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the classification of video memory is a bit confusing<
let's look at some terms related to memory (applicable to video memory):
effective frequency: also known as "equivalent frequency", that is, the frequency of data actually transmitted in memory
external frequency: the memory frequency that the system "sees" [professionally speaking, it is the frequency of the I / O (input / output) controller]
core frequency: the actual working frequency inside the memory
several rules (also applicable to video memory)
for DDR memory: external frequency = core frequency
for DDR2 Memory: external frequency = core frequency x2
for DDR3 memory: external frequency = core frequency X4
let's analyze the phenomenon below
for example, the lanbao 4830 with GDDR3 has a video memory frequency of 1800MHz. In gpu-z, the display frequency is 900MHz. 1800MHz is the effective frequency
, 900MHz is the external frequency
another example: the Lambert 5770 with gddr5 has a video memory frequency of 4800mhz. In gpu-z, the frequency of video memory is 1200MHz. 4800mhz is the effective
frequency and 1200MHz is the external frequency< The effective frequency of gddr5 is four times of the external frequency, while the effective frequency of GDDR3 is two times of the external frequency. The effect of gddr5 is not four times that of GDDR3 according to
above. The law of the surface of memory code can not be directly used to display memory code, but should be explained from the principle< Second, the principle is: in the past, the data bus of gddr1 / 2 / 3 / 4 and DDR1 / 2 / 3 were all DDR Technology (data were transmitted once on the rising and falling edge respectively by differential clock), and the official nominal frequency x2 was the data transmission rate, which is also the equivalent frequency. Gddr5 is different in that it has two data buses, which is equivalent to Rambus's QDR technology, so the official nominal frequency X4 is the data transmission rate<
now let's answer the question of the owner:
first, GDDR3 core frequency< The external frequency of gpu-z is 700MHz for GDDR3 video memory. Because GDDR3 video memory adopts the same 4bit prefetch architecture as DDR2, the working frequency of its core is 700g2 = 350MHz< Second, the core frequency of GDDR4 and gddr5
GDDR4 and gddr5 adopt the same 8bit prefetching architecture as DDR3. Therefore, the working frequency of the video memory core = external frequency / 4. If the external frequency is 700MHz, the core frequency is 700g4 = 135mhz< Third, why is most gddr5 memory 128 bit wide
there are three reasons. 1. Because of the limitation of many low-end GPU cores, it is not possible to use 256 bit video memory; 2. Video memory bandwidth = video memory frequency × Video memory
bit width / 8, ddr5 video memory has ultra-high frequency, so the bandwidth is no worse than the general GD3; 3. Gddr5 has two parallel data
buses, which makes the working mode of gddr5 more flexible. It can work in either 32bit mode or 16bit mode. Eight
gddr5 video memories with a total of 256bit can be directly used by 128bit GPU, thus simplifying the design of video memory controller. HD4770 and HD5770 are good
examples
Supplement 2: it took a whole morning to look up materials and sort out words. In order to give the landlord and other confused friends a most accurate and clear answer
gddr5x memory works at 8 times speed, so what you see in gpuz is external frequency 1404mhz, X8 = 11232mhz equivalent frequency.
8g,
1070
8g and 1070
8g
have the same performance. R71800x is about 60% better than 7700k (inaccurate), but its cost performance is not high. 7700k or 1600x are OK, graphics card depends on what game you play, but 1080ti of course is very strong
bank card number
face recognition
TEP is a computer-based English language assessment test, which can:
(1) accurately measure an indivial's ability in four main skills of English language (reading, listening, writing and speaking), and provide & quot; Comprehensive & quot; Or comprehensive language level assessment
(2) it only takes 90 minutes to take the test(3) show a clear and easy to understand report sheet to each participant
ITep, the full name of international test of English proficiency, is developed by Boston ecation services. The examination adopts the form of online examination. The level is divided into 0 to 6
the test is divided into ITep and ITep plus, including listening, grammar, reading, writing and speaking. Those who passed both written and oral examinations were awarded "ITep examination certificate" and "ITep examination ability report" by Boston ecation services
these two documents can be used as the authoritative proof of the holder's English proficiency; At the same time, it can provide a fair and unified evaluation standard for the English level of the talents used by various units
ITep, the full name of international test of English proficiency, is developed by Boston economic services in 2002. The examination is concted by computer, and the examination time is 90 minutes. Those who pass the examination are awarded "ITep examination certificate" and "ITep examination ability report" by Boston ecation group. These two documents can be used as the authoritative proof of the holder's English proficiency; At the same time, it can provide a fair and unified evaluation standard for the English level of the talents used by various units<
the comprehensiveness and flexibility of ITep test:
ITep test can accurately assess an indivial's ability in the five main skills of English language (reading, listening, writing, speaking and grammar), and provide a comprehensive assessment of the level of comprehensive language level, which is after TOEFL and IELTS, An additional examination equivalent to the recognition of the two results is added. ITep has been recognized by more than 30 countries around the world. For example, it has been included in the enrollment Manual of California State University and is an official choice of the government of Colombia
ITep has the advantages of short test time and concentrated test content, which is specially set up for students studying in high schools and universities in the United States and is more targeted. Choosing ITep can avoid the pressure of TOEFL and IELTS because of too broad content; The registration time is flexible and convenient, the examination cycle is short, and it only takes 5-7 days to get the results<
ITep test type:
ITep academic test: it is suitable for applying to colleges and universities, or needs to assess the academic ability of English language. Such as: university application; Scholarship Application qualification assessment
ITep business test: it is used to evaluate the English language ability in the working environment. It is mostly used in enterprises and government agencies. For example, new employees need to be selected according to their English language ability; Assist in promotion
ITep slate (second level assessment test of English): it is suitable for applying for middle school, high school or ESL language proficiency assessment. Such as: apply for high school; Exchange student application assessment<
test content:
ITep test time is 90 minutes, the test content is five parts, 10 minutes before the test by the invigilator to do guidance answer:
reading - 20 minutes: from a 250 word length, intermediate difficulty essay, with four multiple-choice questions; Then there is a 450 word paper with six multiple-choice questions
listening - 20 minutes: students will listen to four short conversations in the first part of listening, each with a multiple choice question; Next, students will hear a 2-3 minute dialogue with 4 multiple choice questions; The third part is a 4-minute lecture with six multiple-choice questions
grammar - 10 minutes: contains 25 multiple choice questions, a wide range, including grammatical structure, tense, etc. The difficulty of the examination is set from simple to advanced
Writing - 25 minutes: in the first part, candidates are required to write a paper of 50-75 words in 5 minutes on the topics provided in the examination questions; In the second part, students are required to make a positive exposition on a topic within 20 minutes and write an organized article with 175-225 words
oral English - 5 minutes: in the first part, students will hear a question about their daily school life, then have 30 seconds to prepare for it, and then give 45 seconds to answer it; In the second part, the computer first expounds a point of view. After 45 seconds of thinking and preparation, the examinee makes a 60 second speech to express his point of view<
ITep scoring system
multiple choice questions are scored by machine, while writing and speaking are scored by ESL Professor manually<
score and evaluation level:
level 0: getting started
Level 1: Elementary foundation
Level 2: low intermediate medium and low level
Level 3: intermediate medium and high level
Level 4: high intermediate medium and high level
Level 5: low advanced sub high level
Level 6: advanced high level
Pre test preparation
examinee login: the examinee is required to input the test user number and password· Registration: candidates are required to complete the registration form
earphone: when the picture of the person wearing the earphone is displayed on the screen, instruct the candidates to put on the earphone
audio detection: when listening to audio recording demonstration, candidates are allowed to adjust the volume of headphones
recording device: a small software device is installed to record the candidates' answers in the oral test
recording detection: candidates are allowed to record a short oral recording and confirm with candidates whether they can hear the recording clearly
time limited tool: explain to candidates that they will use timing mechanism in the whole test process
reading part (20 minutes)
1) a 250 word essay of intermediate difficulty with 4 multiple-choice questions
2) a 450 word paper with six multiple-choice questions in the listening section (20 minutes)
1) four short dialogues with two to three sentences at the beginning and intermediate levels. Each dialogue is followed by one multiple-choice question
2) a two to three minute conversation with four multiple-choice questions
3) a 4-minute lecture with 6 multiple-choice questions
The Grammar (structure) section (5 minutes)
contains 25 multiple-choice questions, each of which is mainly used to test the candidates' familiarity with the key points of English grammar structure. This part of the test content from simple to difficult, including the vocabulary from primary to advanced difficulty. There are two types of test questions, and each type of test questions will be illustrated with examples on the screen
writing part (25 minutes)
1) according to the guidance requirements, candidates need to write a paper on the topics provided in the examination questions (time: 5 minutes; time: 5 minutes; time: 5 minutes); Length: 50-75 words)
2) candidates need to express their own views on the writing questions (college level difficulty) provided in the examination questions, and make a positive elaboration on their views (time: 20 minutes; Length: 175-225 words)
oral part (5 minutes)
1) candidates will hear and see a short question of medium and low difficulty at the same time. Candidates will have 30 seconds to prepare and then 45 seconds to answer
2) candidates will hear a short discussion on both positive and negative aspects of a certain problem (college level difficulty), and then they will be asked to elaborate their views on this discussion (45 seconds of preparation time, 60 seconds of oral expression)
The reading, listening and grammar parts of the test are automatically scored by the computer, and the candidates will get an index score and the corresponding grade (0-6). The writing and speaking parts are scored by native English speaking experts according to the standard scoring scale. The proportion of weight in any part of the examination is equal. In the multiple choice part, no points will be dected for guessing or wrong choice. The formal score report will show the score information to the candidates in chart format. The skill summary displayed in image mode can show the advantages and disadvantages of the five English skills one by one through the examinee's evaluation
blockchain traceability
animals, plants, daily necessities
writing things (all grades)
small things in life, ordinary things (small see big, flat strange)
find fun from XX, before and after getting up, at the dinner table, in class, ten minutes after class, on the road, my dream, etc.
landscape (all grades)
a corner of the park, sunset Scenic spots, etc.
impressions after reading (Senior Grade)
picture composition (middle and junior grade)
the composition written at the beginning (middle and senior grade)
according to the protagonist in the reading passage, experience his character, choose or imagine a small paragraph to describe Senior grade)
Others:
there are two formats of ITep academic: ITep academic plus, which is used to evaluate grammar, listening, writing and speaking, and ITep academic core, which is used to evaluate grammar, listening and reading. ITep academic plus is used for official admissions
ITep academic plus is divided into five parts, which are arranged in the following order: grammar, listening, reading, writing and speaking. Each part contains test questions for different English proficiency.