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as an auxiliary Department of sprint, a famous American communication company, American personal communication is using GSM as a broadband personal communication service technology. This personal communication service will eventually build more than 400 base stations for handsets that Ericsson, Motorola and Nokia are now procing. The handset includes telephone, short message pager and walkie talkie
GSM and other technologies are the evolution of wireless mobile communication. Wireless mobile communication includes high-speed circuit switched data, general wireless packet system, data enhanced mobile communication technology based on GSM network and general mobile communication service
History
in 1998, 3GPP was launched to formulate the third generation mobile phone (3G) specification to replace GSM. 3GPP also accepted the work of maintaining and developing GSM specification. ETSI is a member of 3GPP
in the process of development, the functions of GSM system are constantly enriched to provide more diverse services. Short message service (SMS), which was first introced by GSM system, provides a new, convenient and cheap way of communication< In 1994, GSM realized data service and fax service based on circuit switching. In 1999, WAP enabled users to access the Internet through mobile phones
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), which has been commercial since 2000, enables GSM system to provide data communication in a more efficient packet mode
in 2003, edge technology came into commercial use, providing nearly 3G data communication capability
at present, 3GPP is still developing GSM standard to make use of the already deployed GSM infrastructure to smoothly evolve to 3G technology
features
intuitive use
GSM system has several important features: good anti-theft ability, large network capacity, rich mobile phone number resources, clear call, strong stability, not easy to be interfered with, sensitive information, less call angle and low power consumption of mobile phone
technical features
1. Spectrum efficiency. Due to the high efficiency molator, channel coding, interleaving, equalization and speech coding technology, the system has high spectral efficiency
2. Capacity. As the transmission bandwidth of each channel increases, the requirement of CO frequency multiplexing interference ratio is reced to 9dB, so the co frequency multiplexing mode of GSM system can be reced to 4 / 12 or 3 / 9 or even smaller (7 / 21 for analog system); With the introction of half rate speech coding and automatic traffic assignment, the capacity efficiency of GSM system (the number of channels per megahertz and cell) is 3-5 times higher than that of TACs system
3. Voice quality. In view of the characteristics of digital transmission technology and the definition of air interface and voice coding in GSM specification, when the threshold value is above, the voice quality always reaches the same level, which has nothing to do with the wireless transmission quality
4. Open interface. The open interface provided by GSM standard is not only limited to the air interface, but also directly connected to the newspaper network and between the equipment entities in the network, such as a interface and Abis interface
5. Security. Through authentication, encryption and the use of TMSI number, the purpose of security is achieved. Authentication is used to verify the access rights of users. Encryption is used for air interface, which is determined by the key of SIM card and network AUC. TMSI is a temporary identification number assigned to the user by the service network to prevent someone from tracking and revealing its geographical location
6. Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc. Interconnection with other networks usually uses existing interfaces, such as ISUP or tup
7. Roaming based on SIM card. Roaming is an important feature of mobile communication, which indicates that users can enter another network automatically from one network. GSM system can provide global roaming, of course, it also needs some protocols between network operators, such as billing
basic communication principle
GSM is the abbreviation of global system for mobile communication. It means global system for mobile communications. Divided into GSM900, DCS1800 and pcs1900 three bands, the general so-called al band mobile phone is in the GSM900 and DCS1800 band switching mobile phone. Pcs1900 (pcs1900 - personal communications system operating in the 1900MHz band.) is the band used by other countries (such as the United States). GSM900 / 1800 work in 890 ~ 960MHz / 1710 ~ 1880MHz frequency band respectively. The maximum power of GSM900 mobile phone is 8W (in fact, the mobile station does not have so much power, the maximum power of general mobile phone is 2W, and the function of vehicle station is large), while the maximum power of DCS1800 mobile phone is 1W
the difference between GSM900 / DCS1800 / pcs1900: GSM900 is the initial GSM system, the power of mobile is from 1W to 8W, the channel of GSM900 is from 1 to 124, and the channel of DCS1800 is from 512 to 885; DCS1800 is low power, the highest is 1W
GSM band: GSM900 cell radius 35km, uplink 890 ~ 915MHz, downlink 935 ~ 960MHz
Phase2: 890 ~ 915MHz and 935 ~ 960MHz; Channel number: 1 --- 124.
GSM1800 cell radius: 2km (e to the low power of 1800MHz mobile phone), uplink: 1710 ~ 1785mhz, downlink: 1805 ~ 1880MHz< br />PHASE2: SAME; Channel number: 512-885. It is a high-density user.
GSM1900: 1850 ~ 1910mhz, 1930 ~ 1990mhz
uplink and downlink form a frequency pair, uplink is mobile phone transmission and base station reception; Downlink is from base station to mobile phone. For example, the difference between 935-960 and 890-915 is 45mhz. On the second channel, the uplink lags behind the downlink by three time slots.
network composition
gsm1. BTS base station: the base station is mainly a transceiver. The number of transceivers determines the capacity of the cell. A transceiver can support eight users. A cell consists of three antennas, one transmitting and two receiving (hierarchical receiving) The relationship between transceiver and antenna
A) each BTS will have a set of transceivers
b) a BTS covers a cell, and the BTS sends BCH signals in the 0 slot of the RF channel. BCH helps mobile identify / find networks
C) the capacity of cell phone users depends on the number of channels
d) the data transmission rate of GSM air interface is 13kbps, that is to say, the voice data transmission rate of BTS is 13KB / s.
e) BTS commands the cell phone to set its transmission power, time transfer and handover< BSC base station controller:
A) several BTS base stations are connected to one BSC, and the base station arranges channel configuration, handoff, and BTS connection to the BSC; All BSCs are connected to MSC,
b) each BTS connects to BSC with Abis interface, which is a 2Mbps connection.
C) microwave link is often the best way to connect
d) the BSC connects to the MSc through a port
e) the BSC can provide cell broadcast and other services
3. MSc mobile switching center is the core of the network, which includes call establishment, call holding and call release; Link BSC and PSTN, authentication, call forwarding, SMS, charging, etc. When the number of users increases to a certain number, MSC can be added; GMSC connection (Gateway) is used between MSC and MSc
A) when a call is established, MSC can maintain and disconnect the call
b) store all user data and their related features
C) between MS and PSTN, exchange communication data.
d) MSc is the heart of GSM network. It is the connection port with other GSM network and non GSM network
e) main functions of MSc: authentication, location update, connection, charging, call forwarding and SMS
F) when the number of users increases, the capacity of more than one MSc requires one more MSC, which doubles the number of users
4. Tran --- trans coding / rate adapter unit
A) the GSM rate of tran converting 13KB / S is 64KB / s; Tran is a part of MSC
b) transcoding is also used in downlink, which converts 64Kbps to 16kbps.
C) transcoding is used in MSC & # 92; BSC\ In BTS
5. HLR home location register
GSMA) in MSC, all user databases exist in HLR. There is a permanent user database in HLR
b) when a user makes a call, the MSc obtains the user data from the HLR. It is the core database of users, most of the data in SIM card can be obtained in HLR
6. The VLR visiting location register accesses the location register
A) there are all active user numbers in VLR
b) when a user from another MSc roams to a new MSc, the MSc communicates with the HLR, and the new MSc registers the roaming user to its VLR
C) when the mobile phone roams, the user access area is covered by other networks, and the home location network approves it to use the accessed network, and its user information will be copied from HLR to VLR (access location register) for temporary storage
7. Authentication center (AUC) is the process of SIM card verification
b) each SIM card has an IMSI, in which there is a password
C) there is an IMSI and a password in HLR
d) when communicating with a mobile phone, the validity of the SIM card is first verified, and then verified by AUC
8. Equipment identification register: eir --- equipment identification register
A) contains IMEI information. All mobile phone IMEI are stored in eir, which is the database of mobile phone
b) in GSM, it is helpful to verify that when the mobile phone is lost, the operator can prohibit the use of the reported mobile phone
C) eir classification: permitted list & # 92; evaluation list\ stolen list\ Unknown
9. Charging center BC --- billing center
A) BC generates the status of each user's charges.
b) connect to MSC directly, and MSc sends charging information to BC (ring call)
C) BC processes charging by unit
10. Operation and maintenance center: OMC --- operation and maintenance center
b) some remote control is necessary, detection and remote access
C) sometimes there are two kinds of OMC (different suppliers), OMC-S: deal with switch; OMC-R :deal with radio network
11. SMS center: SMSC messages are sent to designated mobile phones through SMS center
A) information can be transmitted through SMSC
b) information can be sent through manual terminal (connected to SMSC)
C) SMS center --- MSC / VLR --- BSC --- BTS. --- MS
12. Voice service center:
A) it has a database of all voice users
b) it also stores voice information
13. Device alarm:
A) BTS, BSC, trans coder failure.
b) link failure
C) mole failure (transmitter, processor)
cell identity. Each cell in the network has a unique identification number, CI: cell identity. A cell can be called by 56 users at the same time
molation mode: GSM adopts 0.3gmsk molation Gaussian minimum frequency shift keying, 0.3 describes the relationship between filter bandwidth and bit rate, not phase molation, but a typical digital FM molation, actually FM. Generation 0 and 1
It's a Hyatt group hotel
Hyatt Hotels Corporation, headquartered in Chicago, is a hotel group. Hyatt group has a history of more than 50 years
Hyatt Hotels Group manages, franchises, owns and develops Hyatt brand hotels, resorts, residential and holiday instries around the world. As of September 30, 2013, it has 535 brands in the global brand instry
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extended information:
Hyatt Hotel Group's hotel brands include: Park Hyatt, Andaz, Grand Hyatt, Hyatt Regency, Hyatt place and Hyatt house
the main brands are as follows:
1 Park Hyatt Hotel: Park Hyatt is a world-class luxury boutique hotel brand designed for travelers seeking privacy, personalization and high-quality service
2. Grand Hyatt Hotel: Grand Hyatt Hotel is a luxury hotel brand dedicated to business and leisure travelers and large-scale conference activities. It is famous for its large scale and advanced facilities. By 2013, Jun Yue Hotel in Chinese mainland has Grand Hyatt Beijing Hotel, Shanghai Grand Hyatt Hotel, Guangzhou and Fu Li Grand Hyatt Hotel. p> Hyatt Regency: Hyatt Regency is the flagship brand of Hyatt Hotel Group, which has the largest number of luxury hotels
The Hong Kong Panorama Hotel is a Hong Kong hotel owned by Hyatt Hotels Group. It is located at 35-79 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong, formerly known as the President Hotel. With 17 floors and over 700 rooms, the hotel is one of the old five-star hotels in Hong Kong
Hyatt Hong Kong officially closed at 3 pm on January 1, 2006. The original site is planned to be converted into a large commercial building and shopping mall for HK $1 billion and is expected to be completed in 2008. At present, Sanyue department store and Xiwu department store are competing for the location to continue business
Hyatt Regency Hong Kong, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
Hotel English: Hyatt Regency Hong Kong, Tsim Sha Tsui
Hotel Star: Five Star
location: Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon
total number of rooms: 381
opening time: 2009
address: 18 Hanoi Road, Tsim Sha Tsui
on his trip to San Francisco in 1957, he took a fancy to a small hotel near Los Angeles International Airport and immediately bought it for $2.1 million, becoming the first hotel of the group
in 1967, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Atlanta was the representative of the group.