International Trade City passenger transport center to Dongyang
Publish: 2021-05-29 02:41:45
1. Bus route: b3-b road
→
K11 Road, the whole journey is about 63.2 km
1. From Yiwu International Trade City, you can walk about 10 meters to Yiwu International Trade City passenger transport center station
2. Take b3-b Road, pass 10 stations,
to Heshangqiao station
3. Walk about 20 meters to Heshangqiao (City Planning Institute) station
4. Take K11 Road, pass 10 stations,
get to the municipal government station
5. Walk about 320 meters to Jinhua City
→
K11 Road, the whole journey is about 63.2 km
1. From Yiwu International Trade City, you can walk about 10 meters to Yiwu International Trade City passenger transport center station
2. Take b3-b Road, pass 10 stations,
to Heshangqiao station
3. Walk about 20 meters to Heshangqiao (City Planning Institute) station
4. Take K11 Road, pass 10 stations,
get to the municipal government station
5. Walk about 320 meters to Jinhua City
2.
There are 30 buses a day from Yiwu International Trade City passenger transport center to Dongyang Hengdian, which takes about 15-20 minutes
the bus from Hengdian to Yiwu starts from 6:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m< br />
3. For a self driving tour, take Baotou Maoming Expressway from Xi'an, turn to Qinglan Expressway at the junction of Luochuan and Fuxian county (fangsichuan), and get off the expressway at the exit of Hukou Expressway in Shaanxi Province. The whole journey is 350 km, which takes about 3 hours
to visit Hukou waterfall, you need to buy tickets and interval tickets at the South tourist center. Tickets are 90 yuan for alts, 45 yuan for primary and secondary school students with student ID cards, and free for 65 year olds with ID cards. It is suggested to buy 30 yuan ticket for the section ticket from south to north
in the scenic area, there are ancient ferry town and Yellow River Chorus. The performance is free for the time being
it takes about one and a half hours to visit the scenic spot
after visiting hukou, drive through Gao, Yunyan and Nanniwan Town, get on the expressway, go to Xi'an, and get off the expressway from Ganquan toll station. It takes about 2 hours from hukou to reach YUCHA Grand Canyon.
to visit Hukou waterfall, you need to buy tickets and interval tickets at the South tourist center. Tickets are 90 yuan for alts, 45 yuan for primary and secondary school students with student ID cards, and free for 65 year olds with ID cards. It is suggested to buy 30 yuan ticket for the section ticket from south to north
in the scenic area, there are ancient ferry town and Yellow River Chorus. The performance is free for the time being
it takes about one and a half hours to visit the scenic spot
after visiting hukou, drive through Gao, Yunyan and Nanniwan Town, get on the expressway, go to Xi'an, and get off the expressway from Ganquan toll station. It takes about 2 hours from hukou to reach YUCHA Grand Canyon.
4. Well, the scope is relatively large. There is a 40 yuan train from Xi'an to Yan'an. It's very fast and not bad. More than three hours. The snacks that Yan'an has never eaten are OK, such as Nanqiao noodle in the center of the city, Xiaowei pancakes in Baimi Avenue, Yulin stewed vegetables, agile (I don't know how to write), wrist support, etc. Yan'an City has Fenghuang mountain, Qingliang mountain, Baota Mountain, Yangjialing, Zaoyuan and so on. All of them are red tourism. There are charges for Baota Mountain and Qingliang mountain. There is a car to Hukou in the city. It takes about an hour or two. Just two or three days. The accommodation may be a little more expensive
5. Aida is the strongest hero in the current version, so it's very difficult to get it
1. High and prophet light dark camp acquisition: the probability is very low, completely look at the face
2. Feather shop purchase. Because the new hero launched soon, it is not online in the feather store at present. Generally, the price will be 80 feathers after online
3. It is possible that in the future it will appear in such activities as hero miracles exchange and altar exchange, which is completely decided by game planning
4. The fragments of light and dark elite have a chance to open and can be obtained at the place of seal
5. Krypton gold. Increase the possibility of acquisition directly or indirectly.
1. High and prophet light dark camp acquisition: the probability is very low, completely look at the face
2. Feather shop purchase. Because the new hero launched soon, it is not online in the feather store at present. Generally, the price will be 80 feathers after online
3. It is possible that in the future it will appear in such activities as hero miracles exchange and altar exchange, which is completely decided by game planning
4. The fragments of light and dark elite have a chance to open and can be obtained at the place of seal
5. Krypton gold. Increase the possibility of acquisition directly or indirectly.
6. In this part, I evaluate from PvP and PVE aspects
dark camp
recommendation:
blood blade - all-round hero, PVP, ngeon, climbing tower and fighting boss are all powerful
Walter -- slightly inferior to blood blade, PVP stable control, considerable damage, also a good boss player
special type:
Lutz, the killer of mages, can be used as dog food for six years in the early stage
field: Assassin's nemesis, blood blade Walter's nemesis, but unfortunately it's not soft
excessive Hero:
the bony man, after six years of hard work, passively let him hurt well after the enemy's dead. His shortcomings are obvious, too fragile
Aidan, an old T1 player, increases his damage by selling his teammates, but now dark Walter's blood blade is too fierce, so he is in an awkward position<
fortress camp
recommendation:
Sigmund - I think this is the most abnormal hero in the game. He can resist and fight, but also rece armor. PvP and PVE perform extremely well. If there are some, we must focus on training
flame storm - Gao Pei Aidan, a woman with a homicide book, will do more damage to her dead teammates and enemies. If you use it well, you can hit six out of one
ice flash: old hero, because of the appearance of fire man (Sigmund) and fire woman (flame storm), plus 10 star Omas is too fierce, so his status has declined. However, in the case of no fire man and fire woman, it is still worth cultivating
special type:
od-1 -- priest killer. His skills look gorgeous, but actually he can only bully the faggots in the tower
the following three: Omas, Meishu and Emily. I heard that the ten stars are easy to use, so I suggest to keep them
excessive Hero:
phantom and glory are only recommended to be promoted to six stars, and then become dog food<
abyss camp
recommendation:
Marguerite (poison girl) - after the poison girl was strengthened before, she turned over to be the first sister of abyss. The advantage is that her three passive skills make her damage stable
Klim -- damage explosion
scolay (Bug) - I have an eight star bug (actually can be up to nine), but I feel the damage is unstable. Looking at the insect damage graph sent by the big guys in the group, PVP and PVE damage is very considerable. I feel that the insect is a "drag" hero. It needs high star, equipment, gems and technology to give full play to his strength
the queen, Sigmund, is a low match. After six stars, she can fight back 100% passively. When facing low-level opponents at the same level, she can play very high damage, and passively rece critical hit, which can restrain heroes with high damage. After ten stars, she also has qualitative change. If civilians or low krypton don't have the above three heroes, they can consider training
special type:
destroyer - can be promoted to a senior six and passively sell to add damage to teammates
baria - the old T1, which was strong at that time, is not good. Unfortunately, PVP is not suitable for this version, and playing boss is not strong. It is suggested to keep it and see if it will be changed in the future<
over Hero:
Norma -- promoted to six in the early stage, relaxed after the trial
danteria -- similar to Norma, the lack of blood in later stage is a problem
Baroque Lord - it's just a simple tank. If it doesn't hurt at all, don't go up again in the first six months
Alleria, a low-cost proct, is also the proct of six stars<
forest camp
recommend
Rosa, the Devil Hunter (DH) forest has only these two handles at present
special type:
Gru - five stars are mediocre, six stars passively rece damage, and the most flesh hero in the later stage can also do a little damage by passivity
malasa - with poison girl and Walter, you can poison it. It can damage and explode, but it's too fragile. PVP is easy to damage, and you die before you hit it. The damage of boss is considerable
excessive hero
faceless -- civilian assassin, the advantages are easy to come out, up to six up to nine OK
Taylor: it can be used when there is no Omas in the early stage
Dragon slaughtering -- dog food, don't be promoted in the sixth grade
basic knowledge chapter
the game is called [place surprise soldiers] alias [store surprise soldiers]<
game activities are as follows:
arena activities: if you need arena coins, you can get prophets, artifact, T2 heroes, or an important way for civilians to get a lot of diamonds
tavern activities need 20 four-star missions, 12 five-star missions, four six-star missions and two seven star missions to obtain fragments of the prophet and the five-star hero
turntable activity requires turntable coins. Generally, you can complete all v2480 coins, and you can get T2 heroes, prophets and a large number of gold coins
high draw activities - when a new hero is born, there will be high draw activities. All the new heroes will be rewarded, but it takes 550 high draw to complete all the activities. Most people can save half a year to complete all the activities, so it's better to take the minimum guarantee for 0 krypton and low krypton<
prophet activity: it takes 120 prophets to reward T1 heroes to complete. Now it's easier to get prophets than it is. Ordinary people can save enough prophets to complete all tasks in two or three months (but the delivery rate of prophets has been changed, so they usually smoke dog food, otherwise it's easy to explode). In the early stage of Mengxin, it's suggested that you don't need to save prophets, you can smoke if you have one, If you are lucky enough to draw a powerful hero, you can get more resources
synthesis activity - it's almost once a month. Later, it's time to improve the combat power. You need to synthesize ten five-star / six-star heroes to get gold coins, Warcraft materials and advanced turntable coins
limited time altar activities - you can exchange powerful heroes within a limited time
miraculous activity - the latest new activity, which can obtain artifact, T1 hero and a large number of prophets, is a good activity for Mengxin to pull in the gap between the old players' equipment and the old players' equipment. The activity conditions need to obtain two light and dark heroes each, and three other four systems (including five-star debris call)
World boss activity - there are three bosses, which reward gold coins, Warcraft materials and artifact st respectively, and recommend those who reward gold coins
double activity - double experience and hang up items, you can upgrade faster
although the game is made in China, it is mainly for foreigners, so there will be big activities in western festivals (rewards are very rich, special items can be exchanged for T1 heroes, prophets, orange artifact and other game items), but there will be no activities in Chinese traditional festivals such as national day and Mid Autumn Festival
from the above activities, we usually hoard
arena coins, turntable coins, six star and seven star missions, prophets, advanced call scrolls, and five-star hero fragments< In the black market,
it is not recommended to refresh diamonds, because good things are fixed. The black market will refresh a high call every day, a group of turntable coins and arena coins (it seems that someone has tried to brush out the second group, but the probability is very small)
if there are enough turntable coins, three / four star hero fragments, arena coins, mission scrolls, artifact st and gold coins sold in gold coins, Can buy, early can also buy ordinary call scroll, the back is not recommended
for diamonds, 120 diamond arena coins, 240 diamond turntable coins and 150 diamond high call coins are recommended. If there are many diamonds such as branches, high-grade turntable coins and prophets, you can consider buying them. Buy 30 diamond turntable coin, arena coin is too good to get, so buy 15 diamond or not, black market is here
as far as the tavern is concerned,
try to refresh the task to four stars or more, and don't be afraid of wasting diamonds, because the task will also reward diamonds, and basically it won't lose money. If you're lucky, you'll earn money by brushing the Gaozhao and Liuqi star tasks. The Liuqi star task can be completed at any time, and it's reserved. When you wait for the tavern activities, the number of tasks will not decrease the next day
in the early stage of Mengxin, there are no six-star heroes who can complete the six-star and seven star missions, so they can lock up the missions. Although the number of missions will be reced by one the next day, the high star missions can be met but not required. It mainly depends on the accumulation in peacetime, otherwise you may not be able to get out of the tavern missions sometimes
in terms of altars,
four of the same three-star heroes can be kept, and more can be broken down. If the light and dark are OK, I think eight can be kept (because now miraculous activities need five-star light and dark heroes). Only the mainstream five-star heroes will be replaced, and the four-star heroes will not be replaced except the light and dark heroes
as for the turntable, the advanced turntable coins are not active now, so it's OK to deposit them or not
ring the turntable activity, it is recommended to refresh the number of gold coins to the maximum value and then draw. Sometimes, when I draw the four-star hero, I will refresh and draw again directly
the trial of the brave
many people know that taking off the equipment will rece the difficulty, but how to operate is not clear
let me first talk about the mechanism of the brave to test and refresh the enemy. Test 15 levels. Each level is refreshed separately according to the combat effectiveness when you enter. After every three levels, the combat effectiveness of the enemy will be greatly enhanced; So you can take off the equipment before you enter the test level, and then go out to put on the equipment after you enter the test level; If it's too much trouble, you can take off the equipment in three rounds
by the way, before the trial, it's better to take your arena lineup off Warcraft and go to Samsung at will, because there is a small chance that you will meet yourself when you get to the back
daily
with VIP, you can buy more than 4-star pieces of daily .
dark camp
recommendation:
blood blade - all-round hero, PVP, ngeon, climbing tower and fighting boss are all powerful
Walter -- slightly inferior to blood blade, PVP stable control, considerable damage, also a good boss player
special type:
Lutz, the killer of mages, can be used as dog food for six years in the early stage
field: Assassin's nemesis, blood blade Walter's nemesis, but unfortunately it's not soft
excessive Hero:
the bony man, after six years of hard work, passively let him hurt well after the enemy's dead. His shortcomings are obvious, too fragile
Aidan, an old T1 player, increases his damage by selling his teammates, but now dark Walter's blood blade is too fierce, so he is in an awkward position<
fortress camp
recommendation:
Sigmund - I think this is the most abnormal hero in the game. He can resist and fight, but also rece armor. PvP and PVE perform extremely well. If there are some, we must focus on training
flame storm - Gao Pei Aidan, a woman with a homicide book, will do more damage to her dead teammates and enemies. If you use it well, you can hit six out of one
ice flash: old hero, because of the appearance of fire man (Sigmund) and fire woman (flame storm), plus 10 star Omas is too fierce, so his status has declined. However, in the case of no fire man and fire woman, it is still worth cultivating
special type:
od-1 -- priest killer. His skills look gorgeous, but actually he can only bully the faggots in the tower
the following three: Omas, Meishu and Emily. I heard that the ten stars are easy to use, so I suggest to keep them
excessive Hero:
phantom and glory are only recommended to be promoted to six stars, and then become dog food<
abyss camp
recommendation:
Marguerite (poison girl) - after the poison girl was strengthened before, she turned over to be the first sister of abyss. The advantage is that her three passive skills make her damage stable
Klim -- damage explosion
scolay (Bug) - I have an eight star bug (actually can be up to nine), but I feel the damage is unstable. Looking at the insect damage graph sent by the big guys in the group, PVP and PVE damage is very considerable. I feel that the insect is a "drag" hero. It needs high star, equipment, gems and technology to give full play to his strength
the queen, Sigmund, is a low match. After six stars, she can fight back 100% passively. When facing low-level opponents at the same level, she can play very high damage, and passively rece critical hit, which can restrain heroes with high damage. After ten stars, she also has qualitative change. If civilians or low krypton don't have the above three heroes, they can consider training
special type:
destroyer - can be promoted to a senior six and passively sell to add damage to teammates
baria - the old T1, which was strong at that time, is not good. Unfortunately, PVP is not suitable for this version, and playing boss is not strong. It is suggested to keep it and see if it will be changed in the future<
over Hero:
Norma -- promoted to six in the early stage, relaxed after the trial
danteria -- similar to Norma, the lack of blood in later stage is a problem
Baroque Lord - it's just a simple tank. If it doesn't hurt at all, don't go up again in the first six months
Alleria, a low-cost proct, is also the proct of six stars<
forest camp
recommend
Rosa, the Devil Hunter (DH) forest has only these two handles at present
special type:
Gru - five stars are mediocre, six stars passively rece damage, and the most flesh hero in the later stage can also do a little damage by passivity
malasa - with poison girl and Walter, you can poison it. It can damage and explode, but it's too fragile. PVP is easy to damage, and you die before you hit it. The damage of boss is considerable
excessive hero
faceless -- civilian assassin, the advantages are easy to come out, up to six up to nine OK
Taylor: it can be used when there is no Omas in the early stage
Dragon slaughtering -- dog food, don't be promoted in the sixth grade
basic knowledge chapter
the game is called [place surprise soldiers] alias [store surprise soldiers]<
game activities are as follows:
arena activities: if you need arena coins, you can get prophets, artifact, T2 heroes, or an important way for civilians to get a lot of diamonds
tavern activities need 20 four-star missions, 12 five-star missions, four six-star missions and two seven star missions to obtain fragments of the prophet and the five-star hero
turntable activity requires turntable coins. Generally, you can complete all v2480 coins, and you can get T2 heroes, prophets and a large number of gold coins
high draw activities - when a new hero is born, there will be high draw activities. All the new heroes will be rewarded, but it takes 550 high draw to complete all the activities. Most people can save half a year to complete all the activities, so it's better to take the minimum guarantee for 0 krypton and low krypton<
prophet activity: it takes 120 prophets to reward T1 heroes to complete. Now it's easier to get prophets than it is. Ordinary people can save enough prophets to complete all tasks in two or three months (but the delivery rate of prophets has been changed, so they usually smoke dog food, otherwise it's easy to explode). In the early stage of Mengxin, it's suggested that you don't need to save prophets, you can smoke if you have one, If you are lucky enough to draw a powerful hero, you can get more resources
synthesis activity - it's almost once a month. Later, it's time to improve the combat power. You need to synthesize ten five-star / six-star heroes to get gold coins, Warcraft materials and advanced turntable coins
limited time altar activities - you can exchange powerful heroes within a limited time
miraculous activity - the latest new activity, which can obtain artifact, T1 hero and a large number of prophets, is a good activity for Mengxin to pull in the gap between the old players' equipment and the old players' equipment. The activity conditions need to obtain two light and dark heroes each, and three other four systems (including five-star debris call)
World boss activity - there are three bosses, which reward gold coins, Warcraft materials and artifact st respectively, and recommend those who reward gold coins
double activity - double experience and hang up items, you can upgrade faster
although the game is made in China, it is mainly for foreigners, so there will be big activities in western festivals (rewards are very rich, special items can be exchanged for T1 heroes, prophets, orange artifact and other game items), but there will be no activities in Chinese traditional festivals such as national day and Mid Autumn Festival
from the above activities, we usually hoard
arena coins, turntable coins, six star and seven star missions, prophets, advanced call scrolls, and five-star hero fragments< In the black market,
it is not recommended to refresh diamonds, because good things are fixed. The black market will refresh a high call every day, a group of turntable coins and arena coins (it seems that someone has tried to brush out the second group, but the probability is very small)
if there are enough turntable coins, three / four star hero fragments, arena coins, mission scrolls, artifact st and gold coins sold in gold coins, Can buy, early can also buy ordinary call scroll, the back is not recommended
for diamonds, 120 diamond arena coins, 240 diamond turntable coins and 150 diamond high call coins are recommended. If there are many diamonds such as branches, high-grade turntable coins and prophets, you can consider buying them. Buy 30 diamond turntable coin, arena coin is too good to get, so buy 15 diamond or not, black market is here
as far as the tavern is concerned,
try to refresh the task to four stars or more, and don't be afraid of wasting diamonds, because the task will also reward diamonds, and basically it won't lose money. If you're lucky, you'll earn money by brushing the Gaozhao and Liuqi star tasks. The Liuqi star task can be completed at any time, and it's reserved. When you wait for the tavern activities, the number of tasks will not decrease the next day
in the early stage of Mengxin, there are no six-star heroes who can complete the six-star and seven star missions, so they can lock up the missions. Although the number of missions will be reced by one the next day, the high star missions can be met but not required. It mainly depends on the accumulation in peacetime, otherwise you may not be able to get out of the tavern missions sometimes
in terms of altars,
four of the same three-star heroes can be kept, and more can be broken down. If the light and dark are OK, I think eight can be kept (because now miraculous activities need five-star light and dark heroes). Only the mainstream five-star heroes will be replaced, and the four-star heroes will not be replaced except the light and dark heroes
as for the turntable, the advanced turntable coins are not active now, so it's OK to deposit them or not
ring the turntable activity, it is recommended to refresh the number of gold coins to the maximum value and then draw. Sometimes, when I draw the four-star hero, I will refresh and draw again directly
the trial of the brave
many people know that taking off the equipment will rece the difficulty, but how to operate is not clear
let me first talk about the mechanism of the brave to test and refresh the enemy. Test 15 levels. Each level is refreshed separately according to the combat effectiveness when you enter. After every three levels, the combat effectiveness of the enemy will be greatly enhanced; So you can take off the equipment before you enter the test level, and then go out to put on the equipment after you enter the test level; If it's too much trouble, you can take off the equipment in three rounds
by the way, before the trial, it's better to take your arena lineup off Warcraft and go to Samsung at will, because there is a small chance that you will meet yourself when you get to the back
daily
with VIP, you can buy more than 4-star pieces of daily .
7. With the rapid development of optical network and the application of digital transmission technology, the bandwidth and quality of service problems that used to be regarded as the "bottleneck" of application in data communication network have been solved one by one, which promotes the rapid development of IP technology and drives all kinds of applications closer to IP, IP phone (also known as IP phone or VOIP) service is one of the typical applications< First, the concept of IP phone is a new kind of voice communication service based on Internet technology or network. From the perspective of network organization, there are two popular ways at present: one is voice communication using internet network, which is called network telephone; The other is the voice communication between telecom operators through the point-to-point connection of special line by using IP technology. Some people call it economical telephone or cheap telephone. Compared with the two, the former has the advantages of low investment and low price, but it has some important defects, such as no service level and no guarantee of the whole call quality. This method is mostly adopted by computer companies and data network service companies. Compared with the former, the latter has larger investment and higher price, but because it is specially used for telephone communication, it has a certain service level and the whole process call quality is guaranteed. This method is mostly adopted by telecom operators
IP phone is obviously different from traditional phone. Firstly, the traditional telephone uses the public telephone network as the medium of voice transmission; IP phone converts voice signals between public telephone network and Internet, compresses and encapsulates voice signals, and converts them into IP packets. At the same time, IP technology allows multiple users to share the same bandwidth resources, which changes the traditional way that a single user monopolizes a channel, and saves the cost of using a single channel. Secondly, e to the promotion of technology and market, the technology of converting voice into IP packet has become more practical and cheap. At the same time, the price of digital signal processor, one of the core components of IP phone, is falling, which greatly reces the cost of telephone. This is especially obvious in the cost of international telephone communication, which is also an important reason for the rapid development of IP phone< IP phone (also known as IP phone or VOIP) is a grouping and digital transmission technology based on IP technology. Its basic principle is: compress and encode the voice data through voice compression algorithm, then pack the voice data according to IP and other related protocols, and transmit the data packet to the receiving place through IP network, After decoding and decompressing, the original voice signal is recovered, so as to achieve the purpose of voice transmission by IP network. IP telephone system converts the analog signal of ordinary telephone into IP data packet which can be transmitted by computer connected to Internet, and also converts the received IP data packet into analog electrical signal of sound. After the conversion and compression of the IP phone system, the transmission rate of each ordinary phone takes up about 8-11kbit / s bandwidth. Therefore, when the transmission rate of 64kbit / s bandwidth is used as the same as that of the ordinary telecommunication network, the number of IP phones is 5-8 times of the original
IP phone gateway is the core and key equipment of IP phone. IP phone gateway has the function of route management. It maps the area code of each area to the IP address of the corresponding area gateway. The information is stored in a database, and the relevant processing software completes the call processing, digital voice packaging, routing management and other functions. When the user dials the IP phone, the IP phone gateway determines the IP address of the corresponding gateway according to the area code database data, adds the IP address to the IP packet, and selects the best route to rece the transmission delay. The IP packet arrives at the destination IP phone gateway through the Internet. For areas where the Internet has not been extended or no gateway has been set up temporarily, the routing can be set up, and the nearest gateway can transfer through the long-distance telephone network to realize the communication service< The basic structure of IP phone is composed of gateway (GW) and gatekeeper (GK). The main functions of the gateway are signaling processing, H.323 protocol processing, voice codec and routing protocol processing, etc. it provides the relay interface to connect with PSTN network and the interface to connect with IP network. The main functions of gatekeeper are user authentication, address resolution, bandwidth management, routing management, security management and area management. A typical call process is: the call is initiated by the PSTN voice switch, and is connected to the gateway through the relay interface. After the gateway obtains the called number that the user wants to call, it sends the query information to the gatekeeper. The gatekeeper finds the IP address of the called gatekeeper, and judges whether the connection should be established according to the network resources. If the connection can be established, the IP address of the called gatekeeper is notified to the calling gateway. After the calling gateway obtains the IP address of the called gateway, it establishes a call connection with the other gateway through the IP network. The called gateway initiates a call to the PSTN network, and the switch rings to the called user. After the called gatekeeper picks up, the voice channel between the called gateway and the switch is connected, The H.245 protocol is used for capacity exchange between gateways to determine the codec used for the call. After the capacity exchange is completed, the calling party and the called party can start the call< Four, the advantages of IP telephony
IP telephony is the economic advantage of the combination of voice data integration and voice / packet technology progress, thus ushering in a new network environment, which provides the advantages of low cost, high flexibility, high proctivity and efficiency. These advantages of IP telephony enable enterprises, service providers and telecom operators to see many bright prospects. The opportunity to integrate voice and data into a packet switched network is driven by the following factors:
(1) the efficiency improved by statistical multiplexing
(2) improve the efficiency of voice compression and voice activity detection (quiet suppression)
(3) long distance cost can be saved by transferring telephone calls over private data networks
(4) rece management costs by uniting infrastructure components
(5) the possibility of using new applications of computer telephony integration
(6) voice connection in data application
(7) effective use of new broadband WAN technology
the improved efficiency of packet networks and the ability to statistically multiplex voice data streams with data packets allow companies to maximize the return on investment in data network infrastructure. And streaming voice data to the data network also reces the number of voice dedicated lines, which are often very expensive. The implementation of Gigabit Ethernet, DWDM and packet over SDH technologies in LAN, man and WAN environment can increase more bandwidth for data network at a lower price. Also, these technologies offer better cost performance than standard TDM connections< 5. There are four types of IP phone: phone to phone, phone to PC, PC to phone and PC to PC. The details are as follows:
(1) PC to PC: at first, the IP phone mode was mainly PC to PC, which used IP address to make calls, and realized real-time voice transmission between PCs on the Internet through voice compression and package transmission. Voice compression, encoding and decoding and package were completed by hardware resources such as processor, sound card and network card on PC, which was quite different from public telephone communication, And it is limited in the Internet, so it has great limitations
(2) call to call: a call to call means that an ordinary phone is connected to an IP phone gateway through a telephone switch, and calls are made through the IP network with a phone number. The sender gateway identifies the calling user, translates the phone number / gateway IP address, initiates an IP phone call, connects to the nearest called gateway, and completes voice coding and packaging. The receiver gateway realizes unpacking, sending and receiving Decode and connect called
(3) call to PC: the gateway completes the correspondence and translation of IP address and telephone number, as well as voice encoding, decoding and packaging
(4) PC to phone: the gateway is also used to complete the correspondence and translation of IP address and telephone number, as well as voice encoding, decoding and packaging< 6. The key technology of IP phone
the traditional IP network is mainly used to transmit data services, using best effort and connectionless technology, so there is no guarantee of service quality, packet loss, out of order arrival and delay jitter. Data service does not have high requirements for this, but voice is a real-time service, which has strict requirements for timing and delay. Therefore, special measures must be taken to ensure certain business quality. The key technologies of IP phone include signaling technology, coding technology, real-time transmission technology, quality of service (QoS) assurance technology, and network transmission technology< Signaling technology ensures the smooth implementation of telephone calls and voice quality. The widely accepted signaling systems for VoIP control include ITU-T H.323 series and IETF Session Initiation Protocol SIP
ITU's H.323 series of recommendations define protocols and proceres for multimedia communication over Internet or other packet networks without QoS guarantee. H. 323 standard is the basic technical support for multimedia on LAN, Wan, intranet and Internet. H. 323 is a set of ITU-T protocols for multimedia communication, including H.320 for ISDN, h.321 for B-ISDN and H.324 for PSTN terminals. Its coding mechanism, protocol scope and basic operation are similar to the simplified version of ISDN Q.931 signaling protocol, and the traditional circuit switching method is adopted. Related protocols include H.245 for control, H.225.0 for connection establishment, h.332 for conference, h.450.1, h.450.2 and h.450.3 for supplementary services, H.235 for security, h.246 for interoperability with circuit switching services, etc. H. 323 provides interoperability among devices, high-level applications and providers. It is independent of network structure, operating system and hardware platform, and supports multipoint function, multicast and bandwidth management. H. 323 has considerable flexibility, and supports meetings between nodes with different functions and meetings between different networks. H. The information flow in the proposed multimedia conference system includes audio, video, data and control information. The information flow is packaged and transmitted in the way suggested by H.225.0
the process of H.323 call establishment involves three kinds of signaling: Ras signaling (r = registration, a = permission and S = status), H.225.0 call signaling and H.245 control signaling. Ras signaling is used to complete the registration, authorization, bandwidth change, status and release between the terminal and the gatekeeper; H. 225.0 call signaling is used to establish the connection between two terminals. This signaling uses Q.931 message to control the establishment and removal of the call. When there is no network guard in the system, the call signaling channel is opened between the two terminals involved in the call; When a gatekeeper is included in the system, the gatekeeper decides to open a call signaling channel between the terminal and the gatekeeper or between two terminals; H. 245 control signaling is used to transmit terminal to terminal control messages, including master-slave discrimination, capability exchange, opening and closing logical channel, mode parameter request, flow control message and general control message
IP phone is obviously different from traditional phone. Firstly, the traditional telephone uses the public telephone network as the medium of voice transmission; IP phone converts voice signals between public telephone network and Internet, compresses and encapsulates voice signals, and converts them into IP packets. At the same time, IP technology allows multiple users to share the same bandwidth resources, which changes the traditional way that a single user monopolizes a channel, and saves the cost of using a single channel. Secondly, e to the promotion of technology and market, the technology of converting voice into IP packet has become more practical and cheap. At the same time, the price of digital signal processor, one of the core components of IP phone, is falling, which greatly reces the cost of telephone. This is especially obvious in the cost of international telephone communication, which is also an important reason for the rapid development of IP phone< IP phone (also known as IP phone or VOIP) is a grouping and digital transmission technology based on IP technology. Its basic principle is: compress and encode the voice data through voice compression algorithm, then pack the voice data according to IP and other related protocols, and transmit the data packet to the receiving place through IP network, After decoding and decompressing, the original voice signal is recovered, so as to achieve the purpose of voice transmission by IP network. IP telephone system converts the analog signal of ordinary telephone into IP data packet which can be transmitted by computer connected to Internet, and also converts the received IP data packet into analog electrical signal of sound. After the conversion and compression of the IP phone system, the transmission rate of each ordinary phone takes up about 8-11kbit / s bandwidth. Therefore, when the transmission rate of 64kbit / s bandwidth is used as the same as that of the ordinary telecommunication network, the number of IP phones is 5-8 times of the original
IP phone gateway is the core and key equipment of IP phone. IP phone gateway has the function of route management. It maps the area code of each area to the IP address of the corresponding area gateway. The information is stored in a database, and the relevant processing software completes the call processing, digital voice packaging, routing management and other functions. When the user dials the IP phone, the IP phone gateway determines the IP address of the corresponding gateway according to the area code database data, adds the IP address to the IP packet, and selects the best route to rece the transmission delay. The IP packet arrives at the destination IP phone gateway through the Internet. For areas where the Internet has not been extended or no gateway has been set up temporarily, the routing can be set up, and the nearest gateway can transfer through the long-distance telephone network to realize the communication service< The basic structure of IP phone is composed of gateway (GW) and gatekeeper (GK). The main functions of the gateway are signaling processing, H.323 protocol processing, voice codec and routing protocol processing, etc. it provides the relay interface to connect with PSTN network and the interface to connect with IP network. The main functions of gatekeeper are user authentication, address resolution, bandwidth management, routing management, security management and area management. A typical call process is: the call is initiated by the PSTN voice switch, and is connected to the gateway through the relay interface. After the gateway obtains the called number that the user wants to call, it sends the query information to the gatekeeper. The gatekeeper finds the IP address of the called gatekeeper, and judges whether the connection should be established according to the network resources. If the connection can be established, the IP address of the called gatekeeper is notified to the calling gateway. After the calling gateway obtains the IP address of the called gateway, it establishes a call connection with the other gateway through the IP network. The called gateway initiates a call to the PSTN network, and the switch rings to the called user. After the called gatekeeper picks up, the voice channel between the called gateway and the switch is connected, The H.245 protocol is used for capacity exchange between gateways to determine the codec used for the call. After the capacity exchange is completed, the calling party and the called party can start the call< Four, the advantages of IP telephony
IP telephony is the economic advantage of the combination of voice data integration and voice / packet technology progress, thus ushering in a new network environment, which provides the advantages of low cost, high flexibility, high proctivity and efficiency. These advantages of IP telephony enable enterprises, service providers and telecom operators to see many bright prospects. The opportunity to integrate voice and data into a packet switched network is driven by the following factors:
(1) the efficiency improved by statistical multiplexing
(2) improve the efficiency of voice compression and voice activity detection (quiet suppression)
(3) long distance cost can be saved by transferring telephone calls over private data networks
(4) rece management costs by uniting infrastructure components
(5) the possibility of using new applications of computer telephony integration
(6) voice connection in data application
(7) effective use of new broadband WAN technology
the improved efficiency of packet networks and the ability to statistically multiplex voice data streams with data packets allow companies to maximize the return on investment in data network infrastructure. And streaming voice data to the data network also reces the number of voice dedicated lines, which are often very expensive. The implementation of Gigabit Ethernet, DWDM and packet over SDH technologies in LAN, man and WAN environment can increase more bandwidth for data network at a lower price. Also, these technologies offer better cost performance than standard TDM connections< 5. There are four types of IP phone: phone to phone, phone to PC, PC to phone and PC to PC. The details are as follows:
(1) PC to PC: at first, the IP phone mode was mainly PC to PC, which used IP address to make calls, and realized real-time voice transmission between PCs on the Internet through voice compression and package transmission. Voice compression, encoding and decoding and package were completed by hardware resources such as processor, sound card and network card on PC, which was quite different from public telephone communication, And it is limited in the Internet, so it has great limitations
(2) call to call: a call to call means that an ordinary phone is connected to an IP phone gateway through a telephone switch, and calls are made through the IP network with a phone number. The sender gateway identifies the calling user, translates the phone number / gateway IP address, initiates an IP phone call, connects to the nearest called gateway, and completes voice coding and packaging. The receiver gateway realizes unpacking, sending and receiving Decode and connect called
(3) call to PC: the gateway completes the correspondence and translation of IP address and telephone number, as well as voice encoding, decoding and packaging
(4) PC to phone: the gateway is also used to complete the correspondence and translation of IP address and telephone number, as well as voice encoding, decoding and packaging< 6. The key technology of IP phone
the traditional IP network is mainly used to transmit data services, using best effort and connectionless technology, so there is no guarantee of service quality, packet loss, out of order arrival and delay jitter. Data service does not have high requirements for this, but voice is a real-time service, which has strict requirements for timing and delay. Therefore, special measures must be taken to ensure certain business quality. The key technologies of IP phone include signaling technology, coding technology, real-time transmission technology, quality of service (QoS) assurance technology, and network transmission technology< Signaling technology ensures the smooth implementation of telephone calls and voice quality. The widely accepted signaling systems for VoIP control include ITU-T H.323 series and IETF Session Initiation Protocol SIP
ITU's H.323 series of recommendations define protocols and proceres for multimedia communication over Internet or other packet networks without QoS guarantee. H. 323 standard is the basic technical support for multimedia on LAN, Wan, intranet and Internet. H. 323 is a set of ITU-T protocols for multimedia communication, including H.320 for ISDN, h.321 for B-ISDN and H.324 for PSTN terminals. Its coding mechanism, protocol scope and basic operation are similar to the simplified version of ISDN Q.931 signaling protocol, and the traditional circuit switching method is adopted. Related protocols include H.245 for control, H.225.0 for connection establishment, h.332 for conference, h.450.1, h.450.2 and h.450.3 for supplementary services, H.235 for security, h.246 for interoperability with circuit switching services, etc. H. 323 provides interoperability among devices, high-level applications and providers. It is independent of network structure, operating system and hardware platform, and supports multipoint function, multicast and bandwidth management. H. 323 has considerable flexibility, and supports meetings between nodes with different functions and meetings between different networks. H. The information flow in the proposed multimedia conference system includes audio, video, data and control information. The information flow is packaged and transmitted in the way suggested by H.225.0
the process of H.323 call establishment involves three kinds of signaling: Ras signaling (r = registration, a = permission and S = status), H.225.0 call signaling and H.245 control signaling. Ras signaling is used to complete the registration, authorization, bandwidth change, status and release between the terminal and the gatekeeper; H. 225.0 call signaling is used to establish the connection between two terminals. This signaling uses Q.931 message to control the establishment and removal of the call. When there is no network guard in the system, the call signaling channel is opened between the two terminals involved in the call; When a gatekeeper is included in the system, the gatekeeper decides to open a call signaling channel between the terminal and the gatekeeper or between two terminals; H. 245 control signaling is used to transmit terminal to terminal control messages, including master-slave discrimination, capability exchange, opening and closing logical channel, mode parameter request, flow control message and general control message
8. Swedish think tank: China's military spending is the second largest in the world. Experts: don't approve
our special correspondent Han Xing
according to Kyodo News Agency on the 8th, SIPRI, a Swedish think tank, released SIPRI Yearbook 2009 on the 8th. It is estimated that China's military spending in 2008 will actually increase by 10% over the previous year, reaching US $84.9 billion, ranking second in the world
however, according to Chinese experts, there are many ways to calculate military expenditure internationally, and SIPRI data are not recognized by the international community< According to the Yearbook, the total military expenditure of the United States in 2008 was 607 billion US dollars, ranking first. China ranked second for the first time, but its spending of $84.9 billion still lags far behind that of the United States. They are France (65.74 billion US dollars), Britain (65.35 billion US dollars), Russia (58.6 billion US dollars), Germany (46.87 billion US dollars), Japan (46.38 billion US dollars), Italy (40.69 billion US dollars), Saudi Arabia (38.2 billion US dollars) and India (30 billion US dollars)< The Yearbook points out that China's military expenditure has increased about twice in the past 10 years, with a huge increase. According to the Yearbook analysis, although this growth is roughly proportional to China's economic development, it is related to China's "strong desire to become a (military) power". In 2007, the agency speculated that China's military spending ranked third behind the United States and Britain. The Yearbook explains that the increase in China's military spending is e to the increase in labor costs, but also emphasizes that China is promoting high-tech weapons through domestic and foreign procurement
although the military spending of Russia and China is increasing, the United States is still the largest military spending country. According to the Yearbook, the US military expenditure accounted for 42% of the world's total in 2008, more than the total military expenditure of the next 14 countries< According to the Yearbook analysis, the rise in US military spending is largely e to the two wars. Over the years, US military spending on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has totaled 903 billion US dollars. Moreover, its concept of "anti-terrorism" has influenced many countries in the world and become a reason for countries to increase military spending<
in response to the SIPRI Yearbook 2009, Chinese military expert Li genxin said in an interview with the global times on June 8 that there are many kinds of statistical caliber and calculation methods for military expenditure in the world, and the Stockholm International Peace Research institute publishes a yearbook according to its own method every year, The real purchasing power and "invisible expenditure" of each country's currency are calculated by speculation, but the international community does not accept the data
[let me talk about two sentences (195 articles)]
our special correspondent Han Xing
according to Kyodo News Agency on the 8th, SIPRI, a Swedish think tank, released SIPRI Yearbook 2009 on the 8th. It is estimated that China's military spending in 2008 will actually increase by 10% over the previous year, reaching US $84.9 billion, ranking second in the world
however, according to Chinese experts, there are many ways to calculate military expenditure internationally, and SIPRI data are not recognized by the international community< According to the Yearbook, the total military expenditure of the United States in 2008 was 607 billion US dollars, ranking first. China ranked second for the first time, but its spending of $84.9 billion still lags far behind that of the United States. They are France (65.74 billion US dollars), Britain (65.35 billion US dollars), Russia (58.6 billion US dollars), Germany (46.87 billion US dollars), Japan (46.38 billion US dollars), Italy (40.69 billion US dollars), Saudi Arabia (38.2 billion US dollars) and India (30 billion US dollars)< The Yearbook points out that China's military expenditure has increased about twice in the past 10 years, with a huge increase. According to the Yearbook analysis, although this growth is roughly proportional to China's economic development, it is related to China's "strong desire to become a (military) power". In 2007, the agency speculated that China's military spending ranked third behind the United States and Britain. The Yearbook explains that the increase in China's military spending is e to the increase in labor costs, but also emphasizes that China is promoting high-tech weapons through domestic and foreign procurement
although the military spending of Russia and China is increasing, the United States is still the largest military spending country. According to the Yearbook, the US military expenditure accounted for 42% of the world's total in 2008, more than the total military expenditure of the next 14 countries< According to the Yearbook analysis, the rise in US military spending is largely e to the two wars. Over the years, US military spending on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has totaled 903 billion US dollars. Moreover, its concept of "anti-terrorism" has influenced many countries in the world and become a reason for countries to increase military spending<
in response to the SIPRI Yearbook 2009, Chinese military expert Li genxin said in an interview with the global times on June 8 that there are many kinds of statistical caliber and calculation methods for military expenditure in the world, and the Stockholm International Peace Research institute publishes a yearbook according to its own method every year, The real purchasing power and "invisible expenditure" of each country's currency are calculated by speculation, but the international community does not accept the data
[let me talk about two sentences (195 articles)]
9. Advantages:
1. Strong stereoscopic sense and realistic picture. Compared with the traditional TV, the images that 3D TV can present are no longer limited to the plane, and the screen size is no longer constrained by the screen size. The audience will see dolphins swimming gracefully around them, birds flying over their heads, and football flying towards your face... These scenes are difficult to express in the past plane imaging TV
2. 3D TV is the mainstream of future development. What people's eyes see in nature is three-dimensional scenery, so it is always the ideal of human beings to reproce the real three-dimensional scenery. At present, Samsung, Sony, LG, sharp, Panasonic, Hisense, Konka, TCL, Changhong, Skyworth and other TV manufacturers have launched 3D procts. According to DisplaySearch, the share of 3D TV in the global TV market will grow to 13.6% by 2015 and 20.6% by 2018. 3D TV will become the mainstream of future development, and its development prospect is immeasurable
3. It can be compatible with 2D and 3D images, and the conversion is convenient. 3D TV is not a brand new screen, but a 3D display supporting structure is added to the processing mole of ordinary flat panel TV. In addition, a 3D chip supporting 3D decoding and playback is added. Therefore, 3D TV can be compatible with 2D picture playback, and the conversion between the two pictures can be fast and convenient
disadvantages:
1. You must wear heavy glasses, and they are expensive. Although some manufacturers have begun to study the naked 3D display technology, and launched some procts using the naked 3D technology, e to the imperfect and high cost of the naked 3D technology, it is mainly used in the commercial field, and the flat-panel TV procts using the naked 3D technology have not been launched by any manufacturers. At the same time, the most commonly used active shutter type 3D glasses are expensive, generally about 1300 yuan, while each manufacturer's 3D TV glasses are not universal
2. It is easy to cause eye fatigue, dizziness, nausea and other symptoms, and even lead to some serious diseases. Different from 2D display, 3D images are formed in the human brain. The images received by the left and right eyes are not exactly the same, which does not conform to the imaging law of the human visual system. As a result, the viewer will have visual discomfort, leading to visual fatigue, nausea, dizziness and other symptoms
at present, 3D TV mostly adopts active technology, while active shutter glasses are made of liquid crystal screen, combined with some electronic devices, so it may also proce radiation and affect human health. Samsung also issued a warning through its Australian website that watching 3D TV is bad for health. In the report entitled "photosensitive epilepsy warning and other health risks", some of the serious diseases that may be caused by watching 3D TV are listed, the most serious of which is stroke< 3. The price of 3D TV is too high. Although many manufacturers have launched 3D procts, and the price has been greatly reced compared with before, the price of 3D TV is still relatively high. It seems that it is not easy to enter ordinary families. It is understood that the smallest 40 inch 3D TV on the market costs more than 10000 yuan, while some high-end 55 inch procts even cost about 40000 or 50000 yuan. In addition, 3D TV generally needs to match 3D video disc, 3D disc player and stereo glasses to form a home 3D video system. If all these are added up, the cost investment is bound to be greater, which is hard for ordinary families to bear< 4. 3D film sources are scarce. Since the release of the 3D version of avatar, people have been very enthusiastic about 3D stereoscopic display. However, in terms of film sources, although there are some 3D films on display, they are still very rare in general, not to mention the uneven quality of 3D film sources, and some Pseudo 3D films are full of them. At present, there is no 3D channel in China.
1. Strong stereoscopic sense and realistic picture. Compared with the traditional TV, the images that 3D TV can present are no longer limited to the plane, and the screen size is no longer constrained by the screen size. The audience will see dolphins swimming gracefully around them, birds flying over their heads, and football flying towards your face... These scenes are difficult to express in the past plane imaging TV
2. 3D TV is the mainstream of future development. What people's eyes see in nature is three-dimensional scenery, so it is always the ideal of human beings to reproce the real three-dimensional scenery. At present, Samsung, Sony, LG, sharp, Panasonic, Hisense, Konka, TCL, Changhong, Skyworth and other TV manufacturers have launched 3D procts. According to DisplaySearch, the share of 3D TV in the global TV market will grow to 13.6% by 2015 and 20.6% by 2018. 3D TV will become the mainstream of future development, and its development prospect is immeasurable
3. It can be compatible with 2D and 3D images, and the conversion is convenient. 3D TV is not a brand new screen, but a 3D display supporting structure is added to the processing mole of ordinary flat panel TV. In addition, a 3D chip supporting 3D decoding and playback is added. Therefore, 3D TV can be compatible with 2D picture playback, and the conversion between the two pictures can be fast and convenient
disadvantages:
1. You must wear heavy glasses, and they are expensive. Although some manufacturers have begun to study the naked 3D display technology, and launched some procts using the naked 3D technology, e to the imperfect and high cost of the naked 3D technology, it is mainly used in the commercial field, and the flat-panel TV procts using the naked 3D technology have not been launched by any manufacturers. At the same time, the most commonly used active shutter type 3D glasses are expensive, generally about 1300 yuan, while each manufacturer's 3D TV glasses are not universal
2. It is easy to cause eye fatigue, dizziness, nausea and other symptoms, and even lead to some serious diseases. Different from 2D display, 3D images are formed in the human brain. The images received by the left and right eyes are not exactly the same, which does not conform to the imaging law of the human visual system. As a result, the viewer will have visual discomfort, leading to visual fatigue, nausea, dizziness and other symptoms
at present, 3D TV mostly adopts active technology, while active shutter glasses are made of liquid crystal screen, combined with some electronic devices, so it may also proce radiation and affect human health. Samsung also issued a warning through its Australian website that watching 3D TV is bad for health. In the report entitled "photosensitive epilepsy warning and other health risks", some of the serious diseases that may be caused by watching 3D TV are listed, the most serious of which is stroke< 3. The price of 3D TV is too high. Although many manufacturers have launched 3D procts, and the price has been greatly reced compared with before, the price of 3D TV is still relatively high. It seems that it is not easy to enter ordinary families. It is understood that the smallest 40 inch 3D TV on the market costs more than 10000 yuan, while some high-end 55 inch procts even cost about 40000 or 50000 yuan. In addition, 3D TV generally needs to match 3D video disc, 3D disc player and stereo glasses to form a home 3D video system. If all these are added up, the cost investment is bound to be greater, which is hard for ordinary families to bear< 4. 3D film sources are scarce. Since the release of the 3D version of avatar, people have been very enthusiastic about 3D stereoscopic display. However, in terms of film sources, although there are some 3D films on display, they are still very rare in general, not to mention the uneven quality of 3D film sources, and some Pseudo 3D films are full of them. At present, there is no 3D channel in China.
Hot content