the make-up examination. They need to register as new candidates next time
First of all, the EIA shall be carried out in combination with the filing documents, and the land use proceres for construction projects can be handled only after the EIA is approved
first of all, the project should be put on record, the project should be evaluated for environmental impact (approved by environmental protection management department), the project involving safety proction should also be evaluated for safety (approved by safety management department), and the health management department, urban planning management department, land resource management department and fire control management department are also needed for occupational diseases
Article 8 of the law of the people's Republic of China on environmental impact assessment stipulates that the relevant departments of the State Council, the local people's governments at or above the city level divided into districts and their relevant departments shall be responsible for the special plans for instry, agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, energy, water conservancy, transportation, urban construction, tourism and natural resources development organized and compiled by them, The environmental impact assessment shall be organized before the draft of the special plan is submitted for examination and approval, and the environmental impact report shall be submitted to the organ that examined and approved the special plan
extended data:
instrial project approval process
stage I: project filing stage (2 working days)
approval items: Instrial and commercial business license, organization code certificate, tax registration certificate, project filing
examination and approval departments: Instry and Commerce Bureau, Quality Supervision Bureau, National Taxation Bureau, Local Taxation Bureau, development and Reform Bureau
the project unit shall prepare the project profile, project name and submit them to the "three certificates in one" comprehensive service window of the government affairs center for handling, and the instrial and commercial business license, organization code certificate and tax registration certificate shall be submitted to the window of the development and Reform Bureau for filing after the materials are prepared
the second stage: construction application stage (34 working days)
approval items: project site selection opinions, land use preliminary review, environmental impact assessment report, and issuance of state-owned land certificate (16 working days)
approval departments: Bureau of land and resources, bureau of housing and urban rural development, environmental protection bureau
approval items: construction permit of civil air defense project, design audit of lightning protection device, seismic safety assessment and seismic fortification requirements audit, power supply application, letter of good faith responsibility, energy saving record, construction project planning permit, construction project construction permit, construction project fire protection design record (18 working days)
approval departments: Civil Air Defense Office, Meteorological Bureau, science and Technology Bureau, power supply company, human resources and Social Security Bureau, housing construction bureau and fire brigade
the project unit shall prepare all the application materials and submit them to the instrial project comprehensive window of the Government Affairs Service Center for handling
The third stage: completion acceptance stage (9 working days)approval items: acceptance of lightning protection facilities, fire protection, environmental protection, completion, planning, civil air defense and urban landscaping
approval departments: fire brigade, environmental protection bureau, housing construction bureau and civil air defense office
The Government Affairs Service Center shall organize all acceptance departments to carry out the acceptance