How to say the birthday of global center
1 the birthday package includes 2 admission tickets, which are not shared with other on-site activities
2 the birthday offer can only be used by the person and one of his fellow travelers at the same time
3 if there are exhibition activities on the 94th floor of the sightseeing hall, the price difference should be made up
* the offer is valid from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019
You can visit Shanghai World Financial Center for free on your birthday
ticket price directory
Free crowd: A: children under 100cm B: disabled soldiers (with relevant valid certificates) C: free visit on the birthday day requires holding my ID card or household registration book
alt: 100 floor + 97 floor + 94 floor light ticket 150 yuan / person
students: 100 yuan / person for 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, 80 yuan / person for 94 floors. For children under 1.4 meters, the preferential price is 75 yuan / person for 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, 60 yuan / person for single 94 floors
for the elderly over 60 years old, the preferential price is 100 yuan / person for 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, and 80 yuan / person for single 94 floors
for active servicemen, the preferential price is 75 yuan / person for 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, 60 yuan / person for 94 floors alone
families of Martyrs: 75 yuan / person for 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, 60 yuan / person for 94 floors (with relevant certificates)
retired cadres: 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, 100 yuan / person, 80 yuan / person for 94 floors (with relevant certificates)
disabled people: 75 yuan / person for 100 floors + 97 floors + 94 floors, 60 yuan / person for 94 floors Inflammables and explosives, knives, bottled liquid enter
Shanghai World Financial Center is a skyscraper located in Lujiazui, Shanghai, China, which was completed on August 29, 2008. With a height of 492 meters and 101 floors above the ground, it is the third tallest building in China (up to 2014) and the highest flat top building in the world
the developer of Shanghai World Financial Center is Shanghai World Financial Center Co., Ltd., which was built by Mori Building Co., Ltd. in 1995
Shanghai World Financial Center_ Network
(2) distribution of horizontal seismic shear in walls: for horizontal seismic shear, if it is a rigid floor, it is distributed according to the proportion of equivalent stiffness of lateral force resisting members; For the flexible floor, the distribution is based on the proportion of the representative gravity load on the half area between the adjacent lateral force resisting members on both sides of the lateral force resisting member. For the semi-rigid floor, the average value of the above two distribution results is taken for distribution.
how to respond to seismic threats
I made a report on earthquakes for the relevant departments of the Chinese government in early 2005. At that time, it was not expected that there would be such a big earthquake disaster in China. After the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, I found out the report again, and added the last part of the suggestions here for the reference of the relevant departments, hoping to help the departments that are currently formulating laws and regulations for post disaster reconstruction. The PPT of this report is written in English. If there is any difference between Chinese and English, the English meaning will prevail
n earthquakes pose a major risk for buildings and new development
earthquakes are the most serious hazards to buildings and new town development
n however, People have been living with the threat of earthquakes for centuries, but how can we learn from the west to manage the risk of earthquakes<
adopt seismic design principles
identify high risk areas ¨ Identify major fault lines and earthquake history ¨ Avoid soil areas where earthquake damage will be greater
to avoid the foundation soil area that will cause great damage ring earthquake
n the biggest risk is in loose and sandy soils prone to liquefaction
the most dangerous is the loose and sandy soil that will cause large amount of debris flow ring earthquake< br />
¨ Ad opt a building code that manages risk in these areas
seismic design principles
seismic design principles
avoid irregular shape buildings
structural damage control
building structure system control
n diaphragms horizontal separation (floor plates and roofs)
n shear walls system (must be vertically continuous)
n braced frames system (a frame structure that resists moment / torsion forces system; a frame structure that resists moment / torsion forces system); Use in place of a shear wall system)
n moment resistant frames (connections between columns and floor system to resist bending and lateral loads)
appropriate structural systems
n wood and Steel frame with masonry fill in walls (good energy absorption if bay sizes are small and building plan is uniform), The plane is regular, which can achieve good energy absorption effect)
n steel frame, braced (extended bracing, detail and supports are important)
n flexible connected steel frame (good energy absorption, Elastic connection of steel structure is very important, With energy absorption capacity
n avoid precast concrete systems should absolutely avoid precast simple concrete wallboard
n construction quality and code enforcement are critical
n many countries have adequate codes but They are not enforced well
there are many countries with good standards, but poor implementation ability
n the following are particulate important:
¨ Proper sizing of bay and spandrel proportions
the Bay size and span must be appropriate
¨ Appropriate reinforcement at connections
strengthen nodes properly
¨ Using adequate tensile reinforcement in concrete frames
relevant U.S. and international codes One of the first)
¨ Boca is California's building code ¨ The source for the international building code (IBC) ¨ Identification zones based on seismic risk ¨ Create different guidelines for buildings based on these risks
develop different building codes for different zones<
recommended course of action
n (adapt GIS and) process accurate seismic maps of the region
n adopt Boca / IBC seismic safety standards through the area
comprehensively adopt Boca / IBC seismic safety standards in seismic areas Full standard
n create effective enforcement region to ensure code implementation
establish an institution to ensure the effective implementation of the standard
thinking after the Wenchuan Earthquake:
n the earthquake flattened many cities, counties and towns, which need to be rebuilt, So how to consider the natural factors such as earthquake and the factories and facilities that proce secondary hazards when re planning
n for schools, hospitals and other places of refuge, how to reflect in the planning
n are the standards and specifications for schools, hospitals and other places of refuge to be formulated separately
n Japan has proposed to speed up the transformation and reinforcement of schools and kindergartens. Should China identify, reinforce and reconstruct schools, kindergartens and hospitals in earthquake areas? And consider setting up emergency shelters
n according to the news report, five love primary schools did not collapse, but all the surrounding buildings collapsed, which proves that if the construction quality is strictly controlled, there is no problem with the current seismic code, and we should strengthen the supervision and control of all levels, such as the drawing review system, supervision system, quality inspection system, etc
n the current structural code in our country is referred to as code 02 for short, which is used to replace code 89. Code 02 takes American and Japanese codes as reference, but considering economic factors, it can not be fully achieved for the time being. Can the government take economic support for school and hospital buildings in seismic zone, so that economic factors do not affect the implementation of the code
building structure and earthquake resistance
the buildings we live in have different structures e to different heights, uses and construction time, and at the same time, the earthquake resistance capacity of the buildings is also different. So what kind of house is the most earthquake resistant? Let's get to know
the seismic grade of steel structure is
features: steel is the main structural material of steel structure. Steel is characterized by high strength and light weight. At the same time, e to the homogeneity and strength and toughness of steel materials, it can have large deformation, can well bear dynamic load, and has good seismic capacity
Application: however, e to the relatively high cost of steel structure construction, the current application is not very common
steel structure is usually used in general super high-rise buildings (more than 100 meters) or buildings with large span. The typical steel structure building in Shenyang is Wuai Market phase II shoe and hat shopping mall
the seismic grade of shear wall structure is
features: the shear wall uses reinforced concrete wallboard to bear the internal force caused by various loads, and can effectively control the horizontal force of the structure. The structure that uses shear wall to bear vertical and horizontal forces is called shear wall structure
Application: shear wall structure is widely used in high-rise buildings (residential buildings with 10 storeys or more or buildings with height more than 24 meters)
anti seismic grade of frame structure: the frame is composed of load-bearing beams and columns poured with reinforced concrete, and then assembled with hollow brick or prefabricated aerated concrete, ceramsite and other lightweight plates as partition walls. The wall mainly plays the role of enclosure and isolation. Because the wall is not load-bearing, it can be made of various lightweight materials
in the frame structure, there is another kind of frame shear wall structure, also known as frame shear wall structure. It is the combination of frame structure and shear wall structure, and absorbs their respective advantages. It can not only provide larger space for building layout, but also has good resistance performance. The house with this structure has good earthquake resistance
Application: frame structure is widely used in modern architectural design, most of the buildings we see are frame structure
anti seismic level of brick concrete structure ★
features: the "brick" in brick concrete structure refers to a kind of building material with uniform size, and also includes irregular clay brick and hollow brick of other sizes“ "Concrete mixture" refers to the reinforced concrete batching made up of reinforcement, cement, sand and water in a certain proportion, including floor slab, lintel, staircase and balcony. These accessories are combined with the load-bearing wall made of brick, so they are called brick concrete structure. The brick concrete structure residence is generally multi-storey (less than 24 meters and less than 10 floors), and its seismic performance is weaker than the above three
Application: brick concrete structure is generally used in multi-storey or small span buildings, but e to the rigid housing pattern of brick concrete structure, the wall can not be changed. In addition, in recent years, frame structure and shear wall structure are more and more widely used, brick concrete structure has been rarely used in urban construction. At present, only some buildings in the suburbs of our country are still brick concrete structure
[life warning]
home decoration should also be earthquake proof
in the design of houses, many structures are built according to the seismic needs of houses. Therefore, special attention should be paid in the decoration, some places can not be changed, otherwise once the overall seismic design of the house is damaged, it will be extremely dangerous in the event of an earthquake
it is very dangerous to smash the load-bearing wall in decoration. Experts said that under normal circumstances, if a household on the first floor demolishes the bearing wall in a large area, the seismic performance of the building will be weakened and the load stress will be abnormal. If there is a magnitude 8 earthquake at this time, the building is likely to be damaged
Key words one, acceleration of "seismic response": earthquake is through the shaking and bumping of the ground, so that the quality of all parts of the house also has a response acceleration, so all parts of the house are affected by the seismic force. It's like screening the Lantern Festival. People shake and bump back and forth with a sieve. Although they don't touch the Lantern Festival directly with their fingers, they are rolling around. In addition to the epicenter area, the earthquake mainly caused horizontal shaking of buildings. All buildings in seismic area require lateral force resisting structures, such as seismic walls, braces, etc. These structures are useless at ordinary times. They are also in the way, but they are life-saving under strong winds and earthquakes. Some people buy a house, wantonly decoration, for fear that it is not transparent, not boring. When the earthquake comes, it's not only bad for us, but also bad for our neighbors
the second key word is "stiffness" to resist deformation and "strength" to resist failure: the ability of a house to resist deformation is called stiffness, and the ability to resist failure is called strength. A lighter proportion of buildings is good for earthquake resistance. The mass is smaller and the seismic force is smaller. But housing is not as rigid as it gets. A thick wall may be able to bear more vertical gravity load, but sometimes it will lead to greater seismic force. In the same building, the seismic force is also distributed according to the stiffness, and the stiffness is much higher. As the saying goes, no diamond, no porcelain. The biggest fear is that the stiffness is large and the strength is small. For example, the thick masonry wall has a large stiffness at the beginning, which attracts a lot of seismic force. However, if the strength is not as strong as it can hold up such a large force, it is easy to collapse. If the steel structure is designed properly, its seismic performance will be better. Because of its high strength, if it is made light, its mass stiffness will not be too big. If it overcomes the stiffness with softness, it will attract less seismic force, but has strong resistance, so it will be safer. But the stiffness is not the smaller the better. The structure is too soft, the deformation is too large, and the wind and grass are also shaking around. It is not only uncomfortable, but also has additional force. That's why it's good to combine hardness and softness
key words three, sudden "brittle" failure and predicted "ctile" failure: brittle failure occurs suddenly, while ctile failure is predicted. First, the beam and slab are cracked, and the deformation is very large, and maybe there is still time to escape. Brick and concrete are brittle materials, easy to break suddenly. For example, many brick walls in the earthquake area have X-shaped cracks, which is a kind of brittle failure. Concrete with reinforcement has a certain ctility. For example, when beams and slabs are bent, the tensile steel bar exceeds the limit of elastic strength, and it will continue to stretch without breaking, just like brown sugar. In fact, we should pay more attention to the shear of reinforced concrete members. Under the action of transverse force, reinforced concrete columns will be subject to shear force, which is prone to brittle failure. The way is to add steel hoops. During the Hanshin earthquake in Japan, some viact columns collapsed, not because of insufficient longitudinal reinforcement, but because of too few steel hoops. Often when we build houses, we add more long longitudinal steel bars and ignore steel hoops. In the history of earthquake disasters in the world, too many people have suffered from this. Brick and stone structure should be added with ring beams according to the specifications, which should not be taken lightly. The structure usually carries a heavy burden for people, but if it is not designed properly, it will become a deadly bomb in earthquake. China's annual output of steel is nearly 500 million tons, ranking first in the world. The steel structure is light and strong. It can be prefabricated outside the heavy disaster area. The transportation and installation are convenient and fast. Reasonable design of some steel structure of the school, hospital, combined with the use of some light floor, wallboard, while considering heat preservation and energy saving. It is of great practical significance for post disaster reconstruction
key words four, promising "energy dissipation" design: if the house structure has good ctility and enough strength, a large amount of energy brought by the earthquake will be pulled back and forth like brown candy through repeated structural deformation, but the strength will be exhausted. After a big earthquake, the house may crack, it may need to be overhauled, or it may have to give up, but as long as it holds up and doesn't fall down ring the earthquake, the ground will be very good. So over the years, countries all over the world have made great efforts to study structural energy consumption. For traditional structures, such as strong columns and weak beams, eccentrically braced joints, energy dissipation joints, strengthening constraints and so on, good results have been achieved. There are also many advances in the scientific research of vibration isolation, passive energy dissipation, active energy dissipation and so on. Damping can dissipate energy. Increasing structural damping, such as viscous dampers, will also have an effect. Some methods are too expensive, and some are not mature enough, but there is still great potential for careful design, ctility enhancement and energy consumption increase< Key words five, the "fortification intensity" of schools and hospitals should be improved: the state has made regulations on the safety degree of all kinds of buildings in various regions with standardized methods. These regulations should also be adjusted according to the earthquake disaster and national strength. It is suggested that the fortification intensity of hospitals and schools should be one degree higher than the current design basic intensity. Special attention should be paid to ensure that columns and walls do not suffer from brittle failure. We must do a good job in the reconstruction of the disaster area. We should also take precautions and immediately carry out the seismic survey of hospitals and school buildings in other areas where there is no earthquake at present, and carry out the necessary reinforcement
the so-called futures trading generally refers to the futures contract, a standardized contract formulated by the futures exchange to deliver a certain amount of subject matter at a specific time and place in the future< The differences between spot trading and futures trading are as follows:
1. Different trading places
futures trading must be open and centralized in accordance with the laws and regulations in the exchange, not OTC trading
spot trading is generally not limited by the trading time, place and object. It is flexible and convenient, and has strong randomness. It can be traded with counterparties in any place
2. The purpose of transaction is different
spot transaction is the transaction of first-hand money and first-hand goods. It is a direct means to obtain or transfer the ownership of goods immediately or in a certain period of time, which meets the needs of both parties
generally, the purpose of futures trading is not to obtain physical objects at maturity. The purpose of hedger is to transfer the price risk of spot market through futures trading, and the purpose of investor is to obtain risk profit from the price fluctuation of futures market
3. The range of commodities is different
the varieties of spot trading are all commodities in circulation
there are limited types of futures trading. They are mainly agricultural procts, petroleum, metal commodities and some primary raw materials and financial procts
4. Different trading methods
spot trading is generally a one-to-one negotiation contract, the specific content of which is agreed by both parties. If the contract cannot be fulfilled after signing, it needs to resort to the law
futures trading is concted in an open and fair way
5. Different settlement methods
spot transaction is cash on delivery, which is settled once or several times no matter how long it takes
the daily non liability settlement system is adopted in futures trading, and the profit and loss must be settled daily. The settlement price is calculated according to the weighted average of transaction price