Decentralization of Beck's cognitive therapy

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7. Cognitive therapy came into being in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. It is a psychological therapy method based on the theoretical hypothesis that people's cognitive process, affect their emotions and behaviors, and change their bad cognition through cognitive and behavioral technology, so as to correct and adapt to bad behaviors
cognitive therapy is a newly developed method of psychotherapy. Its main focus is on the non functional cognitive problems of patients. It aims to change and improve the psychological problems by changing the patients' views and attitudes towards themselves, people or things
e to the differences in culture, knowledge level and surrounding environment, people often have different understanding and cognition of problems. Cognition generally refers to cognitive activity or process, including belief and belief system, thinking and imagination. Specifically, "cognition" refers to a person's cognition and views of an event or an object, his own views, his thoughts on people, his recognition of the environment, his views on things, and so on. For example, in the same hospital, children may regard it as a "terrible place" according to their own knowledge and experience, and they will be given injections if they are not careful; Most people will see it as a place to "save the dying and heal the wounded" and help them "relieve their pain"; Some elderly people may regard the hospital as "the door to the grave". Therefore, the key is not what the "hospital" is objectively, but what it is recognized or regarded as by different people. Different cognition will breed different emotions and affect people's behavioral reactions. Therefore, "cognitive therapy" emphasizes that a person's non adaptive or non functional psychology and behavior are often subject to incorrect cognition rather than maladaptive behavior. As A.T. Beck, the main representative of cognitive therapy, said, "maladaptive behaviors and emotions are derived from maladaptive cognition. Therefore, behavioral correction therapy is inferior to cognitive therapy." For example, a person always "thinks" that he is not good enough, and even his parents don't like him. Therefore, he has no confidence in doing anything, has low self-esteem and is in a bad mood. The strategy of cognitive therapy is to help him rebuild his cognitive structure, re evaluate himself, rebuild his confidence in himself, and change his "bad" cognition. Cognitive theory holds that people's emotions come from people's beliefs, evaluations, explanations or philosophical views of the things they encounter, rather than from the things themselves. Emotion and behavior are subject to cognition, and cognition is the decisive factor of people's psychological activities. Cognitive therapy is to correct one's maladjusted emotion or behavior by changing people's cognitive process and the ideas generated in this process. The goal of treatment is not only to deal with the external manifestations such as behavior and emotion, but also to analyze the thinking activities and coping strategies of patients, find out the wrong cognition and correct it
cognitive therapy is psychological counseling and treatment with cognitive reconstruction, psychological coping, problem solving and other technologies. The key to cognitive reconstruction is how to reconstruct people's cognitive structure, so as to achieve the purpose of treatment. The masters of cognitive therapy have put forward their own views. Ellis believes that the explanation and evaluation, cognition and belief of an indivial who experiences an event are the root of his emotion and behavior. Therefore, irrational cognition and belief cause adverse emotional and behavioral reactions. Only through persuasion and argument can we change and reconstruct the irrational cognition and belief to achieve the purpose of treatment. Meychenbaum believes that human behaviors and emotions are controlled by self directive language, which has been internalized since childhood. Although it is not realized in althood, it still controls human behaviors and emotions. If there are mistakes in the formation of self directive language, it will lead to emotional disorders and maladjustment. Therefore, treatment includes learning new self instructions, using imagination technology to solve problems and so on. Ke also pointed out that the root of psychological difficulties and obstacles comes from abnormal or distorted ways of thinking. By discovering and excavating these ways of thinking, analyzing and criticizing them, and then replacing them with reasonable and realistic ways of thinking, we can relieve the sufferings of patients and make them better adapt to the environment
on the other hand, cognitive therapy is developed in response to the defects of psychoanalytic therapy. Because in psychoanalytic therapy, we often focus on the subconscious and emotional crux of psychology and behavior, and this subconscious desire or emotion is often just the analysis and speculation of the patient, it is not easy to explain to the patient, it is not easy to be accepted by the patient, and it is not easy to operate as the focus of treatment. Therapy focuses on cognition. It doesn't have to deal with the unconscious that can't be seen or grasped. It just needs to correct the concepts, ideas and beliefs that can be described by language and deal with the non functional "cognition". It is not only obvious, but also specific, easy to get the understanding and cooperation of patients
cognitive therapy emphasizes that the central problem of common mental disorders is some distorted thinking. Cognitive therapy is to provide patients with effective methods to overcome blind and wrong cognition. In a broad sense, cognitive therapy includes all the methods that can change the wrong cognition, such as explanation, ecation, criticism, heart to heart talk, etc. as a special treatment, cognitive therapy has its own special methods, techniques and proceres. First of all, the executor should explain how a person's views and attitudes affect his mood and behavior. Secondly, help the patient to review his views on himself, people and the surrounding environment, find out some "views" or "attitudes" closely related to the problems complained by the patient, and help the patient to review the gap between these views or attitudes and the general reality, and point out the non functional and morbid nature of his misconception. Finally, urge patients to practice to change these views or attitudes, rebuild functional and healthy views and attitudes, so as to use the new views or attitudes to proce healthy psychology and adaptive behavior< The common treatment techniques of cognitive therapy are as follows:
1. As we all know, people in the state of drug effect, fatigue, decreased awareness or excessive vigilance can appear perceptual distortion, thus affecting the reality evaluation, such as "grass, wood and soldiers". Under the influence of abnormal cognitive style, the error of reality test can also appear. Such as stubborn patients, other people's words and deeds, smile and frown are considered to be related to themselves; Depressed patients always feel that everything is inferior to others, just like walking dead; Hypochondriacs regard any physical discomfort as a symbol of serious illness
normal people can distinguish between subjective and objective, hypothesis and reality; Before accepting the hypothesis, we know to test the hypothesis first. If the two are confused, such as anxiety, the patient regards any disturbance as a danger signal. Some patients, though tested, only accept the evidence consistent with their own views and refuse the evidence contrary to them, so that their cognitive evaluation can not correctly reflect the reality. In order to help patients solve this problem, first of all, patients should be fully aware of the limitations of their own cognition. The patients can directly or indirectly apply the principles of epistemology to explain the following problems: 1) the perception of reality is different from reality itself, and can only be close to reality at most, because the function of sensory organs is limited, and it is impossible to fully reflect reality, This is especially true in morbid situations; ② The interpretation of perception depends on the cognitive process, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization, concept, judgment, reasoning and other thinking processes. It is easy to make mistakes, and any physical and psychological problems can affect the cognitive process
generally speaking, if the main problems of the patients are related to non functional cognition, they are formed according to abnormal cognition, such as prejudice against people, self abasement, wrong or negative attitude towards things, etc., which are suitable for cognitive therapy. In clinic, cognitive therapy is suitable for all kinds of neurosis, but it is mainly used to treat depression, especially for alt patients with unipolar depression (endogenous depression). It can also be used for the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, sexual dysfunction and alcoholism. It is also suitable for the treatment of patients with anxiety disorder, social phobia, migraine, pre exam anxiety, emotional irritation and chronic pain< Cognitive therapy is generally divided into four treatment processes: (1) to establish the motivation for help seeking: in this process, we should recognize the cognitive emotional behavioral types of maladjustment. Patients and therapists reach a consensus on the cognitive interpretation of their problems; Explain the bad performance and estimate the expected result of correction. For example, patients can self monitor their thinking, emotion and behavior, and therapists can give guidance, explanation and cognitive demonstration
(2) correction of maladjustment cognition: in this process, patients should develop new cognition and behavior to replace maladjustment cognition and behavior. For example, therapists guide patients to widely apply new cognition and behavior
(3) in the process of dealing with the problems of daily life, we should cultivate the competition of ideas, and use new cognition against the original cognition. In this process, we should let the patients practice to use the new cognitive model in the social situation to replace the original cognitive model. For example, it can make the patient practice to deal with problems in an imaginative way, or simulate a certain situation, or let the patient train with actual experience under certain conditions
(4) change self cognition: in this process, as a result of new cognition and training, patients are required to re evaluate self-efficacy and the role of self in dealing with cognition and situation. For example, in the process of practice, let the patient self-monitoring behavior and cognition

cognitive therapy is different from traditional behavioral therapy, because it not only pays attention to the correction of maladjustment, but also pays more attention to the change of patients' cognitive style and the harmony of cognition emotion behavior. At the same time, cognitive therapy is also different from traditional introspective therapy or psychoanalysis, because it attaches importance to the influence of patients' cognition on their mind and body, that is, it attaches importance to events in consciousness rather than unconsciousness. Introspective therapy attaches importance to the influence of past experiences, especially childhood experiences, on current problems, and attaches importance to unconscious while neglecting conscious events. The basic view of cognitive therapy is that the cognitive process and the resulting misconceptions are the mediators of behavior and emotion, and maladaptive behavior and emotion are related to maladaptive cognition. The task of doctors is to work with patients to find out these cognition of maladjustment, and provide "learning" or training methods to correct these cognition, so as to make the cognition of patients closer to reality and reality. With the correction of bad cognition, the patient's psychological disorder graally improved

indications
emotional disorders, depression, anxiety, depressive neurosis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, behavioral disorders, personality disorders, sexual metamorphosis, psychosexual disorders, migraine, chronic colitis and other physical and mental diseases

this theory is a kind of psychotherapy system founded by American clinical psychologist Albert Ellis in the 1960s. He thinks that human beings have their inherent nature. There are both positive and negative natures in their innate tendency. In other words, human beings have the inherent tendency of growth and self realization, but also irrational, which is not concive to survival

8. Cognitive psychology is a school of psychology, and cognitive behavioral therapy is a therapy under the school of psychological counseling

here we will talk about whether cognitive psychology, as a school of psychology, is consistent with cognitive psychology, as a school of psychological counseling

as a school of psychology, what can we say about cognitive psychology? General psychology makes a summary of the research objects of psychology, which is called "intention to know needs motivation ability personality". Cognitive psychology mainly studies this knowledge, including feeling, perception, consciousness and attention, memory, thinking, language and so on, From the mechanism of information processing to study them. Of course, the cognitive psychology society in a broad sense includes the cognitive school as a school of psychological counseling, but this will be controversial among different scholars

as a school of psychological counseling, cognitive school is the general name of a series of therapies with a common core hypothesis. This core hypothesis holds that cognition plays a core role in the process of emotion generation. The therapies include Beck Cognitive behavior therapy, rational emotional behavior therapy, cognitive behavior correction, cognitive processing therapy and so on. However, these therapies also have their own theoretical models, And to establish their own psychopathology model and treatment model, as well as personality theory

at the same time, I think it is helpful for us to master and use cognitive behavioral therapy if we have training in psychology, including cognitive psychology. For example, after we have knowledge about memory, we will know how to better ince and challenge the automatic thinking of visitors.

9. 1、 Beck Cognitive Therapy: the thinking mode of anxiety patients generally has the characteristics of exaggeration and disaster. According to this kind of thinking characteristics of patients, cognitive therapy can be adopted. The key to treatment is to find and test the patient's automatic negative criminal law and dysfunctional hypothesis. The specific steps are as follows: 1. Explain the principle of cognitive therapy and the reasons for taking cognitive therapy to clients, and mobilize the enthusiasm of clients to participate in and cooperate with the intervention. 2. Identify and test automatic negative ideas. 3. Identify and test the dysfunctional hypothesis. 4. In order to encourage clients to further test their original hypotheses and consolidate their new functional hypotheses, their thinking mode and information processing process can be corrected. In the process of treatment, patients should have a basic understanding of the nature of cognition related to anxiety, such as the concept of automatic thinking, the situation specificity of anxiety expectation, and the reason why inaccurate cognition will lead to anxiety continuing without being challenged. Let the patients understand that it is people's interpretation of the situation rather than the situation itself that leads to the indivial's negative emotional experience of the situation. After that, cognitive therapy was used to intervene the clients. 2、 Self monitoring: let patients record the frequency, ration, symptoms and severity of anxiety attacks every day, and encourage themselves. As long as they have the determination and confidence to cure the disease, the anxiety disorder will be controlled and completely cured. 3、 Relaxation therapy: as anxiety patients have somatic symptoms, relaxation therapy can be adopted for somatic symptoms. All kinds of relaxation methods can be used. One of the most simple is the chest and abdominal breathing alternate training. The method is as follows: lie flat on the bed with a pillow under the head; The two knees are bent and separated, about 20-30 cm apart; Two hands were placed on the chest and abdomen respectively; Use your mind to control your breathing. First inhale and augment your chest, so that your mind will stay on your chest. At this time, your hands on your chest will slowly rise, and then exhale. Then inhale and bulge your abdomen, so that your mind will stay on your abdomen. At this time, your hands on your abdomen will slowly rise, and then exhale, And the whole body comfortable and relaxed feeling when breathing. 1-2 times a day. 4、 Worry exposure: worry exposure includes the following proceres: 1. Identify and record two or three main worry aspects of patients (sorted by anxiety level); 2. Imagination training is carried out by connecting imagination with pleasant scenes; 3. To arouse the patient's worry by making the patient focus on the cognition related to worry and imagining the most frightening and worst possible outcome; 4. When the patient can vividly trigger the worry situation in the imagination, the key of the worry exposure technology is introced, that is, after triggering these imaginary situations, let them clearly stay in the mind for about 30 minutes; 5. After 30 minutes, ask the patient to say as many possible results as possible in addition to the worst. 5、 Worry behavior prevention method: just like compulsive behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder, "worry behavior" in anxiety disorder plays a negative strengthening role on patients, because they usually can bring temporary relief of anxiety. Examples of worrying behavior include frequently calling family members at work, refusing to see, listen to or read negative information on the mass media, searching for various materials related to one's own worries, and so on. General patients may not be aware of the role of these behaviors in maintaining anxiety. The specific operation can refer to the relevant content in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 6、 Time management: in addition to the daily trivial stress events, many anxiety patients are also haggard by various tasks and task deadlines. They tend to exaggerate the daily small things, exaggerate the impact of these things on people. Therefore, the skills of time management and task setting play a certain role. These techniques can help patients focus on their current tasks rather than worrying about future tasks. Time management generally includes three basic parts: authorization, self-confidence training and following the schele. 7、 Problem solving: anxiety patients usually face two types of difficulties in problem solving: 1. Treat problems in a general, vague and catastrophic way; 2; 2. No effective solution can be found. The first difficulty is to teach patients how to make the problem clear and how to decompose the problem into several small problems that can be mastered. The second difficulty is to teach patients to brainstorm