How much CPU power

1. 1. The meaning of CPU calculation once is that CPU performs "bit calculation" once, for example, 2 + 3 = 5, and binary is 0010 + 0011 = 0101. If there are three bits in total, the computer will calculate three times. 2. As for what this number is related to, that is, the higher the CPU frequency, the more the number of operations per unit time

2. The computing power of CPU is related to the number of CPU cores, the frequency of core and the ability of single clock cycle of core
the ability of double precision floating-point computing is commonly used to measure the scientific computing ability of CPU, that is, the ability to process 64 bit floating-point data

the processor supporting avx2 can perform 16 floating-point operations in one core and one clock cycle, Also known as 16flops
CPU power = number of cores x frequency of cores x 16flops
processors supporting avx512 can perform 32 floating-point operations in one core and one clock cycle, also known as 32flops
CPU power = number of cores x frequency of cores x 32flops

3. I54590 is a four core, four thread, three-level cache is 6MB. The i7 4790 is a 4-core 8-thread, 3-level cache of 8MB. CPU is not only determined by the dominant frequency.

4. If the program has been optimized for multi-core, that is to say, the multi-core CPU can also play its advantages. It is recommended to take a look at Lenovo's X6 server (the original IBMX Series), which can host four physical CPUs with strong performance.

5. First: the main frequency, that is, the clock frequency of the CPU, which is simply the working frequency of the CPU. Generally speaking, the number of instructions completed in a clock cycle is fixed, so the higher the main frequency, the faster the CPU speed. However, e to the internal structure of various CPUs are not the same, so can not fully use the main frequency to summarize the performance of the CPU. The external frequency is the working frequency of the system bus; Frequency doubling refers to the multiple of the difference between the CPU external frequency and the main frequency. The formula is: dominant frequency = external frequency × Second harmonic generation. Generally speaking, Celeron 433 and PIII 550 refer to the main frequency of CPU< Second, the speed of memory bus, or the total line speed of the system, is generally equal to the external frequency of CPU. The speed of memory bus is very important for the performance of the whole system. Because the development of memory speed lags behind that of CPU, in order to alleviate the bottleneck brought by memory, there is a secondary cache to coordinate the difference between the two. The speed of memory bus refers to the working frequency between CPU and L2 cache and memory
Third: working voltage. Working voltage refers to the voltage required for the normal operation of CPU. The working voltage of early CPUs (386 and 486) was generally 5V e to their backward technology. When they developed to Pentium 586, it was already 3.5v/3.3v/2.8v. With the improvement of CPU manufacturing technology and main frequency, the working voltage of CPUs had a graal downward trend. The latest Coppermine proced by Intel has adopted the working voltage of 1.6V. Low voltage can solve the problem of excessive power consumption and excessive heat, which is particularly important for notebook computers
Fourth: coprocessor or mathematical coprocessor. In the CPU before 486, there was no built-in coprocessor. Since the main function of coprocessor is responsible for floating-point operation, the floating-point operation performance of 386, 286, 8088 and other microcomputer CPUs are quite backward. Since 486, CPUs have generally built coprocessors, and the function of coprocessor is no longer limited to enhancing floating-point operation. Nowadays, the floating-point unit (coprocessor) of CPU often optimizes multimedia instructions. For example, Intel's MMX technology, MMX is the abbreviation of "multimedia extended instruction set". MMX is a new technology adopted by Intel in 1996 to enhance Pentium CPU in audio-visual, graphics and communication applications. 57 MMX instructions are added to CPU, which improves the ability of multimedia processing by about 60%
fifthly: pipeline technology, superscalar. Pipeline is Intel's first use in 486 chip. The assembly line works like an assembly line in instrial proction. In CPU, an instruction processing pipeline is composed of 5 ~ 6 circuit units with different functions. Then an x86 instruction is divided into 5 ~ 6 steps and executed by these circuit units respectively. In this way, an instruction can be completed in a CPU clock cycle, so the CPU operation speed is improved. Super pipeline means that the internal pipeline of a certain type of CPU exceeds the usual 5-6 steps or more. For example, the pipeline of Pentium Pro is as long as 14 steps. The more steps (stages) the pipeline is designed, the faster it can complete an instruction, so it can adapt to the CPU with higher working frequency. Superscalar means that the CPU can execute more than one instruction in a clock cycle. This is hard to imagine on 486 or previous CPUs. Only Pentium CPUs have this superscalar structure; This is because more and more modern CPU uses RISC technology, so it will superscalar CPU
sixth: out of order execution and branch prediction. Out of order execution means that the CPU adopts a technology that allows multiple instructions to be sent separately to the corresponding circuit units for processing, not in the order specified by the program. Branching refers to the nodes that need to be changed when the program is running. There are unconditional branches and conditional branches. Unconditional branches only need CPU to execute in order of instructions, while conditional branches must decide whether the program running direction changes according to the processing results. Therefore, it is conditional branches that need "branch prediction" technology to deal with
seventh: L1 cache, also known as L1 cache. The built-in cache in CPU can improve the efficiency of CPU. The capacity and structure of the built-in L1 cache have a great impact on the performance of CPU, but the cache is composed of static RAM, and the structure is complex. When the CPU chip area is not too large, the capacity of L1 cache can not be too large. Cache with write back structure. It provides caching for both read and write operations. The cache with write through structure is only effective for read operation. Write back cache is used in 486 computers
eighth: L2 cache refers to the cache outside the CPU. Pentium pro's L2 and CPU run at the same frequency, but the cost is expensive, so Pentium II runs at half of the CPU frequency, with a capacity of 512k. To rece costs, Intel proced a CPU without L2 called Celeron
ninth: manufacturing process: the manufacturing process of Pentium CPU is 0.35 μ m, PII and Celeron can reach 0.25 μ m, the latest CPU manufacturing process can reach 0.18 μ m, and copper wiring technology will be adopted, which can greatly improve the integration and working frequency of CPU.

6.

bus line: Express No.1, the whole journey is about 32.1km

1, walk about 1.6km from Xiamen old courtyard scenic spot to tiancuo station

2, take express No.1, pass 22 stops, reach Sibei station

3, walk about 50m to Xiamen Ophthalmic Center building

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