When are fewer people going to the visa center in Nanjing, Italy

1. Reliable. It is regulated by the Australian Securities Commission and can bring stable returns to investors.

2. No, I haven't heard that urging signing will be refused. It's often because of your material problems that you refuse to sign, not urging signing. I don't know where you are applying. If you are applying in Shanghai, there are a lot of group signatures in Shanghai recently. You can contact the visa center to explain the situation and ask them to help urge you. If you still can't get the visa, you can only go to the consulate directly to urge you to sign. I have checked the effective methods for urging signature. You can refer to it:
1. Telephone. Ukvi has a special hotline to check the progress of visa, but there is a charge. In addition to the call fee, there is a service charge of 1.37 pounds per minute. Only credit card is accepted, so please have your credit card ready before making a call. This service supports English, Putonghua and Cantonese
2. Email
if the applicant does not actively track the progress, ukvi and visa center will send e-mails at several key time points:
1) confirm the submission of the application
2) the result will give a prompt, just a prompt, and will not tell whether the application is successful or refused
3) the letter notification document from visa center will be sent out
3. Complaints
this is the most indignant way. If it's not that the telephone service and e-mail service are too bad, or if you wait for several months and have no reply, don't try this method easily. Writing complaint letters requires high technical content, clear logic and strong arguments. It's a process in general, but I won't tell you the details. If you have any unclear points, you can go to reaffirmation.com for consultation, and someone will give you answers. I asked them to help me when I applied for a visa. At the beginning, I also issued the visa in their place, which is also an authoritative organization for visa re signing for some applicants who refuse to sign, so that I have a good reputation and reputation in the embassy, So it's easy to sign, but it's more expensive.

3. It can be handled< 1. Italian Visa Center website: [Select region]
2. Download the corresponding form in the "checklist" column
3. What I download is "personal travel visa application", just prepare the materials according to the contents in this form
[this form should also be printed out, and the personal information on it should be filled in, and the person in the visa center will help to check each item below]

A) fill in the application form in English or Italian and sign it (pinyin signature is accepted)
note 1: download it from the "visa application form" in the left column of the above website
note 2: PDF format, 4 pages in total, which needs to be printed on a piece of A3 paper. The requirement is that the front left is page 4, the right is page 1, the back left is page 2, and the right is page 3. That is to say, if you fold the A3 paper, you can turn it like a book with only two sheets of paper. When you turn it over, it will be in the order of 1234 pages. I didn't adjust the layout at that time. I went to the printing agency to print it. Just describe it clearly to him
note 3: all kinds of blank spaces on the form are very small. When filling in, try to write the words as small as possible, and finally sign the Chinese name

b) two recent photos of 4x3.5cm with white background
note: I used to take 4.5 x 3.5 cm photos when I applied for other visa, and I had the original one. I went to the photo studio to ask him to cut it for me. He said that the 4.5 x 3.5 cm is right for Schengen visa, and I finally handed in the 4.5 x 3.5 cm photo

C) the passport should be signed and valid for at least 90 days after the expiry of the visa. The passport should not be issued for more than 10 years

d) advance orders for round-trip air tickets Note: my husband and I bought our tickets in advance and paid in full. Qatar Airways will print the ticket order directly on the official website

e) hotel confirmation sheet (the whole trip). If the hotel reservation is made online, please print out the hotel website link. If the reservation is made directly from the hotel, the seal of the hotel and the signature of the person in charge should be attached Two people are the same, only one is accepted]
note: the hotels reserved on booking covering the whole journey of Italy are continuous. Log in to booking directly and print the confirmation form of each hotel. There is no hotel's website and email address on the confirmation form, so I searched the hotel's English list on the Internet. If there is an official website, I wrote the website and email address in the hotel confirmation form. Many friends may choose to live in B & B or other places, so it is not convenient to print the confirmation form. You can make an agreement on booking first, and you can cancel it for free before the specified deadline

F) information of all itineraries: including train tickets, air tickets, ship tickets, international driver's license, etc., and specific itineraries in English Two people are the same, only received one]
note: if there are any, please print them. I have already bought my train tickets in Italy, so I have printed them out, and each journey is basically seamless. English itinerary, I use tools to do in poor travel online, direct export can be used for visa itinerary, and then I delete the Chinese part, add some hotel specific address, telephone and other information

G) proof of funds: the credit card or savings card should be attached with the statement of consumption in the last three months of the credit line, or the applicant's personal bank current deposit should be attached with the records and copies of the card in the last three months Note: my husband and I have only printed out the running list of the salary card in the last three or four months, which must be sealed by the bank, and then our salary cards have also been copied. In the end, we have to save some money on the salary card. Don't spend it too much. We each have 20000 yuan on the card, but it's said that only five figures are enough. We didn't prepare the credit card information

H) a of the applicant's household register
note: I have copied all the blank pages in the household registration form and the belt. In fact, when they submitted it to the visa center, they only left a page with information, and those copies of the blank form were returned to me

I) applicant's certificate of employment and leave: English letters from Chinese companies, with company letterhead, official seal and signature of the person in charge of issuing the certificate. It should include the company address, telephone number, fax number, applicant's position, salary, working time in the company, specific time in Italy (or Schengen region), guarantee to return to China, machine typed Pinyin name of the person in charge of signing and issuing, and position
if unemployed or married: the spouse's certificate of employment and the statement or running list of the last three months, plus the certificate of marriage issued by the Ministry of foreign affairs of the people's Republic of China
for example, single, divorced or widowed: supporting asset certificate is required
for example, student ID card and the original proof of reading (address, telephone number of the school, consent to go abroad, name and position of the person in charge of issuing the certificate). The on-the-job certificates of both parents and the statements or bank statements of the last three months plus the certification of kinship by the Ministry of foreign affairs of China
note: my colleague gave me an on-the-job certificate template. All the information mentioned above should be available. I need to find the leader to sign and seal it

J) of qualification certificate (doctor, teacher, reporter, etc.)
note: if you have, and it doesn't matter if you don't

k) a of the business license with annual inspection of the Chinese company, with a red official seal
note: a of the company's business license, and then affix the company's official seal

L) overseas medical insurance covering the whole journey, with a minimum amount of 30000 euros (original and , must be valid in Schengen countries) Note: Meiya insurance bought on Taobao. Because Schengen visa has requirements on the amount of insurance, when buying, customer service will recommend which one to buy. The effective time of the insurance policy starts from the day of leaving the country. The end time of the insurance policy is two or three days later than the end time of your planned journey. Can also not buy the United States and Asia, search other online, can be. In addition, the visa center in Beijing on the first floor of the number of the place, you can also buy insurance, if you have time to consult

m) when the applicant is under 18 years old, submit the birth certificate (original and )
translated into Italian and certified by the Ministry of foreign affairs of China. Parents' permission to travel abroad has been certified by the Ministry of foreign affairs of China: if minors travel alone, they need a travel agreement from both sides; If a minor travels with one of his parents, a letter of consent from the other party is required. If their parents have passed away, they need to submit a death certificate certified by the Ministry of foreign affairs of China

n) two copies of the first and last pages of the applicant's passport and copies of all Schengen country visas (if any)<

supporting materials:
1. Real estate certificate, driving license (if any) [submitted a of my husband's real estate certificate]
2. Retirement certificate [none]
3. Marriage certificate (original and ) (when the applicant and the guarantor are married) [submitted a of marriage certificate]
4. Salary slip (original and ) [none; If any, you can also submit]

4. If it is a short-term visa (within 3 months), the appointment should be made about a week ago. If the materials are complete, the visa can be issued in about 5 working days. Wipe long-term (more than 3 months) about 2-4 weeks
just go to the embassy to check the specific materials, because they are usually updated every six months< The passport must be valid for at least 90 days after the visa period. The guest must sign his / her name on the last page.
B. the passport must be in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan provinces, but not in the above four provinces, Two copies of the valid temporary residence permit of the above four provinces and regions should be provided (valid half a year ago, old temporary residence permit should be provided for those less than half a year)
2. Two recent photos (3.5x 4.5cm, good contrast, light background)
3. One of ID card must be copied with the original ID card
4 One of the business license or the of the legal person code book of the unit shall be stamped with the official seal. Business card, the address, telephone number and name provided must be correct and true, and you can contact me. The original of the on-the-job certificate must have the title of the company, official seal and signature of the person in charge; A letter of introction to the Chinese company (including address, telephone and fax numbers, applicant's position in the company, purpose of the trip, days of stay and itinerary) is required. State who will bear the cost
5. One of foreign invitation materials, including: A. personal data of the applicant (surname, first name, date of birth). B. Days of stay. C. Business purpose D itinerary. E. The business license (CCIAA) or other similar documents of the invited company shall be valid for 3 months from the date of issue
6. The more proof of property, the better. Bank deposit, car property, real estate, stock, etc.
7. Insurance: a medical insurance certificate for the period of stay abroad
8. Download the application form

9. Air ticket and hotel order: one full hotel and air ticket order. If the Italian party is responsible, please show your proof
notice to guests:
1. The interview time is decided by the appointment of the consulate, and the audit time of the consulate is generally 5 working days
2. The materials provided must be true. If the materials are not true or detailed ring the interview, the guest will be responsible for the refusal
3. The visa is RMB 1900 per person; The refusal fee is 1900 yuan
4. The validity and stay of the visa are decided by the visa officer
remarks:
1. All information submitted to the consulate will not be returned by the consulate
2. According to different cases, the information required will be subject to the promulgation of the consulate.

5. If it is a short-term visa (within 3 months), the appointment should be made about a week ago. If the materials are complete, the visa can be issued in about 5 working days. Long term (more than 3 months) about 2-4 weeks.

6. In general, the patient can be discharged in the afternoon or the next day, and it takes 7 working days to the medical record.

7. After hemorrhoids surgery, you do not buy health care procts is right, because the key after surgery is to keep the stool unobstructed, bath at night.

8.

Abstract: This paper summarizes the main practices of Chinalco Zhongzhou Branch in promoting energy conservation and emission rection and vigorously developing mining circular economy by taking the opportunity of being listed in the first batch of national pilot units of circular economy and taking scientific and technological innovation as the guide

key words: circular economy pilot enterprises; Mining circular economy; Strengthening sintering method; Bayer process for mineral processing; Clean proction; Tailing

Zhongzhou Branch of Aluminum Corporation of China (hereinafter referred to as "Zhongzhou Branch") is a subordinate alumina proction enterprise of Aluminum Corporation of China, and an aluminum instry base with priority development in China's aluminum instry policy planning. The main procts are metallurgical grade alumina and chemical alumina. At present, the annual output of metallurgical grade alumina is 1.8 million tons, and the annual consumption of bauxite is about 3.6 million tons

In recent years, Zhongzhou Branch has firmly established the concepts of "unlimited elimination of waste" and "no waste in aluminum instry", vigorously developed circular economy, supported by science and technology, focused on cost rection, standardized management as the platform, and mass participation as the source, advocated energy conservation and emission rection, and continuously promoted cost rection and efficiency increase. In October 2005, Zhongzhou Branch, as the only representative of alumina instry, was listed in the first batch of pilot enterprises of circular economy. This has strengthened the confidence and determination of Zhongzhou Branch to adhere to people-oriented, implement the scientific outlook on development and create a resource-saving enterprise

circular economy is a kind of economic growth mode of "resources → procts → renewable resources". It is a social proction and reproction activity characterized by efficient utilization and recycling of resources. It is a fundamental change to the traditional extensive economic growth mode of "mass proction, mass consumption and mass abandonment", and a major measure to build a conservation oriented society, It reflects the essential requirements of people-oriented and sustainable development. The party and the state have put the development of circular economy on the important agenda

under the new situation, especially for the typical resource consuming enterprises like Zhongzhou Branch, in order to realize the goal and sustainable development of "creating a world-class enterprise and a century old shop of Chalco", we must take the development of circular economy, especially the development of mining circular economy, as a very urgent and important strategic task, We should make unremitting efforts to do a good job

First, the development of mining circular economy is the inevitable choice for the sustainable development of Zhongzhou Branch.

China is rich in bauxite resources, with proven reserves of 2.3 billion tons, ranking fourth in the world, and has the resource conditions for the development of alumina instry. Because the bauxite in our country is different from that in foreign countries, most of them belong to diaspore type with high aluminum and high silicon, and the A / S ratio of more than 80% bauxite is between 5 and 8, so the conventional Bayer process which is widely used in foreign countries can not be used to proce alumina. Based on the characteristics of China's bauxite, China has adopted and developed the soda lime sintering process and the combined process for alumina proction in recent decades, and has achieved the achievements of low alkali consumption and high alumina yield, which has made an important contribution to the development of China's aluminum instry. At present, these two methods have become the main proction methods of alumina in China, and their proction capacity accounts for 90% of the total proction capacity of the country. However, compared with the conventional Bayer process for treating high-grade bauxite abroad, these two methods have the following disadvantages:

first, high energy consumption. The comprehensive energy consumption per ton of procts is 2-4 times that of Bayer process plants at home and abroad. In the manufacturing cost, energy consumption accounts for about 50%, so the proction cost remains high. In 1998, the national average operating cost per ton of procts was 176 US dollars, about 36 US dollars higher than that of foreign countries

Second, the process flow is long and the construction investment is large. For the construction project of large and medium-sized alumina plants, the construction investment per unit proct of mixed process is more than 20% higher than that of conventional Bayer process

Thirdly, with the graal decline of bauxite grade in China, the technical and economic indicators of existing mixed process plants will graally deteriorate, and the manufacturing cost will increase accordingly

Fourthly, in recent years, China's private alumina enterprises have sprung up, with too many construction projects and disordered and excessive mining. At the same time, limited by the proction process, the phenomenon of mining rich bauxite and abandoning poor bauxite is serious, which makes the bauxite resources more tense

The above shortcomings are not concive to the further healthy and sustainable development of China's alumina instry. With the continuous rise of energy prices and the decline of bauxite grade year by year, this restriction will become increasingly serious

According to the statistical data of Henan Provincial Department of land and resources, by the end of 2005, the reserves of bauxite resources in Henan Province were 698 million tons. Theoretically, according to the final proction capacity of alumina in Henan Province of 100 million tons / year and the unit consumption of bauxite of 2.5, the demand of bauxite is 25 million tons / year, and that of other non aluminum instries is 05 million tons / year, and the total demand of bauxite is 30 million tons / year; Bauxite mining is calculated by 60% recovery rate, which needs to consume 50 million tons of bauxite reserves per year. Therefore, it is roughly estimated that the service life of bauxite resources in Henan is 6.98/0.5 = 13.96 years

It can be seen that it is imperative to change the traditional proction process, vigorously develop the mining circular economy, speed up the construction of energy-saving enterprises, and take the development path of saving resources, protecting the environment and harmonious coexistence between man and nature, which is the inevitable choice for the sustainable development of Zhongzhou Branch. In order to fundamentally change the current state of alumina instry, Zhongzhou Branch, on the one hand, based on theoretical research, through regulating the reaction behavior of aluminum and silicon in the proction process, improves the aluminum content in the process materials, and realizes the systematic strengthening and innovation of sintering process. On the other hand, actively promote the instrialization of new technology project of alumina proction by Bayer process. At the same time, Zhongzhou Branch vigorously carried out energy conservation and emission rection, clean proction, tailings, red mud reuse and other work, in order to achieve the sustainable development of aluminum instry and build a harmonious society

Zhongzhou Branch always adheres to the way of combining proction, study and research with independent innovation, and focuses on the difficulties of cost rection and efficiency increase, such as resource recycling, environmental protection, process and equipment improvement. In recent years, it has obtained more than 200 scientific and technological achievements, of which more than 20 are the first at home and abroad. 32 scientific and technological achievements have passed provincial and ministerial level appraisal, and 13 have won provincial and ministerial level second prize; More than 50 patents have been declared, of which 40 have been accepted by the State Intellectual Property Office and 26 have been authorized. The successful development and instrial application of the national high-tech instrialization demonstration project "300000 t / a Bayer process alumina proction new technology instrialization demonstration project" and the intensified sintering process alumina proction process undertaken by the company have attracted great attention of the same instry at home and abroad. Among them, the new process of intensified sintering is called a technological revolution in China's alumina proction theory by domestic well-known experts, and has won the Eighth China Patent Gold Award and the second prize of national science and technology invention; The instrial implementation of Bayer process in mineral processing has created a precedent for the application of mineral processing technology to alumina proction in the world, and found a new technological route with reliable technology and reasonable economy for the proction of alumina from low and medium grade diaspore bauxite in China; The project of increasing concentration and dissolving after adding ore creates a precedent for alumina instry to use diaspore and gibbsite in one proction line at the same time. At present, these three technologies have become the core technologies of alumina proction of China Aluminum Corporation, and are recognized by domestic authorities as the key technologies for the future development of China's alumina instry to change the resource situation, develop mining circular economy, improve the core competitiveness and ensure the sustainable development of China's alumina instry

(1) improve the traditional process to rece the consumption of resources and energy. In order to improve the process, Zhongzhou Branch cooperated with Central South University to upgrade the traditional instry by using advanced and applicable technology, and achieved the "new process of alumina proction by intensified sintering method", and successively implemented instrialization, reconstruction and expansion projects. Compared with the traditional sintering method, the annual output increased by 300000 tons, and the energy consumption of alumina proction by sintering method decreased from 1821kg standard coal in 1999 to 1061kg at present, The energy consumption has been reced by 41.7%. Only one item of energy consumption can save 690000 tons of standard coal annually, and the annual economic benefit is more than 100 million yuan. Zhongzhou Branch also focused on the digestion and absorption of "enhanced sintering process", through the whole process of technical research, the clinker kiln operation rate was increased from less than 90% to more than 95%, the kiln capacity was increased from 58 tons to 63 tons, and the kiln life was increased from less than 120 days to more than 200 days on average, so that the annual output of 7 clinker kilns was about 1.05 million tons, The proction capacity of the system has been increased by more than 50%. At the same time, Zhongzhou Branch has invested more than 20 million yuan to reform the environmental protection projects such as electric st collection of clinker kiln, st collector of thermal power boiler, zero discharge of instrial wastewater in the whole plant, etc. in particular, by using foreign advanced technology, the external st discharge of electric st collection of clinker kiln has been reced by more than 40%, which is much lower than the national emission standard. The annual recovery of alkali is 725 tons and water is 2 million tons, The total amount of pollutant emission per ten thousand yuan output value has been reced by more than 200%

(2) actively research and develop new technology to improve the economic service life of bauxite resources A number of scientific and technological achievements, such as "research, development and instrial application of key technology and equipment for new process of mineral processing Bayer process". Among them, "research and development and instrial application of key technology and equipment for New Beneficiation Bayer process" won the only first prize of scientific and technological progress in the second science and Technology Conference of Aluminum Corporation of China. After the process was put into operation in 2004, the alumina silica ratio of Bayer process system decreased from more than 10 to about 5.7, which opened up an effective way for the full utilization of low-grade diaspore bauxite resources in China. It is estimated that the economic service life of bauxite resources in our province can be increased by more than three times through the application of Bayer process. Compared with the main domestic mixed process, the new Bayer process can save 15% ～ 20% of construction investment, 10% of proction cost and 50% of proction energy consumption. At the same time, Zhongzhou Branch has applied Bayer process digester post ore thickening technology, adding foreign gibbsite in the last digester, the proction capacity will be increased by 60000 tons with a small increase in investment, so that the heat energy can be fully utilized, which not only improves the proction capacity, but also is concive to the proction of sandy alumina, so that the unit investment of alumina can be saved by 50% compared with the conventional investment. The project has been successfully put into trial run on September 30, 2006

(3) develop high value-added procts, optimize proct structure, and make use of resources in a cascade way. Zhongzhou Branch continuously increases the development of chemical alumina, and has independently developed three series of more than 10 kinds of high-tech procts, including dry white aluminum hydroxide, ultra-fine aluminum hydroxide and high white aluminum hydroxide. Among them, sh-m75 dry white aluminum hydroxide is recognized as a national new proct, ultra-fine and high white aluminum hydroxide is recognized as a high-tech proct in Henan Province.

9. Australian mineral resources

I. several definitions

II. Mineral resources
1. Bauxite
2. Black coal
3. Brown coal
4. Copper
5. Diamond
6. Gold
7. Iron ore
8. Lithium
9 Magnesite
10, manganese ore
11, mineral sands
12, nickel
13, phosphate
14, shale oil
15, tantalum
16, uranium
17, vanadium
18, lead, silver, zinc, Zinc)

Australia's mineral resources are an extremely important part of Australia's wealth. Most of Australia's mineral resources are exported. In the 2002-03 fiscal year, mineral exports accounted for 37% of Australia's total annual exports (including services exports), about a $54.9 billion, accounting for 8% of Australia's gross domestic proct (DGP)
in order to better understand Australia's mineral resources, we have listed Australia's proven mineral resources in recent years one by one for easy reference. At the same time, we try our best to give the geographical location of each mineral resource distribution, and also try our best to give the main proction enterprises, so as to facilitate the contact of interested units< One, several definitions

1. Economic demonstrated resources
means that when resources are determined (identified), the market exists, and after resources are extracted (mined), it is profitable to sell them at the market price; At the same time, the technology of extracting (mining) resources is feasible or available< 2. Prove that the resources with sub economic (sub economic) significance
means that although the resources exist, the conditions can not reach the standard of "economic significance". In terms of economic factors, the market is unstable and unprofitable in resource extraction (exploitation); In terms of technical factors, the extraction (mining) technology is not mature, or the cost of investment and technology is too high

3. Implied resources
refers to the estimation of resources, which is based on the general understanding of the geological characteristics of mineral deposits, such as sampling survey, even if there are few. Although the existence of resources has been proved by geology, the estimation of its continuity and repetition is hypothetical< Bauxite is a kind of non-uniform material in nature, which is used to proce alumina and aluminum. Bauxite is mainly composed of gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore
more than 85% of the bauxite mined in the world is used to proce alumina and then metallic aluminum. 10% is used to proce non-metallic alumina, and the rest is used for non refining bauxite. Alumina is extracted from bauxite by wet chemical dissolution
the Australian aluminum instry consists of five bauxite mines, six alumina refineries, six major aluminum smelters, 12 extrusion plants and four rolling plants for procts (sheet, sheet and foil). The company directly employs 16000 employees. Instries are mainly distributed in North Queensland, Hunter Valley, southwest Victoria, southwest Western Australia, Northern Territory and North Tasmania< Bauxite resources in Australia are mainly concentrated in three areas: one is northern Queensland, Weipa and gove near Gulf of Carpentaria; The second is the darling ranges in the south of Perth, Western Australia. These two areas are the largest bauxite that has been proved to be exploitable in the world? Tibet; The third is Mitchell plateau and Cape Bougainville in the north of Western Australia, where development is not yet economical
according to the assessment in 2002, Australia has proved to have 8.8gt of economically significant resources and 1.4gt of implied resources< In 2002, Australia proced 54 million tons of bauxite, 16.4 million tons of alumina and 1.8 million tons of raw aluminum. In the 2001 / 02 fiscal year, Australia exported bauxite, alumina and raw aluminum with a total value of a $8.2 billion<

world ranking

Australia has the most bauxite resources in the world (8.8gt), followed by Guinea, Brazil, Jamaica, China and India. Australia is also the world's largest exporter of bauxite and alumina, accounting for 36% and 30% of the world's total exports in 2002, respectively<

main proction enterprises

comalco
Rio Tinto, a wholly-owned enterprise in Australia, mainly supplies bauxite, alumina and raw aluminum. It owns the Weipa mine. In 2002, the company built an alumina smelter in Gladstone, Queensland, with a design capacity of 1.4 million tons per year<

Alcan gove Pty Ltd
the mine and alumina smelter are located in the Goff peninsula of Northern Territory. The annual output of alumina is 1.8 million tons

Alcoa
the mine is located in Huntly and Willowdale of the darling ranges south of Perth, Western Australia. The company has three alumina smelters with an annual output of 7.3 million tons, equivalent to 15% of the global total demand. The company has aluminum smelters in point Henry and Portland, with an annual output of 530000 tons of aluminum ingots

BHP Billiton
BHP Billiton is the third largest primary aluminum procer in the world, with an annual output of over 1 million tons of primary aluminum, 9.5 million tons of bauxite and 4 million tons of alumina. The bauxite mined by the company is mainly used for its own alumina refining. It has an bauxite mine in Boddington, Western Australia, with an annual output of 3.1 million tons. It is estimated that it can be mined for 40 years

2. Black coal
all States and northern territories in Australia have black coal. Xinzhou and kunzhou have high quality black coal. In Australia, black coal is mainly used for power generation, part of which is used for coke and other instrial fuels< According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 57.5gt of black coal resources with proven economic significance and 39.7gt of recoverable black coal resources. The recoverable black coal resources can be mined for more than 100 years according to the existing mining capacity. Black coal resources are mainly concentrated in kunzhou (62%) and Xinzhou (34.2%). According to the Australian Earth Science Institute, about 50% of the black coal resources can be mined in the open pit, and 36% of the black coal has the quality of coke< In addition, Australia has 84.7gt of in situ implied resources and 22mt of recoverable implied resources< In 2002, Australia mined 348 million tons of raw black coal and proced 273.4 million tons of marketable black coal. It exported 104.4 million tons of coking coal, with an export value of 7.7 billion Australian dollars; The export of steam coal is 98.5 million tons, with a total export value of 5.1 billion Australian dollars<

world ranking

the proven recoverable black coal resource in the world is 788gt. The United States (27%), Russia (18%), China (12%), India (10%), South Africa (6%) and Australia (5%)
in 2002, Australia proced 7% of the world's total black coal proction, ranking fourth. The first place is China (34%), the second is the United States (25%), and the third is India (8%)<

major manufacturers

Xinzhou
coal and allied Ltd
Anglo coal Australia
white Mining Ltd
Xstrata coal Pty Ltd
Newcastle coal company
Gloucester coal Pty Ltd
BHP Billiton Ltd
glennies Creek coal management Pty Ltd
Whitehaven coal mining Ltd
muswellbrook coal company
< br/ >Kunzhou
rag Australia coal
New Hope coal Australia
Peabody Energy Corporation
BHP Billiton Mitsubishi alliance
BHP Mitsui coal Pty Ltd
Idemitsu Kosam company
jellinbath resources Pty Ltd
Anglo coal Australia
MacArthur coal Ltd
Pacific coal

3 Brown coal

lignite has been found in every state of Australia, and its age ranges from 15 million to 50 million years. However, it is only mined in Victoria and mainly used for power generation of nearby power plants< According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 37.6gt of proven and recoverable lignite resources and 102.9gt of implied lignite resources. Victoria has 95% of all lignite resources in Australia, of which 89% is located in La Trobe valley< In 2001 / 02, Australia proced 66.7 million tons of lignite with a value of 53.3 million Australian dollars, all from Victoria. Among them, La Trobe valley proces 15.7 million tons, Hazelwood 19 million tons and loy Yang 30.9 million tons

world ranking

the proven recoverable lignite resources in the world are 188gt, and Australia accounts for 37.7gt, accounting for 20%, ranking second only to Germany (23%)
in 2002, Australia proced 8% of the world's total lignite proction, ranking third. The first place is Germany (20%), and the second place is the United States (10%)<

major manufacturers

Australian power and Energy Ltd
loy Yang power
HRL Ltd
Yale energy
larobe magnet Ltd
Eastern Star gas
carbon minerals NL
CBM resources Pty Ltd
Eastern energy Australia Pty Ltd
Purus Energy Ltd


4 Copper

Australia is one of the major copper procers in the world. There are world-class copper mines and smelters in Olympic Dam in South Australia and Mount Isa in kunzhou. There are also important copper mines and smelters in the North Park and Cadia hill in New Zealand, Osborne and mount Gordon in Queensland, and golden grove and nifty in Western Australia< According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 65.4mt of copper resources, including 33mt of proven economic significance, 10.8mt of sub economic significance and 21.8mt of implied copper resources. The hidden copper resources are mainly concentrated in South Australia, accounting for 50%, followed by kunzhou, accounting for 26%, Xinzhou and Western Australia, accounting for 9% respectively

proction

Australia proced 883000 tons of copper in 2002, 1% less than 896000 tons in 2001. Among them, the output of kunzhou is 475000 tons, accounting for 54% of the total output of Australia; The output of South Australia is 178000 tons, accounting for 20% of the total output of Australia; Xinzhou proces 135000 tons, Western Australia 57000 tons and tashou 37000 tons
in 2002, Australia exported 684000 tons of refined copper and refined copper, with an average unit price of a $2871 per ton and an export value of a $2 billion<

world ranking

Australia accounts for 10% of the world's economically significant copper resources, ranking third behind Chile (45%) and the United States (11%)< br