Eiffel decentralization
Publish: 2021-03-27 06:46:23
1. For example, liquidity is very important, transaction is necessary, and payment system is globalized
2.
At that time, the tower was the global center for broadcasting time signals, broadcasting weather forecasts to all parts of the world; Now the TV antenna is installed on the tower, which has become a TV Tower. It is the symbol of Paris and an integral part of the scenic area of Paris
the Eiffel Tower, one of the landmarks of Paris, is located in the square of Ares in Paris, France. It is named after its designer. It is a tall building in Paris and a cultural symbol of France
the landmark building iron tower was built to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution (1789) and welcome the World Expo. It is a masterpiece in the history of World Architecture and one of the three major buildings in the West
extended materials:
Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel; The Eiffel Tower, built in 1889, stands on the South Bank of the Seine River in Paris, France. It was the tallest building in the world at that time. The Eiffel Tower is named after Gustav Eiffel, the famous architect and structural engineer who designed it. It is all built by Schneider iron (now Schneider Electric)
the Eiffel Tower is a world-famous building, one of the symbols of French culture, one of the landmarks of Paris and the tallest building in Paris. They are called "Iron Lady" by the French
In 1880, France just got rid of the humiliation in the Franco Prussian War. In order to show its national strength, the French parliament made a decision in 1884: from May 5 to November 6, 1889, Paris, France will hold another world expo, the theme of which is to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution In May 1886, the French government invited tenders for the World Expo; Design a tower in the square of Ares in Paris. There are two conditions: the tower can attract visitors to buy tickets to visit; It can be easily removed after the Expo The Eiffel Tower, the Tokyo Tower and the Empire State building are known as the "three famous buildings in the west"3.
The Eiffel Tower, standing on the South Bank of the Seine River, is located in the Ares square in Paris, France. It was built in 1889. When it was completed, the Eiffel Tower was once the tallest building in the world. It was named after Gustav Eiffel, the famous architect and structural engineer who designed it. All of it was built by Schneider ironware. It is a world-famous building, one of the symbols of French culture, one of the city landmarks of Paris and the tallest building in Paris. They are called "Iron Lady" by the French
The Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, the antenna is 24 meters high, and the total height is 324 meters. The tower is composed of many scattered steel components - it looks like a pile of model components. There are 18038 iron and steel components, weighing 10000 tons. During the construction, 7 million holes were drilled, 12000 metal parts were used, and 2.5 million rivets were used. In addition to the four feet are made of reinforced concrete, the whole body is made of steel, sharing 7300 tons of cooked ironthe tower is divided into three floors, 57.6 m, 115.7 m and 276.1 m above the ground respectively. There are restaurants on the first and second floors and a viewing platform on the third floor. There are 1711 steps from the tower base to the tower top
extended materials:
background of Eiffel Tower Construction:
in 1880, France just got rid of the humiliation in the Franco Prussian War. In order to show its national strength, in 1884, the French parliament made a decision: from May 5 to November 6, 1889, Paris, France will hold another world expo, the theme of which is to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution
In May 1886, the French government invited tenders for the World Expo; Design a tower in the square of Ares in Paris. There are two conditions: the tower can attract visitors to buy tickets to visit; It can be easily removed after the Expo4. The full name of Notre Dame de Paris is Notre Dame de Paris - 1482, published in 1831. This is a historical novel of Scott's style and a representative work of French romantic novels. The novel is set in France under the rule of Louis XI in the 15th century, and takes Notre Dame as the main scene. It describes the complicated and bizarre stories among the three main characters, Esmeralda, Notre Dame and Claude, the Archbishop of the gypsy. At the beginning of the novel, the concept of "fate" or "days" is put forward. The three characters, the beautiful and pure Esmeralda, the ugly and good Quasimodo, and the evil and complex Claude, are allowed to perform the tragic stories under the arrangement of fate, reflecting the author's pessimism. Hugo has done a long-term and serious historical research on the historical background of the novel, but the plot of the novel is the proct of the author's imagination Notre Dame de Paris embodies the principle of "beauty and ugliness contrast" advocated by Hugo. The characters and events in the book, even from real life, are greatly exaggerated and strengthened. Under the writer's heavy ink and color, they form a gorgeous and strange picture, forming sharp and even unbelievable contrast between good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and practicing the principle of combining sublime and funny
in the novel, the male characters around Esmeralda, a gypsy girl, are not only the bell ringer Quasimodo and Bishop Claude, but also the poet gangova and the cavalry captain Phoebus, who represent a typical type. Among the four men, the one with real depth belongs to Claude. From the surface, this character belongs to the culprit who should be condemned. As an archbishop, he is dignified and leads a life of ascetic and ascetic, but his heart is full of lust and envy for worldly enjoyment. The more he realized that he had lost people's joy, the more he hated the world and everything. He incited religious fanaticism, created superstition, spread prejudice against bohemians, and collaborated with the crown prosecutor to harm the people. This character is the representative of religious hypocrisy and evil forces of the church. However, from a deeper perspective, when the author portrays the character, he is regarded as a sinner, but also as a victim of medieval asceticism. Esmeralda is destroyed only by the body, and Claude is first destroyed by the soul, and then by the body. But in the face of the beautiful Esmeralda, who loves more deeply and strongly than him? He can't get this love, he doesn't know how to love! Does the author want to accuse the religious asceticism against humanity through this character
in Notre Dame de Paris, the author describes the lower class people, vagrants and beggars in Paris with great sympathy. They are ragged and rude, but in their "society", we can find the spirit of mutual aid, honesty, bravery and sacrifice, which is rare in the upper society. It is in sharp contrast with the upper society ruled by Louis XI. The scene of paris tramps attacking Notre Dame to save Esmeralda in the novel is generous, solemn and stirring. Hugo predicts that the people will rise to destroy the Bastille prison through the words of the characters in the book, implying the outbreak of the great revolution in 1789. The description here is actually the echo of the revolution in July, showing Hugo's great talent in describing historical scenes
from the specific description of the novel, some people point out that the real protagonist of the novel is Notre Dame, the Gothic cathedral. He personifies Notre Dame as a stone symphony. Hugo's wonderful description of Notre Dame has aroused France's interest in Gothic art and contributed to the protection of historic buildings. In addition, the life of the Parisian people in the Middle Ages centered on Notre Dame was different
in the novel, the male characters around Esmeralda, a gypsy girl, are not only the bell ringer Quasimodo and Bishop Claude, but also the poet gangova and the cavalry captain Phoebus, who represent a typical type. Among the four men, the one with real depth belongs to Claude. From the surface, this character belongs to the culprit who should be condemned. As an archbishop, he is dignified and leads a life of ascetic and ascetic, but his heart is full of lust and envy for worldly enjoyment. The more he realized that he had lost people's joy, the more he hated the world and everything. He incited religious fanaticism, created superstition, spread prejudice against bohemians, and collaborated with the crown prosecutor to harm the people. This character is the representative of religious hypocrisy and evil forces of the church. However, from a deeper perspective, when the author portrays the character, he is regarded as a sinner, but also as a victim of medieval asceticism. Esmeralda is destroyed only by the body, and Claude is first destroyed by the soul, and then by the body. But in the face of the beautiful Esmeralda, who loves more deeply and strongly than him? He can't get this love, he doesn't know how to love! Does the author want to accuse the religious asceticism against humanity through this character
in Notre Dame de Paris, the author describes the lower class people, vagrants and beggars in Paris with great sympathy. They are ragged and rude, but in their "society", we can find the spirit of mutual aid, honesty, bravery and sacrifice, which is rare in the upper society. It is in sharp contrast with the upper society ruled by Louis XI. The scene of paris tramps attacking Notre Dame to save Esmeralda in the novel is generous, solemn and stirring. Hugo predicts that the people will rise to destroy the Bastille prison through the words of the characters in the book, implying the outbreak of the great revolution in 1789. The description here is actually the echo of the revolution in July, showing Hugo's great talent in describing historical scenes
from the specific description of the novel, some people point out that the real protagonist of the novel is Notre Dame, the Gothic cathedral. He personifies Notre Dame as a stone symphony. Hugo's wonderful description of Notre Dame has aroused France's interest in Gothic art and contributed to the protection of historic buildings. In addition, the life of the Parisian people in the Middle Ages centered on Notre Dame was different
5. In 1889, the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, Paris held a large-scale international exposition to celebrate. The most eye-catching exhibit of the Eiffel Tower in the Expo is the Eiffel Tower. It became the symbol of the instrial revolution sweeping the world at that time
therefore, it was completed for the World Expo
* celebrating the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution is a monument to the honor of France
* became the symbol of the instrial revolution sweeping the world at that time
* was a masterpiece of technology in the history of World Architecture, and had maintained the world's tallest building for 45 years
* became an important scenic spot in France and Paris, and was the symbol of modern Paris (Notre Dame de Paris is the symbol of ancient Paris)
* showed the French's fantastic romantic taste, artistic taste, artistic charm, and artistic charm Innovation and sense of humor
* represented that Europe was in a special period of transition and transformation from classicism to modernism at that time
* the iron tower made great contributions to radio communication in the first World War
therefore, it was completed for the World Expo
* celebrating the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution is a monument to the honor of France
* became the symbol of the instrial revolution sweeping the world at that time
* was a masterpiece of technology in the history of World Architecture, and had maintained the world's tallest building for 45 years
* became an important scenic spot in France and Paris, and was the symbol of modern Paris (Notre Dame de Paris is the symbol of ancient Paris)
* showed the French's fantastic romantic taste, artistic taste, artistic charm, and artistic charm Innovation and sense of humor
* represented that Europe was in a special period of transition and transformation from classicism to modernism at that time
* the iron tower made great contributions to radio communication in the first World War
6.
In fact, the Eiffel Tower is now a famous scenic spot. In fact, the Eiffel Tower should not exist all the time, because at the beginning, it was the right time. France wanted to shine in the World Expo that year, and when the Eiffel Tower was built, it was demolished after a period of time
it's really an unimaginable origin. After that, it was supposed to be demolished. Due to the weather station and other equipment at the top of the Eiffel Tower, the Eiffel Tower was not demolished. Over time, the Eiffel Tower was left
the Eiffel Tower is a symbol. Maybe many people will want to demolish it just after it is built, but I think it is definitely not what the country and the people want to see now, because the Eiffel Tower is also the name card of national culture. It's impossible to dismantle it easily. Now the protection of the tower is getting better and better
7. Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel; English: the Eiffel Tower stands on the South Bank of Seine River in Paris, France. It was built in 1889 and named after Gustav Eiffel, the famous architect and structural engineer who designed it. It was all built by Schneider iron (now Schneider Electric)
it is a world-famous building, one of the symbols of French culture, one of the landmarks of Paris and the tallest building in Paris. They are called "Iron Lady" by the French
the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, the antenna is 24 meters high, and the total height is 324 meters
historical evolution
the Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustav Eiffel. In 1885, French officials began to plan to hold a great exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution. They want to build a monument to represent the honor of France< At that time, the stone Washington Monument had just been completed. The 557 foot monument became the tallest building in the world at that time. And the French want to surpass that record by building a 1000 foot tower in central Paris. All that needs to be done is to find the design and architect of the tower
in November 1886, the French trade minister approved the final tower building plan of the Eiffel team
on January 26, 1887, the Eiffel Tower was officially started
on February 24, 1887, the literary, artistic and architectural circles in Paris participated in the protest, including French writer Maupassant. This protest against the construction of the Paris tower was signed by more than 300 famous people< On March 31, 1889, the main building of Eiffel Tower was completed. The Eiffel Tower became the most classic building in the World Expo
on March 31, 1989, the Eiffel Tower was 100 years old
on January 16, 2004, in order to bid for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the Paris municipal government specially selected the Eiffel Tower to introce their preparations for the Olympic bid.
it is a world-famous building, one of the symbols of French culture, one of the landmarks of Paris and the tallest building in Paris. They are called "Iron Lady" by the French
the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, the antenna is 24 meters high, and the total height is 324 meters
historical evolution
the Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustav Eiffel. In 1885, French officials began to plan to hold a great exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution. They want to build a monument to represent the honor of France< At that time, the stone Washington Monument had just been completed. The 557 foot monument became the tallest building in the world at that time. And the French want to surpass that record by building a 1000 foot tower in central Paris. All that needs to be done is to find the design and architect of the tower
in November 1886, the French trade minister approved the final tower building plan of the Eiffel team
on January 26, 1887, the Eiffel Tower was officially started
on February 24, 1887, the literary, artistic and architectural circles in Paris participated in the protest, including French writer Maupassant. This protest against the construction of the Paris tower was signed by more than 300 famous people< On March 31, 1889, the main building of Eiffel Tower was completed. The Eiffel Tower became the most classic building in the World Expo
on March 31, 1989, the Eiffel Tower was 100 years old
on January 16, 2004, in order to bid for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the Paris municipal government specially selected the Eiffel Tower to introce their preparations for the Olympic bid.
8.
In 1880, France just got rid of the humiliation of the Franco Prussian War. In order to show its national strength, the French parliament made a decision in 1884: from May 5 to November 6, 1889, Paris, France will hold another world expo, the theme of which is to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution
In May 1886, the French government invited tenders for the World Expo; Design a tower in the square of Ares in Paris. There are two conditions: the tower can attract visitors to buy tickets to visit; It can be easily removed after the Expo
the Eiffel Tower was visited by about 6.98 million people in 2011, and the total number of visitors in 2010 has exceeded 270 million, bringing 1.5 billion euro tourism revenue to Paris every year
extended data
the structural system of Eiffel Tower is intuitive and simple: at the bottom are four giant inclined column piers distributed on the 128M long base of each side, with an inclination of 54 °， It is supported by the first floor platform at the height of 57.63m; There are four slightly curved columns between the first level platform and the second level platform at the height of 115.73m
Then, the four columns are transformed into nearly vertical, high stiffness obelisks with a third platform at the height of 276.13m; At the height of 300.65m is the top platform of the tower with TV antenna. The total weight of the tower is 10000t, which is borne by four solid caisson foundations extending to the underlying bearing stratum9. Eiffel Tower
contents · introction
· the symbol of Paris
· masterpiece of steel
· story behind Eiffel Tower
· three lookouts
· from criticism to praise
· maintenance of Eiffel Tower
· tourist guide
English: Eiffel Tower
French: La Tour Eiffel
Introction
Eiffel Tower is one of the symbols of Paris, They are called "Iron Lady" by the French. Together with the Empire State Building in New York and the TV Tower in Tokyo, it is known as the three famous buildings in the West< In 1889, the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, Paris held a large-scale international exposition to celebrate. The most eye-catching exhibit at the Expo is the Eiffel Tower. It became the symbol of the instrial revolution sweeping the world at that time
the designer of the Eiffel Tower is French architect Gustav Eiffel. In his early years, he was famous as a drybridge expert. In his life, he has many outstanding works all over the world, but it is the tower named after him that makes him famous all over the world. In his own words, the Eiffel Tower "drowned me, as if I had just built her all my life.". At the beginning, although the French government decided to build the world's tallest tower in Paris, it provided only one fifth of the cost. In order to realize his design, Eiffel mortgaged his construction engineering company and all his property to the bank as project investment< On January 28, 1887, the Eiffel Tower was officially started. 250 workers worked 8 hours a day in winter and 13 hours a day in summer. Finally, on March 31, 1889, the steel tower was completed. The Eiffel Tower has more than 18000 metal parts, weighing 7000 tons. During the construction, 7 million holes were drilled and 2.5 million rivets were used. Because each part of the tower is strictly numbered in advance, there is no mistake in the assembly. The construction is carried out in accordance with the design completely, and no changes are made ring the construction. It can be seen that the design is reasonable and the calculation is accurate. According to statistics, there are more than 5300 design sketches of the tower alone, including 1700 full drawings
the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, and it was the highest building in the world until 1930. Today, radio and television antennas are added to the tower, with a total height of 320 meters. Standing on the tower, the whole of Paris is at your feet. Every day, tourists from all over the world come to visit. By 1988, "Iron Lady" had welcomed 123 million tourists from five continents< On March 31, 1989, the Eiffel Tower was 100 years old. For this reason, the Paris tower management company specially presided over a grand commemorative activity, which reproced the historical scene of Eiffel leading the people to the summit 100 years ago: wearing a black dress, wearing a wide brimmed hat, holding a national flag, "Eiffel" and 30 "celebrities" and "construction workers" Rose to the top in the grand drum music. When he put the tricolor flag on the top of the tower, 21 gun salutes, pigeons flying around the tower, and colored balloons floating into the blue sky. On the fence of the platform on the second floor of the iron tower, there is a colorful banner of "Celebrating the 100 year old of the iron tower" written in the words of all countries in the world. Countless tourists have been looking forward to the spectacle
the Eiffel Tower has experienced a hundred years of wind and rain, but after the overhaul in the early 1980s, it still stands on the Seine River. It is the pride of all the French people
the Eiffel Tower, covering an area of one hectare, stands on the Ares square by the Seine River in downtown Paris. In addition to the four feet are made of reinforced concrete, the whole body is made of steel, with a total weight of 7000 tons. The tower is divided into three layers, the first layer is 57 meters high, the second layer is 115 meters, and the third layer is 274 meters. Except that there is no gap in the third floor platform, all other parts are permeable. There are 1711 steps from the tower base to the top of the tower. Now the elevator is installed, so it is very convenient. There are bars and restaurants on each floor for tourists to take a rest and enjoy the unique panoramic view of Paris: when the sky is clear, you can see the scenery as far as 70 km
the symbol of Paris
the Eiffel Tower is a famous tower in Paris, France, which is located at the north end of Mars square on the South Bank of Seine River. It has a history of more than 100 years since it was started on January 26, 1887 and opened on May 15, 1889
If Notre Dame is the symbol of ancient Paris, then the Eiffel Tower is the symbol of modern Paris< In 1889, the French government decided to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution by holding an unprecedented World Expo in Paris to show the achievements of instrial technology and culture, and to build a monument to the French Revolution and Paris. The Preparatory Committee originally hoped to build a classical Memorial group with statues, monuments, gardens and temples, but in more than 700 projects, it selected the design of Bridge Engineer Gusta Eiffel: a giant tower that symbolizes machine civilization and can be seen in any corner of Paris
romantic Parisians give the tower a beautiful name - "shepherdess in the clouds". It is named after Eiffel, a famous French architect and designer, and a bronze bust of Eiffel is built under the tower<
masterpiece of steel
the tower is a hollow steel structure, 324m high and 10000 tons heavy. There are three platforms at 57M, 115m and 274m above sea level for sightseeing. The fourth platform is 300m above sea level and equipped with weather station. There is an antenna on the top, which is the Paris TV Center. Elevators and 1710 steps are installed from the ground to the top of the tower<
the tower adopts staggered structure, which is supported by four thick iron columns with concrete and cement base at an angle of 75 degrees to the ground. There are four hydraulic elevators (now elevators) inside. It uses more than 1500 huge prefabricated beam frames, 1.5 million rivets and 12000 steel castings, with a total weight of 7000 tons. It took 250 workers 17 months to build. The cost is 7.4 million gold francs. It is painted every seven years, with 52 tons of paint each time. This behemoth shows the great power of instrial proction in the early stage of capitalism. It is more appropriate to call it assembly than architecture. In the process of designing, decomposing, procing parts, assembling and finishing, a set of scientific, economic and effective methods are summed up. At the same time, it also shows the French fantastic romantic taste, artistic taste, innovative courage and sense of humor
just like the statue of liberty, which sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and settled in New York after the victory of World War II, the Eiffel Tower seeks harmony out of disharmony and finds possibility out of impossibility. Its significance to the Art Nouveau movement can never be understood as the big curve from the spire to the base, or some iron casting pattern lace on the tower body: the iron tower, just like the Art Nouveau school, represented that Europe was in a specific period of transition and transformation from classical tradition to modernism at that time
in recent years, the Paris municipal government has carried out major maintenance on the tower. Since the Christmas of 1985, the tower has been illuminated by iodine tungsten lamp. At night, the tower is cash yellow, which saves electricity and is more beautiful<
the story behind the Eiffel Tower
it may be hard for people to believe that when the idea of the Eiffel Tower was put forward in the late 1800's, many Parisians and even many French did not agree with it. The following story is about the Eiffel Tower, one of the most representative buildings on earth< In 1885, the French government began to plan to hold a great exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution. They want to build a monument to represent the honor of France< At that time, the stone Washington Monument had just been completed. The 557 foot monument became the tallest building in the world at that time. And the French want to surpass that record by building a 1000 foot tower in central Paris. Now, all we need to do is find the design and architect of the tower< On May 2, 1886, the French government announced a design competition in which French engineers and architects were invited to study the possibility of erecting a tower with a base of 125 square meters and a height of 300 meters in Champ de Mars< No matter what ideas the participants put forward, their design must meet the following two conditions:
1. The building can be used to raise funds. In other words, it must be able to attract enough tourists to buy tickets to visit, and the funds obtained can maintain the building itself
2. This is a temporary building, which can be easily demolished after the Expo
there is no competition
more than 100 design drafts are competing before the deadline of May 18. Most of them are very traditional, others are very weird. It was proposed to build a huge guillotine; It was suggested that a 1000 foot sprinkler be erected to irrigate Paris ring the dry season; It is also suggested that a huge electric lamp be installed on the top of the tower, which can light up the whole Paris eight times and make it easy to read newspapers
the fact is that none of the proposals have been passed. Just when the competition was announced, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, a 53 year old architectural engineer, began to think about building a great building for France with metal
a few weeks ago, he had met a French Minister named Edouard lockroy and submitted his plan for a tower. Eiffel proced 5329 mechanical drawings to describe the 18038 different parts to be used. Lockroy was very interested in Eiffel's design, so he secretly manipulated the design competition to make Eiffel's design win< In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French government and the Paris municipal government. Eiffel's engineering company will pay US $1.3 million out of the total construction budget of US $1.6 million. In exchange, Eiffel will receive various income from the tower ring the Expo and the next 20 years At this time, the government has agreed to keep the tower after the Expo.) Then, all ownership will be transferred to the city of Paris, which can dismantle the tower if it wants to
unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed to make money from the beginning. If you want to take the elevator or stairs to the first floor platform, you need to pay 2 francs; If you want to get all the way to the top floor, you need to pay 5 francs (it will be cheaper on Sunday). This is just the beginning. The first floor platform also plans to open restaurants, cafes and shops; The second floor platform plans to open post office, telephone office, bakery and gallery. The tower is designed to accommodate 10416 paid visitors at the same time<
ground breaking
the construction started on January 26, when time is running out. It is only two years since the opening of the Expo, and Eiffel must carry out the construction at a faster speed. You know, the Washington Monument, half the height of the Eiffel Tower, took 36 years to complete
a wave of Parisian protests
a 1000 foot building will lower the sky of Paris and suppress other landmarks of the city, such as the Virgin Mary
contents · introction
· the symbol of Paris
· masterpiece of steel
· story behind Eiffel Tower
· three lookouts
· from criticism to praise
· maintenance of Eiffel Tower
· tourist guide
English: Eiffel Tower
French: La Tour Eiffel
Introction
Eiffel Tower is one of the symbols of Paris, They are called "Iron Lady" by the French. Together with the Empire State Building in New York and the TV Tower in Tokyo, it is known as the three famous buildings in the West< In 1889, the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, Paris held a large-scale international exposition to celebrate. The most eye-catching exhibit at the Expo is the Eiffel Tower. It became the symbol of the instrial revolution sweeping the world at that time
the designer of the Eiffel Tower is French architect Gustav Eiffel. In his early years, he was famous as a drybridge expert. In his life, he has many outstanding works all over the world, but it is the tower named after him that makes him famous all over the world. In his own words, the Eiffel Tower "drowned me, as if I had just built her all my life.". At the beginning, although the French government decided to build the world's tallest tower in Paris, it provided only one fifth of the cost. In order to realize his design, Eiffel mortgaged his construction engineering company and all his property to the bank as project investment< On January 28, 1887, the Eiffel Tower was officially started. 250 workers worked 8 hours a day in winter and 13 hours a day in summer. Finally, on March 31, 1889, the steel tower was completed. The Eiffel Tower has more than 18000 metal parts, weighing 7000 tons. During the construction, 7 million holes were drilled and 2.5 million rivets were used. Because each part of the tower is strictly numbered in advance, there is no mistake in the assembly. The construction is carried out in accordance with the design completely, and no changes are made ring the construction. It can be seen that the design is reasonable and the calculation is accurate. According to statistics, there are more than 5300 design sketches of the tower alone, including 1700 full drawings
the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, and it was the highest building in the world until 1930. Today, radio and television antennas are added to the tower, with a total height of 320 meters. Standing on the tower, the whole of Paris is at your feet. Every day, tourists from all over the world come to visit. By 1988, "Iron Lady" had welcomed 123 million tourists from five continents< On March 31, 1989, the Eiffel Tower was 100 years old. For this reason, the Paris tower management company specially presided over a grand commemorative activity, which reproced the historical scene of Eiffel leading the people to the summit 100 years ago: wearing a black dress, wearing a wide brimmed hat, holding a national flag, "Eiffel" and 30 "celebrities" and "construction workers" Rose to the top in the grand drum music. When he put the tricolor flag on the top of the tower, 21 gun salutes, pigeons flying around the tower, and colored balloons floating into the blue sky. On the fence of the platform on the second floor of the iron tower, there is a colorful banner of "Celebrating the 100 year old of the iron tower" written in the words of all countries in the world. Countless tourists have been looking forward to the spectacle
the Eiffel Tower has experienced a hundred years of wind and rain, but after the overhaul in the early 1980s, it still stands on the Seine River. It is the pride of all the French people
the Eiffel Tower, covering an area of one hectare, stands on the Ares square by the Seine River in downtown Paris. In addition to the four feet are made of reinforced concrete, the whole body is made of steel, with a total weight of 7000 tons. The tower is divided into three layers, the first layer is 57 meters high, the second layer is 115 meters, and the third layer is 274 meters. Except that there is no gap in the third floor platform, all other parts are permeable. There are 1711 steps from the tower base to the top of the tower. Now the elevator is installed, so it is very convenient. There are bars and restaurants on each floor for tourists to take a rest and enjoy the unique panoramic view of Paris: when the sky is clear, you can see the scenery as far as 70 km
the symbol of Paris
the Eiffel Tower is a famous tower in Paris, France, which is located at the north end of Mars square on the South Bank of Seine River. It has a history of more than 100 years since it was started on January 26, 1887 and opened on May 15, 1889
If Notre Dame is the symbol of ancient Paris, then the Eiffel Tower is the symbol of modern Paris< In 1889, the French government decided to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution by holding an unprecedented World Expo in Paris to show the achievements of instrial technology and culture, and to build a monument to the French Revolution and Paris. The Preparatory Committee originally hoped to build a classical Memorial group with statues, monuments, gardens and temples, but in more than 700 projects, it selected the design of Bridge Engineer Gusta Eiffel: a giant tower that symbolizes machine civilization and can be seen in any corner of Paris
romantic Parisians give the tower a beautiful name - "shepherdess in the clouds". It is named after Eiffel, a famous French architect and designer, and a bronze bust of Eiffel is built under the tower<
masterpiece of steel
the tower is a hollow steel structure, 324m high and 10000 tons heavy. There are three platforms at 57M, 115m and 274m above sea level for sightseeing. The fourth platform is 300m above sea level and equipped with weather station. There is an antenna on the top, which is the Paris TV Center. Elevators and 1710 steps are installed from the ground to the top of the tower<
the tower adopts staggered structure, which is supported by four thick iron columns with concrete and cement base at an angle of 75 degrees to the ground. There are four hydraulic elevators (now elevators) inside. It uses more than 1500 huge prefabricated beam frames, 1.5 million rivets and 12000 steel castings, with a total weight of 7000 tons. It took 250 workers 17 months to build. The cost is 7.4 million gold francs. It is painted every seven years, with 52 tons of paint each time. This behemoth shows the great power of instrial proction in the early stage of capitalism. It is more appropriate to call it assembly than architecture. In the process of designing, decomposing, procing parts, assembling and finishing, a set of scientific, economic and effective methods are summed up. At the same time, it also shows the French fantastic romantic taste, artistic taste, innovative courage and sense of humor
just like the statue of liberty, which sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and settled in New York after the victory of World War II, the Eiffel Tower seeks harmony out of disharmony and finds possibility out of impossibility. Its significance to the Art Nouveau movement can never be understood as the big curve from the spire to the base, or some iron casting pattern lace on the tower body: the iron tower, just like the Art Nouveau school, represented that Europe was in a specific period of transition and transformation from classical tradition to modernism at that time
in recent years, the Paris municipal government has carried out major maintenance on the tower. Since the Christmas of 1985, the tower has been illuminated by iodine tungsten lamp. At night, the tower is cash yellow, which saves electricity and is more beautiful<
the story behind the Eiffel Tower
it may be hard for people to believe that when the idea of the Eiffel Tower was put forward in the late 1800's, many Parisians and even many French did not agree with it. The following story is about the Eiffel Tower, one of the most representative buildings on earth< In 1885, the French government began to plan to hold a great exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution. They want to build a monument to represent the honor of France< At that time, the stone Washington Monument had just been completed. The 557 foot monument became the tallest building in the world at that time. And the French want to surpass that record by building a 1000 foot tower in central Paris. Now, all we need to do is find the design and architect of the tower< On May 2, 1886, the French government announced a design competition in which French engineers and architects were invited to study the possibility of erecting a tower with a base of 125 square meters and a height of 300 meters in Champ de Mars< No matter what ideas the participants put forward, their design must meet the following two conditions:
1. The building can be used to raise funds. In other words, it must be able to attract enough tourists to buy tickets to visit, and the funds obtained can maintain the building itself
2. This is a temporary building, which can be easily demolished after the Expo
there is no competition
more than 100 design drafts are competing before the deadline of May 18. Most of them are very traditional, others are very weird. It was proposed to build a huge guillotine; It was suggested that a 1000 foot sprinkler be erected to irrigate Paris ring the dry season; It is also suggested that a huge electric lamp be installed on the top of the tower, which can light up the whole Paris eight times and make it easy to read newspapers
the fact is that none of the proposals have been passed. Just when the competition was announced, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, a 53 year old architectural engineer, began to think about building a great building for France with metal
a few weeks ago, he had met a French Minister named Edouard lockroy and submitted his plan for a tower. Eiffel proced 5329 mechanical drawings to describe the 18038 different parts to be used. Lockroy was very interested in Eiffel's design, so he secretly manipulated the design competition to make Eiffel's design win< In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French government and the Paris municipal government. Eiffel's engineering company will pay US $1.3 million out of the total construction budget of US $1.6 million. In exchange, Eiffel will receive various income from the tower ring the Expo and the next 20 years At this time, the government has agreed to keep the tower after the Expo.) Then, all ownership will be transferred to the city of Paris, which can dismantle the tower if it wants to
unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed to make money from the beginning. If you want to take the elevator or stairs to the first floor platform, you need to pay 2 francs; If you want to get all the way to the top floor, you need to pay 5 francs (it will be cheaper on Sunday). This is just the beginning. The first floor platform also plans to open restaurants, cafes and shops; The second floor platform plans to open post office, telephone office, bakery and gallery. The tower is designed to accommodate 10416 paid visitors at the same time<
ground breaking
the construction started on January 26, when time is running out. It is only two years since the opening of the Expo, and Eiffel must carry out the construction at a faster speed. You know, the Washington Monument, half the height of the Eiffel Tower, took 36 years to complete
a wave of Parisian protests
a 1000 foot building will lower the sky of Paris and suppress other landmarks of the city, such as the Virgin Mary
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