Gas computing power

2. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In Ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.

3. 1. What is the ether classic<

etc (Ethereum Classic) is a bifurcated currency that Ethereum hard bifurcates after 1920000 blocks, and its function is very similar to Ethereum. Etc adheres to the concept of decentralization and supports the consensus mechanism of blockchain guarantee. Etc firmly believes that once the blockchain starts to run, its development direction will not be controlled by any central team, but will be determined by the consensus of the people participating in the whole network and the consensus of the computing power of the whole network

the Ethereum blockchain hard branching in July 2016 aims to transfer the Dao funds stolen by hackers to an account controlled by investors, and let the old transaction records be forgotten by history. Most Ethereum developers are involved in the reversal, as are exchanges, startups and other members of the ecosystem. A few days later, the project returned to normal. But not everyone wants to forget the old record. As a result, a small number of miners continued to use the original blockchain as a protest. They described the hard fork as a capital withdrawal for the abandoned project of the Dao. So Ethereum classic (etc) was born

2. Detailed parameters

Chinese Name: Ethereum classic English Name: Ethereum classic English abbreviation: etc

developer: Ethereum Classic team core algorithm: ethash consensus proof: POW

release date: 2016 / 7 / 20 block time: About 15-17 seconds / block

total currency: fixed at 210 million, up to 230 million, Every 5 million blocks decelerate by 20%, and the first proction rection is expected to be in December 2017

main features: independent cryptocurrency

4. 1、 EOS and graphene technology
(1) faster processing speed
first of all, as far as the underlying technology is concerned, EOS claims to be able to process tens of thousands or even millions of transactions per second. What kind of technology is used to achieve this
EOS uses graphene substrate tool to process high frequency data. Let's talk about the graphene underlay tool
graphene is actually a chemical substance. Later, blockchain developers got inspiration from the molecular structure of graphene, believing that the molecular structure of graphene can be applied to the underlying structure of blockchain. So, the graphene we are talking about now basically refers to the blockchain tool group, which is written in C + +
data show that: Based on graphene underlying technology, it can achieve an average confirmation speed of 1.5s, achieve 3300tps data throughput under limited conditions, and can reach millions of TPS, even millisecond level confirmation speed
(2) strong concurrency
in addition, EOS has strong concurrency, which is also related to the underlying architecture of graphene. Concurrency, in short, means that multiple programs can be executed at the same time
EOS is a blockchain infrastructure on which developers can build their own blockchain. Chain to chain does not affect the use of resources between each other
DAPP on EOS is independent of each other and does not affect each other. There will not be a large area of congestion e to the huge resources consumed by indivial application developers on the platform
(3) free
in addition, compared with Ethereum, the most important point of EOS is free. Free is very competitive. In the past, we had to pay fees through bank card transfer, but Alipay and WeChat appeared later. In the early stage, free transfers can be realized through applications such as Alipay and WeChat. It is believed that ring the free time, payment methods such as Alipay and WeChat were graally popularized and accepted by the public.
as we said before, Ethereum transactions need to pay gas, which means that you have to pay a certain Ethereum service charge for each transaction, but it does not need to consume EOS token to conct smart contract and transfer transactions on EOS
there are three main sources of EOS value: bandwidth and journal storage (disk), calculation and calculation backlog (CPU), and state memory (RAM). Resources are allocated according to the number of EOS held by the account, which can attract a larger number of users, so as to meet multiple business scenarios< (4) strong security
compared with Ethereum's smart contract, EOS increases security
we know that there is no legislature in the world of blockchain, so the underlying code is equivalent to the law in real life
however, when it comes to code, bugs cannot be avoided, especially for smart contracts. The harm of bugs is very great, and your digital assets will face great risks
although Ethereum has established various applications and code standards for smart contracts, they can not meet the business needs, and EOS stipulates that the task cannot be fully performed only by code
EOS believes that the source code protocol must be readable. Generally speaking, when a system error occurs, blockchain procers can distinguish what kind of bug the error is based on the readability information, and judge whether the community repair is correct through the readability information< Second, consensus mechanism of EOS: dpos
the consensus mechanism adopted by EOS is "dpos", which means "proof of entrusted rights and interests" in Chinese
Ethereum uses POS (proof of equity). In short, the more money you hold, the more rights you will have in Ethereum
then, EOS proposes dpos on the basis of Ethereum POS (proof of equity), that is, it adds a "Commission" before the proof of equity, to whom? Delegate to the supernode
in the setting of EOS, the super node of EOS should be selected from 100 standby nodes through voting by all users holding money, and finally 21 nodes with accounting rights will be selected
this is a bit similar to the "people's Congress system" in our country. A deputy to the people's Congress represents the interests of a group of people; A super node represents the interests of a group of ordinary nodes. In dpos, there is no need to solve the hash function, but the procer is elected by the holder. Therefore, compared with pow, the efficiency of dpos mechanism in dealing with transactions has been greatly improved
however, there are some defects in dpos. It needs to solve the problem of community voting enthusiasm and rece the number of nodes in order to speed up the voting process, thus aggravating the "centralization" problem
the above advantages enable EOS to rise rapidly, especially in China, the strength of EOS community is very huge
in fact, it's useless for most people to tell them how powerful EOS technology is and how much better it is compared with Ethereum and bitcoin, because it's more about how much dividend you can get from it
three what makes people say EOS is a bubble?
obviously, EOS gives people the hope to get a huge dividend. What hope
with the rapid rise of EOS, people can see the real hope of DAPP application in blockchain. People are eager to hoard enough EOS and get more chips before the large-scale outbreak of DAPP, and then wait for its price to rise tenfold, hundredfold, thousandfold...
however, the answers submitted by EOS are not so satisfactory. In terms of transaction speed, EOS can actually process thousands of transactions per second, which is far from the "million level" described in the publicity
although DAPP has really appeared, it is basically similar to "capital disk" projects or simple games with low operability and poor experience
some time ago, there was a rumor that BM, the founder, was suspected of "abandoning the ship" and running away
BM, speaking in the EOS telegraph group, said: it intends to break the original design, abandon the original consensus mechanism of EOS, and redesign a system that can perfectly solve the problems of centralization, privacy and capacity expansion. This new design will reach tens of millions of TPS...
it's hard to say the future direction of EOS, The reason why the killer DAPP didn't appear can't all be attributed to EOS, which involves the constraints of policy, development team and so on
however, compared with bitcoin and Ethereum, EOS has made some progress and innovation, so we say it is the representative of the blockchain 3.0 era.

5. Ethereum classic is an open source, open, blockchain based distributed computing platform. It provides a distributed virtual machine with Turing completeness. The virtual machine can use the network of virtual machine nodes all over the world to execute scripts. Ethereum classic also provides a token called "classic Ethereum", which can be circulated among users. The user can save the token in the password currency wallet to provide rewards for the computing power of each node participant. In order to prevent the emergence of large transactions for the purpose of paralyzing the system, the classic Ethereum has a transaction pricing system called gas. All transactions that are willing to pay higher transaction fees will be given priority. At present, the exchanges that can trade Ethereum mainly include: coin an, fire coin, bitnet, etc.

6.

Ethereum miner fee

1. In a public chain, anyone can read and write data. Reading data is free, but writing data to the public chain costs a certain amount of money, which helps to prevent junk content and protect its security through payment

Secondly, any node on the network (each connected device containing a of the account book is called a node) can participate in the mining method to protect the network. As mining requires computing power and electricity charges, miners need to be paid for their services, which is also the origin of miners' fees

Third, the difference between Ethereum and bitcoin, Ethereum introces the concept of gas, the purpose of which is to limit the amount of work required to execute the transaction and pay for the execution. Gas is used to measure the resources (including computation, storage, bandwidth, etc.) consumed by your transaction (or contract code call)

extended data:

ten rights of miners:

1. The "ten rights" of coal mining enterprise workers in safe proction include: the shift leader does not go down the well, and the workers have the right not to go down the well; The workers have the right to leave the well early if the shift leader leaves the well early; Workers have the right not to work if potential safety hazards are not investigated; If the management personnel command against rules and regulations, the workers have the right not to carry out them

Without safety measures, workers have the right not to start work; Workers have the right not to go down the well if they don't organize safety study before class; If the "Trinity" (monitor, safety inspector and gas inspector) safety inspection is not carried out, workers have the right not to start work

The workers have the right not to start the work if the detection and monitoring system is not installed in place and operates abnormally; Workers have the right not to go down the well if they are not equipped with fully qualified labor protection and protective equipment; The route to avoid disaster is not marked, and workers have the right not to go down the well. The coal mine shall not dect the wages and dismiss the workers for the above reasons

7. Right click on the desktop and select "properties" to enter "NVIDIA control panel". Enter "manage 3D settings" of 3D settings. Set it in the following order

1, "consistent texture lock", select "use hardware" for this option

2, "triple buffering", this option is effective after the vertical synchronization is turned on, and it is generally recommended to turn it off

3, "anisotropic filtering", this option can significantly improve the image quality of the game. According to the level of your own graphics card, choose 4x for low-end graphics card, 8x for middle end graphics card, and 16x for high-end graphics card

4, "vertical synchronization", this option can eliminate the image "horizontal shift", but the hardware requirements are very high, so it is generally recommended to "forcibly close"

5. Multi display / hybrid GPU acceleration. This option is only effective when using multiple display devices. Generally, the default multi display performance mode can be maintained

6, "smoothing - mode", this option is to select whether to forcibly control the anti aliasing of the game in the driver. If the game itself has aa option, you can select "application controlled"; If you want to force settings in the driver, you should select replace any application settings

7, "smoothing gray correction", this option can make the AA effect better, with little performance degradation. It is generally recommended to "on"

8, "smoothing settings", which can be adjusted only when "replace any application settings" is selected. 2x, 4x, 8xq and 16xq are Ms sampling, and 8x and 16x are CS sampling; Among them, the performance of MS sampling decreased greatly, and CS sampling achieved a balance in effect and performance; This option is selected according to the performance of the graphics card

9, "smoothing transparency", this option is to set transparent anti aliasing mode. Transparent anti aliasing mode can achieve non edge AA, and the effect is better; The multi sampling performance is high and the image quality is slightly weak. The super sampling performance is low and the image quality is good. Please choose according to the requirements of the game screen

10, "force to be mipmaps", select "None"

11. Select "off" for "extension limit"

12, "texture filtering anisotropic sampling optimization", this option determines whether to use the optimization algorithm for anisotropic filtering. Select "on" to improve a little bit of performance and lose a little bit of image quality, and select "off" to ensure the highest image quality

13, "texture filtering - negative LOD offset", the option is "lock"

14, "texture filtering quality", this option can control other "texture filtering" options in one step. In pursuit of image quality, "high quality" is generally recommended

15, "texture filtering trilinear filtering", the effect of this option is similar to "anisotropic filtering optimization", which can be selected according to your own screen requirements.

8. After several years of ups and downs,
in 2009, it was 7 cents a piece,
now the price is more than 20000
if we had invested 700 yuan to buy 10000 bitcoins at that time, would it be 2.6 billion now?