Intersection and multiplication term decentralization command
& quot; A smart contract is a set of promises defined in digital form, including the agreements on which the contract participants can execute these promises& quot;
let's explore the meaning of his definition in more detail
commitment
a set of commitments refers to the (often mutual) rights and obligations agreed by contract participants. These commitments define the nature and purpose of the contract. Take a sales contract as a typical example. The seller promises to deliver the goods and the buyer promises to pay a reasonable price
digital form
digital form means that contracts have to be written into computer-readable code. This is necessary, because as long as the participants reach an agreement, the rights and obligations of smart contract establishment are executed by a computer or computer network
to further explain:
(1) when will the parties to the smart contract reach an agreement? The answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation. Generally speaking, the contract is discovered when the parties are committed to the execution of the contract by installing the contract on the contract host platform< (2) contract execution
& quot; Execute & quot; And the real meaning of it also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, implementation means active implementation through technical means
(3) computer readable code
in addition, the contract needs specific & quot; Digital form & quot; Very much depends on the agreement that the parties agree to use
protocol
protocol is technical implementation, on this basis, the contract commitment is realized, or the contract commitment is recorded. Which agreement to choose depends on many factors, the most important of which is the nature of the assets being traded ring the performance of the contract
take the sales contract as an example. Suppose that the participants agree to pay in bitcoin. The chosen protocol will obviously be bitcoin protocol, on which the smart contract will be implemented. Therefore, the contract must use & quot; Digital form & quot; It's bitcoin scripting language. Bitcoin scripting language is a non Turing complete, imperative, stack based programming language, similar to forth.
blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it is characterized by "unforgeability", "trace in the whole process", "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid "trust" foundation, created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects
on January 10, 2019, the state Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the management of blockchain information services. In October 24, 2019, ring the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". "Blockchain" has entered the public field of vision and become the focus of social attention
on December 2, 2019, the word was selected into the top ten catchwords of "biting words" in 2019
extended data:
Application of blockchain Finance:
since 2016, the major financial giants have also carried out blockchain innovation projects to explore the possibility of applying blockchain Technology in various financial scenarios. In particular, Puyin group took the lead in creating a "blockchain +" standard digital currency
standard digital currency refers to the process of assets identification, evaluation, right confirmation and insurance completed by a third party organization, which is written into the blockchain through careful digital algorithm to form the standard corresponding relationship between assets and digital currency, which is called standard digital currency
in order to realize the great leap forward development of blockchain finance, promote the new development of China's economy, accelerate the circulation of global assets, and realize the dream of rejuvenation that has been struggling for generations, Puyin group will hold the Guiyang strategic development ceremony of Puyin blockchain finance in Guizhou on December 9, 2016
the meeting will discuss the realization of digital circulation of assets by blockchain, the financial transaction mode of blockchain, and the application of blockchain services and social public instry. This conference will mark the beginning of the application of blockchain finance and the change and development of the new financial ecology
Bitcoin is a virtual cryptocurrency based on decentralization, peer-to-peer network and consensus initiative, open source, and blockchain as the underlying technology. It was proposed by Nakamoto in 2008 and born in 2009
bitcoin does not have a centralized issuer, which is generated by the calculation of network nodes. It can be bought and sold on any computer connected to the Internet, and has a strong scarcity
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in terms of user groups, Linux is a developer centric operating system, while windows is a consumer centric operating system, which is the fundamental difference between the two operating systems. In short, the choice between the two systems depends on whether you develop them or use them as consumers
the advantages and disadvantages of Linux and windows can be summarized as follows
1. Linux can see the source code, but windows can't
the direct result of this point is that the required kernel moles can be tailored and customized in special applications, which is quite beneficial to the optimization of advanced system kernel management and the development of drivers. In addition, because the code is visible, there is no need to worry about malicious functions or backdoors, which is beneficial to the use of military and government enterprises. In addition, when there is a serious problem in the system, you can modify the code by yourself, or you can compile and use it after a few K patches. For windows, you have to wait for a Microsoft patch
2. Linux command line is powerful and can do anything. Windows also has a command line, but it is an accessory
the command line is the foundation of Linux. Even if you are not satisfied with some commands, you can modify or write your own commands. The advantage of the command line is that it is repeatable. To know exactly what the command line is, you can visit old boy ecation. If you want to tell others how to do a thing, you can send a command line to it. If you want to do a thing that you did before again, you can call up the historical command record and execute it again. A lot of things that need to be done regularly are written into scripts. If you set a crontab timer, it's done. In addition, this also ensures that you do the same thing with the same command line
3. Open source and highly customizable
the original intention of open source is not for freedom, but for customization. At & T UNIX has always been righted, but the source code is still available, so that users can modify it according to their needs. Most of the software and systems appreciated by the Linux community follow the same rules - they should be able to adapt to different environments of different users, easily change their behavior, and easily integrate with different environments. Instead of assuming that others are in line with your needs, give them the freedom to customize the system
4. Decentralized
software development also predestinates that the interface and form of the system are not unified because everyone likes to invent wheels. And everyone's wheel is more or less suitable for themselves and the community, rather than everyone. In the Linux environment, no one can force everyone to use their own wheel (except kernel developers, but in fact many distro also have patches on the kernel). Therefore, instead of formulating a practice, Linux allows users to choose a way of life
you can see that there are a large number of distros in the Linux ecosystem. Different distros have different init modes, different package managers and installation strategies; Everyone's habit of using different VCs, different shells and different editors is the embodiment of more choice philosophy
5. Linux is based on the network and was born in the network
when you connect to SSH remotely, you can easily control the Linux server thousands of miles away. As long as you have the corresponding permissions, it's almost the same as sitting in front of a physical machine. Even if the network speed is poor, it's just some encrypted characters being transmitted, and the bandwidth required is very small.
The origin of money:
money is the proct of commodity exchange. At the end of primitive society, the earliest currency was physical currency. Generally speaking, nomadic people used livestock and animal skins to realize their monetary functions, while agricultural people used grain, cloth, agricultural tools, pottery, seashells, pearls and jade as the earliest physical currency. According to archaeological excavation, a large number of pottery pots were unearthed from the late Neolithic sites such as Banpo as sacrificial objects; A large number of pig heads and mandibles were buried in Dawenkou Culture, which shows that pigs and pottery played the role of monetary wealth in the late primitive society
However, it is well known that the widely circulated ancient physical currency was "Bei". Because as physical currency, cattle, sheep, pigs and other livestock can not be separated, grains will rot, pearls and jade are too few, and knives and shovels are too heavy, so the final focus is on the seashells. Seashells can be used as necklaces. They are valuable and easy to carry and count. Therefore, they are selected as the main currency in long-term commodity exchange. In archaeological excavations, a large number of natural shellfish were unearthed from the sites of Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty. Shellfish as physical currency has been used until the development of currency in the spring and Autumn Period:the earliest currency in China is shellfish originated from Shang Dynasty. With the expansion of commodity exchange, the circulation of shellfish coins has become increasingly large. Because the source of natural shellfish is limited and not enough for application, imitation shellfish appeared. The original imitation shells were stone shells, bone shells and pottery shells. Later, they were made of copper, which is called copper shells
The emergence of copper coins made the ancient currency enter a new period, and its development and wide circulation was a significant turning point in the early currency development. There were four kinds of currency in circulation at that time: cloth coin, knife coin, ring coin and ant nose coin In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, and then implemented a series of measures to consolidate the feudal centralization, including the unified currency. The unified currency is divided into gold and copper coins. Gold is the upper coin, and copper coin is the lower coin. It is used according to pieces. The word "half Liang" is engraved on the face of the coin, indicating that the weight of each coin is half Liang, which is called half Liang in history. No other property shall be allowed to circulate as currency
classification of currency:
1. Currency
this is the original meaning of coins, and the purpose of issue is to "circulate"
2. The purpose of collecting coins is not to serve "Circulation", but to serve "collection", which is usually sold by sovereign issuers at a price higher or far higher than the face value. Investment currency is a "coin" shaped ingot made of precious metals (silver, gold, platinum and palladium) with high fineness (generally more than 99.9%) and fixed weight (such as 1 / 4 ounces, 1 / 2 ounces and 1 ounces)
< H2 > reference materials: network currency