The relationship between computing power and EPT
Publish: 2021-05-22 02:35:20
1. 1、 The relationship between motherboard and chipset
chipset is the soul of motherboard, which determines the performance and price of motherboard. The chipset on the motherboard is also called the control chipset. The relationship between the chipset and the motherboard is just like the relationship between the CPU and the whole machine, which provides the complete core logic required by the motherboard. Just as the human brain is divided into left brain and right brain, the chipset on the motherboard is composed of North Bridge chip and South Bridge chip. Beiqiao chip is responsible for L2 cache management, memory type and maximum capacity, AGP accelerated graphics interface and ECC data error correction. The support for USB interface, UDMA / 33 Eide transmission and ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), KBC (keyboard control mole) and RTC (real-time clock mole) are decided by Nanqiao chip. Therefore, the type of chipset will directly affect the performance of the motherboard and even the whole machine< In the 386 and 486 era, there are many manufacturers of motherboard chipsets, including via, UMC, SIS and Ali. After the Pentium
processor was put on the market, because the chipset manufacturers were not familiar with its technology, the support of the early 586 motherboard for Pentium processor was not satisfactory. In this case, Intel began to develop its own motherboard chipset to better support Pentium series processors. In just a few years since Intel officially joined the chipset competition, the market share of many professional chipset manufacturers has dropped sharply, and even switched to other procts. The market share of Intel Chipset once reached nearly 90%
1. Intel Chipset
(1) Intel 430tx
Intel 430tx is a chipset launched by Intel a few years ago, which specially supports Pentium MMX CPU, and is optimized for MMX technology. At the same time, the chipset also supports amd K6 and Cyrix m Ⅱ CPU. Intel 430tx chipset uses dynamic power management structure to prolong the battery life of portable computers. 430tx chipset supports APM (Advanced Power Management), which can make the computer automatically enter sleep state when it is not working, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. The 430tx chipset can better support SDRAM, and the memory reading time is shorter than the previous VX chipset. It also supports UDMA / 33 and USB interface<
(2) Intel 440BX
Intel 440BX chipset can be regarded as a miracle. Only Intel 440BX chipset can survive for such a long time in the IT instry, especially in the field of chipset, where the competition is so fierce and the technology is constantly updated. The 440BX chipset is composed of 82443bx and 82371eb (or 2371ab). It supports al CPU, 100MHz external frequency, 1024MB memory and ECC memory verification. The north bridge chip 82443bx of Intel 440BX chipset is a simplified version of BX chipset. It does not support al CPU, only supports
2 DIMM slots, 3 PCI slots and 1 isa slot, supports 512MB memory at most, and does not provide ECC verification function
at the same time, the 440zx chipset is subdivided into two versions: 82443zx and 82443zx-66, which do not support 100 MHz front side bus (FSB). Today, many motherboard manufacturers are improving the 440BX motherboard, such as adding UDMA / 100 and raid functions to meet the new needs. However, with the launch of a new generation of chipsets, 440BX will eventually become people's memories
(3) Intel 440gx
Intel 440gx chipset is a high-end chipset developed to meet the needs of the server field. In this sense, Intel 440gx chipset has higher stability than other chipsets. In terms of performance, as a superset of 440BX, 440gx not only has all the features of 440BX chipset, but also mainly increases the support for Xeon processor with slot 2 interface at 100MHz bus frequency, allowing up to four CPUs to work in SMP (symmetric multi processing) mode. The 440gx chipset is also a north-south bridge structure. The north bridge chip is 82443gx, while the south bridge chip still uses 82371eb. 440gx supports up to 2GB SDRAM (single 512MB) memory, allows ECC, has more perfect AGP 2x interface and USB interface, and has modem and network remote control wake-up function, which conforms to pc97 energy management specification
(4) Intel 450nx
the Intel 450nx chipset is specially designed for enterprise servers. Because most server systems don't have high requirements for graphic display, Intel 450nx chipset doesn't provide AGP support. Intel 450nx chipset uses address bit sequence change (ABP) and high bandwidth four way interleaving technology, supports 8GB memory, and can provide four 32-bit PCI interfaces and two 64 bit PCI interfaces (or two 32-bit PCI and one 64 bit PCI)
the address width of the processor bus interface is 36 bits, the data width is 64 bits, and the working frequency is 100MHz. With a special cluster controller, you can use 8 Xeon processors together. High performance memory management system includes C2C and ABP (address bit permuting), which can provide enough bandwidth (1GB / s). 450nx consists of four parts:
82451nx memory and I / O bridge controller, 82454nx PCI enhanced bridge, 82452nx Ras / CAS generator and 82453nx multipath data access. The 450nx chipset also has the necessary reliability for enterprise servers. It can be checked at three main data transmission junctions: the mioc and system bus have ECC check, and the bus controller also has parity check; ECC verification of mioc and memory subsystem; Parity check between mioc and PCI enhanced bridge (that is, between mioc / PXB enhanced bus and PCI bus)
(5) Intel 440ex
Intel 440ex chipset is a chipset specially developed by Intel for Celeron processor, which supports AGP. Intel 440ex chipset adopts the traditional structure of north south bridge chipset. The model of North Bridge chip is 82443ex, while the model of South Bridge chip is 82371ab, and the external frequency only supports 66MHz. Compared with the 440BX chipset, the Intel 440ex chipset has been eliminated e to its low cost<
(6) Intel i810 series
Intel i810 chipset is the mainstream chipset for low-end market designed by Intel in 1999, especially for Celeron processor, including i810l, i810, i810-dc100 and i810e. Intel i810 chipset has made some improvements on the basis of 440ex and 440zx, and no longer adopts the traditional South and north bridge architecture
the chipset consists of GMCH (Graphics & memory controller hub) chip Intel 82810, ICH (input / output controller hub) chip Intel 82801 and FWH (firmware hub, similar to BIOS) chip Intel 82802. I810 integrates I752 graphics acceleration chip, and optimizes bus frequency of 66MHz and 100MHz system, synchronous or asynchronous main memory interface of PC100 SDRAM. Due to the adoption of hub link architecture, the bandwidth between GMCH chip and ICH chip reaches 256MB / s. ide device, USB device and AC97 sound card are directly connected to ICH chip, which greatly improves the speed of data exchange between these devices and CPU. The traditional PCI bus is also connected to the ICH chip, which is still 133MHz. It is used to plug in some function cards, such as network cards. In short, the i810 has a good price performance ratio, which is more suitable for ordinary business and home users. But the most noteworthy is the new architecture it adopts
i810-dc100 supports 100MHz front-end bus frequency (CPU to GMCH) and 4MB external video memory, and the maximum memory capacity increases from 256MB of i810 to 512MB. I810e is developed on the basis of i810-dc100. It supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency and can support 6 PCI slots. I810e2, which is developed from i810e, supports P Ⅲ and new Celeron processors. Due to the adoption of ich2 chip, it can support UDMA / 100< (7) Intel i820
i820 chipset consists of 82820 (MCH), 82801aa (ICH) and 82802ab (FWH). It can be seen that the biggest difference between i810e and i810e lies in MCH chip. 82820 provides 133MHz memory bus frequency, which makes memory and CPU work at the same frequency. I820 supports oppermine processor, AGP 4x, ultra DMA / 66 transmission mode, AC97 specification, two USB interfaces, six PCI slots,
combined with Rambus DRAM, its bandwidth is increased from 528mb / s of SDRAM to 1.2gb-1.6gb/s, and the system performance is greatly improved
the i820 chipset supports the standard PC133 specification, AGP 4x and ultra DMA / 66, and adopts the same accelerated hub architecture as i810,
but does not integrate graphics display chip, so GMCH chip becomes MCH chip, and the bandwidth from MCH to ICH is still 256MB / s. The most important feature of i820 is that it supports Rambus DRAM (direct RDRAM) memory, with memory frequency up to 300-400mhz and bandwidth up to 1.6gb/s
e to the high price of Rambus DRAM memory, in order to speed up the market entry of i820, Intel has added a new
chip on i820 motherboard, which is mth (memory bridge) chip, to support the use of ordinary SDRAM on i820 motherboard. However, the bandwidth of SDRAM is far from that of Rambus
DRAM, so the performance of i820 can not be brought into full play. Later, it was found that there was a bug in mth chip, which led Intel to recycle all i820 motherboards with mth
chips
(8) i820e
as an enhanced version of 820 chipset, i820e redefines its positioning for business and e-home market, mainly for the needs of high-end users. Compared with the previous generation, the biggest change of i820e chipset is to upgrade ICH to the new 82801ba control chip (ich2). I820e supports 100 / 133MHz external frequency al processors, supports up to 2GB of PC600, PC700 and pc800 direct RDRAM, and has a memory bandwidth of up to 1.6gb/s, which is twice the peak speed of 100MHz SDRAM. I820 also supports str (suspend to RAM), UDMA / 100, power saving mode, AGP 4x and CNR interfaces. 82801ba ich2 adopts 324 pin BGA (ball grid array) package, including two USB controllers, 6-channel, full surround AC97 audio, fully integrated LAN (local area network) function, in addition to supporting 1Mbps home PNA, 10 / 100Mbps LAN and managing 10 / 100Mbps LAN. The input signal "intruder" of ich2 can be automatically executed when the system file is opened, and the SMI? Or TCO interrupt can be activated. Without operation or suspension, the software failure or system intrusion can be found, and then the alertclk and alertdata signals are sent to inform the network manager to enter the alert state<
(9) i815 / i815e
i815 chipset (code named Solano) is the first chipset of Intel that fully supports PC133 SDRAM. Its GMCH chip is 82815, ICH chip is 82801aa, and FWH chip is 82802ab. I815 supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency, which integrates I752 graphics card, external AGP 4x graphics card and UDMA / 66
although many manufacturers make full use of the potential of Intel BX chipset to develop motherboards supporting UDMA / 66 and 133MHz FSB, e to chip specifications, such as the chip is only designed for 100MHz FSB, the memory supported by the chip is reced from 1GB to 768mb at 133MHz FSB, and 440BX does not support advanced performance such as AGP 4x, So in and via 694x and other new chips
chipset is the soul of motherboard, which determines the performance and price of motherboard. The chipset on the motherboard is also called the control chipset. The relationship between the chipset and the motherboard is just like the relationship between the CPU and the whole machine, which provides the complete core logic required by the motherboard. Just as the human brain is divided into left brain and right brain, the chipset on the motherboard is composed of North Bridge chip and South Bridge chip. Beiqiao chip is responsible for L2 cache management, memory type and maximum capacity, AGP accelerated graphics interface and ECC data error correction. The support for USB interface, UDMA / 33 Eide transmission and ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), KBC (keyboard control mole) and RTC (real-time clock mole) are decided by Nanqiao chip. Therefore, the type of chipset will directly affect the performance of the motherboard and even the whole machine< In the 386 and 486 era, there are many manufacturers of motherboard chipsets, including via, UMC, SIS and Ali. After the Pentium
processor was put on the market, because the chipset manufacturers were not familiar with its technology, the support of the early 586 motherboard for Pentium processor was not satisfactory. In this case, Intel began to develop its own motherboard chipset to better support Pentium series processors. In just a few years since Intel officially joined the chipset competition, the market share of many professional chipset manufacturers has dropped sharply, and even switched to other procts. The market share of Intel Chipset once reached nearly 90%
1. Intel Chipset
(1) Intel 430tx
Intel 430tx is a chipset launched by Intel a few years ago, which specially supports Pentium MMX CPU, and is optimized for MMX technology. At the same time, the chipset also supports amd K6 and Cyrix m Ⅱ CPU. Intel 430tx chipset uses dynamic power management structure to prolong the battery life of portable computers. 430tx chipset supports APM (Advanced Power Management), which can make the computer automatically enter sleep state when it is not working, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. The 430tx chipset can better support SDRAM, and the memory reading time is shorter than the previous VX chipset. It also supports UDMA / 33 and USB interface<
(2) Intel 440BX
Intel 440BX chipset can be regarded as a miracle. Only Intel 440BX chipset can survive for such a long time in the IT instry, especially in the field of chipset, where the competition is so fierce and the technology is constantly updated. The 440BX chipset is composed of 82443bx and 82371eb (or 2371ab). It supports al CPU, 100MHz external frequency, 1024MB memory and ECC memory verification. The north bridge chip 82443bx of Intel 440BX chipset is a simplified version of BX chipset. It does not support al CPU, only supports
2 DIMM slots, 3 PCI slots and 1 isa slot, supports 512MB memory at most, and does not provide ECC verification function
at the same time, the 440zx chipset is subdivided into two versions: 82443zx and 82443zx-66, which do not support 100 MHz front side bus (FSB). Today, many motherboard manufacturers are improving the 440BX motherboard, such as adding UDMA / 100 and raid functions to meet the new needs. However, with the launch of a new generation of chipsets, 440BX will eventually become people's memories
(3) Intel 440gx
Intel 440gx chipset is a high-end chipset developed to meet the needs of the server field. In this sense, Intel 440gx chipset has higher stability than other chipsets. In terms of performance, as a superset of 440BX, 440gx not only has all the features of 440BX chipset, but also mainly increases the support for Xeon processor with slot 2 interface at 100MHz bus frequency, allowing up to four CPUs to work in SMP (symmetric multi processing) mode. The 440gx chipset is also a north-south bridge structure. The north bridge chip is 82443gx, while the south bridge chip still uses 82371eb. 440gx supports up to 2GB SDRAM (single 512MB) memory, allows ECC, has more perfect AGP 2x interface and USB interface, and has modem and network remote control wake-up function, which conforms to pc97 energy management specification
(4) Intel 450nx
the Intel 450nx chipset is specially designed for enterprise servers. Because most server systems don't have high requirements for graphic display, Intel 450nx chipset doesn't provide AGP support. Intel 450nx chipset uses address bit sequence change (ABP) and high bandwidth four way interleaving technology, supports 8GB memory, and can provide four 32-bit PCI interfaces and two 64 bit PCI interfaces (or two 32-bit PCI and one 64 bit PCI)
the address width of the processor bus interface is 36 bits, the data width is 64 bits, and the working frequency is 100MHz. With a special cluster controller, you can use 8 Xeon processors together. High performance memory management system includes C2C and ABP (address bit permuting), which can provide enough bandwidth (1GB / s). 450nx consists of four parts:
82451nx memory and I / O bridge controller, 82454nx PCI enhanced bridge, 82452nx Ras / CAS generator and 82453nx multipath data access. The 450nx chipset also has the necessary reliability for enterprise servers. It can be checked at three main data transmission junctions: the mioc and system bus have ECC check, and the bus controller also has parity check; ECC verification of mioc and memory subsystem; Parity check between mioc and PCI enhanced bridge (that is, between mioc / PXB enhanced bus and PCI bus)
(5) Intel 440ex
Intel 440ex chipset is a chipset specially developed by Intel for Celeron processor, which supports AGP. Intel 440ex chipset adopts the traditional structure of north south bridge chipset. The model of North Bridge chip is 82443ex, while the model of South Bridge chip is 82371ab, and the external frequency only supports 66MHz. Compared with the 440BX chipset, the Intel 440ex chipset has been eliminated e to its low cost<
(6) Intel i810 series
Intel i810 chipset is the mainstream chipset for low-end market designed by Intel in 1999, especially for Celeron processor, including i810l, i810, i810-dc100 and i810e. Intel i810 chipset has made some improvements on the basis of 440ex and 440zx, and no longer adopts the traditional South and north bridge architecture
the chipset consists of GMCH (Graphics & memory controller hub) chip Intel 82810, ICH (input / output controller hub) chip Intel 82801 and FWH (firmware hub, similar to BIOS) chip Intel 82802. I810 integrates I752 graphics acceleration chip, and optimizes bus frequency of 66MHz and 100MHz system, synchronous or asynchronous main memory interface of PC100 SDRAM. Due to the adoption of hub link architecture, the bandwidth between GMCH chip and ICH chip reaches 256MB / s. ide device, USB device and AC97 sound card are directly connected to ICH chip, which greatly improves the speed of data exchange between these devices and CPU. The traditional PCI bus is also connected to the ICH chip, which is still 133MHz. It is used to plug in some function cards, such as network cards. In short, the i810 has a good price performance ratio, which is more suitable for ordinary business and home users. But the most noteworthy is the new architecture it adopts
i810-dc100 supports 100MHz front-end bus frequency (CPU to GMCH) and 4MB external video memory, and the maximum memory capacity increases from 256MB of i810 to 512MB. I810e is developed on the basis of i810-dc100. It supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency and can support 6 PCI slots. I810e2, which is developed from i810e, supports P Ⅲ and new Celeron processors. Due to the adoption of ich2 chip, it can support UDMA / 100< (7) Intel i820
i820 chipset consists of 82820 (MCH), 82801aa (ICH) and 82802ab (FWH). It can be seen that the biggest difference between i810e and i810e lies in MCH chip. 82820 provides 133MHz memory bus frequency, which makes memory and CPU work at the same frequency. I820 supports oppermine processor, AGP 4x, ultra DMA / 66 transmission mode, AC97 specification, two USB interfaces, six PCI slots,
combined with Rambus DRAM, its bandwidth is increased from 528mb / s of SDRAM to 1.2gb-1.6gb/s, and the system performance is greatly improved
the i820 chipset supports the standard PC133 specification, AGP 4x and ultra DMA / 66, and adopts the same accelerated hub architecture as i810,
but does not integrate graphics display chip, so GMCH chip becomes MCH chip, and the bandwidth from MCH to ICH is still 256MB / s. The most important feature of i820 is that it supports Rambus DRAM (direct RDRAM) memory, with memory frequency up to 300-400mhz and bandwidth up to 1.6gb/s
e to the high price of Rambus DRAM memory, in order to speed up the market entry of i820, Intel has added a new
chip on i820 motherboard, which is mth (memory bridge) chip, to support the use of ordinary SDRAM on i820 motherboard. However, the bandwidth of SDRAM is far from that of Rambus
DRAM, so the performance of i820 can not be brought into full play. Later, it was found that there was a bug in mth chip, which led Intel to recycle all i820 motherboards with mth
chips
(8) i820e
as an enhanced version of 820 chipset, i820e redefines its positioning for business and e-home market, mainly for the needs of high-end users. Compared with the previous generation, the biggest change of i820e chipset is to upgrade ICH to the new 82801ba control chip (ich2). I820e supports 100 / 133MHz external frequency al processors, supports up to 2GB of PC600, PC700 and pc800 direct RDRAM, and has a memory bandwidth of up to 1.6gb/s, which is twice the peak speed of 100MHz SDRAM. I820 also supports str (suspend to RAM), UDMA / 100, power saving mode, AGP 4x and CNR interfaces. 82801ba ich2 adopts 324 pin BGA (ball grid array) package, including two USB controllers, 6-channel, full surround AC97 audio, fully integrated LAN (local area network) function, in addition to supporting 1Mbps home PNA, 10 / 100Mbps LAN and managing 10 / 100Mbps LAN. The input signal "intruder" of ich2 can be automatically executed when the system file is opened, and the SMI? Or TCO interrupt can be activated. Without operation or suspension, the software failure or system intrusion can be found, and then the alertclk and alertdata signals are sent to inform the network manager to enter the alert state<
(9) i815 / i815e
i815 chipset (code named Solano) is the first chipset of Intel that fully supports PC133 SDRAM. Its GMCH chip is 82815, ICH chip is 82801aa, and FWH chip is 82802ab. I815 supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency, which integrates I752 graphics card, external AGP 4x graphics card and UDMA / 66
although many manufacturers make full use of the potential of Intel BX chipset to develop motherboards supporting UDMA / 66 and 133MHz FSB, e to chip specifications, such as the chip is only designed for 100MHz FSB, the memory supported by the chip is reced from 1GB to 768mb at 133MHz FSB, and 440BX does not support advanced performance such as AGP 4x, So in and via 694x and other new chips
2. 1. Principle: in the x86 architecture, only one-time memory address translation (gpa-hpa) was originally supported, which was mapped by the physical machine operating system
2. After the introction of virtualization, there is an additional layer of gva-gpa-hpa, in which gva-gpa is mapped by the client operating system, and gpa-hpa is mapped by the VMM (that is, the virtualized operating system). Here, two transformations are needed, which conflicts with the principle in 1, So the shadow page table is introced. The shadow page table records a relation table with two mappings, which reflects the two mapping processes. Therefore, for virtualization, it is equivalent to one mapping. But the shadow page table is more complex, and the overhead is too large, so the introction of EPT
3, EPT is to replace the shadow page table, the two mapping process directly through the hardware to rece the complexity and overhead
2. After the introction of virtualization, there is an additional layer of gva-gpa-hpa, in which gva-gpa is mapped by the client operating system, and gpa-hpa is mapped by the VMM (that is, the virtualized operating system). Here, two transformations are needed, which conflicts with the principle in 1, So the shadow page table is introced. The shadow page table records a relation table with two mappings, which reflects the two mapping processes. Therefore, for virtualization, it is equivalent to one mapping. But the shadow page table is more complex, and the overhead is too large, so the introction of EPT
3, EPT is to replace the shadow page table, the two mapping process directly through the hardware to rece the complexity and overhead
3. 1、 The relationship between motherboard and chipset
chipset is the soul of motherboard, which determines the performance and price of motherboard. The chipset on the motherboard is also called the control chipset. The relationship between the chipset and the motherboard is just like the relationship between the CPU and the whole machine, which provides the complete core logic required by the motherboard. Just as the human brain is divided into left brain and right brain, the chipset on the motherboard is composed of North Bridge chip and South Bridge chip. Beiqiao chip is responsible for L2 cache management, memory type and maximum capacity, AGP accelerated graphics interface and ECC data error correction. The support for USB interface, UDMA / 33 Eide transmission and ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), KBC (keyboard control mole) and RTC (real-time clock mole) are decided by Nanqiao chip. Therefore, the type of chipset will directly affect the performance of the motherboard and even the whole machine< In the 386 and 486 era, there are many manufacturers of motherboard chipsets, including via, UMC, SIS and Ali. After the Pentium
processor was put on the market, because the chipset manufacturers were not familiar with its technology, the support of the early 586 motherboard for Pentium processor was not satisfactory. In this case, Intel began to develop its own motherboard chipset to better support Pentium series processors. In just a few years since Intel officially joined the chipset competition, the market share of many professional chipset manufacturers has dropped sharply, and even switched to other procts. The market share of Intel Chipset once reached nearly 90%
1. Intel Chipset
(1) Intel 430tx
Intel 430tx is a chipset launched by Intel a few years ago, which specially supports Pentium MMX CPU, and is optimized for MMX technology. At the same time, the chipset also supports amd K6 and Cyrix m Ⅱ CPU. Intel 430tx chipset uses dynamic power management structure to prolong the battery life of portable computers. 430tx chipset supports APM (Advanced Power Management), which can make the computer automatically enter sleep state when it is not working, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. The 430tx chipset can better support SDRAM, and the memory reading time is shorter than the previous VX chipset. It also supports UDMA / 33 and USB interface<
(2) Intel 440BX
Intel 440BX chipset can be regarded as a miracle. At present, only Intel 440BX chipset can survive for such a long time in the IT instry, especially in the field of chipset, where the competition is so fierce and the technology is constantly updated. The 440BX chipset is composed of 82443bx and 82371eb (or 2371ab). It supports al CPU, 100MHz external frequency, 1024MB memory and ECC memory verification. The north bridge chip 82443bx of Intel 440BX chipset is a simplified version of BX chipset. It does not support al CPU, only supports
2 DIMM slots, 3 PCI slots and 1 isa slot, supports 512MB memory at most, and does not provide ECC verification function
at the same time, the 440zx chipset is subdivided into two versions: 82443zx and 82443zx-66, which do not support 100 MHz front side bus (FSB). Today, many motherboard manufacturers are improving the 440BX motherboard, such as adding UDMA / 100 and raid functions to meet the new needs. However, with the launch of a new generation of chipsets, 440BX will eventually become people's memories
(3) Intel 440gx
Intel 440gx chipset is a high-end chipset developed to meet the needs of the server field. In this sense, Intel 440gx chipset has higher stability than other chipsets. In terms of performance, as a superset of 440BX, 440gx not only has all the features of 440BX chipset, but also mainly increases the support for Xeon processor with slot 2 interface at 100MHz bus frequency, allowing up to four CPUs to work in SMP (symmetric multi processing) mode. The 440gx chipset is also a north-south bridge structure. The north bridge chip is 82443gx, while the south bridge chip still uses 82371eb. 440gx supports up to 2GB SDRAM (single 512MB) memory, allows ECC, has more perfect AGP 2x interface and USB interface, and has modem and network remote control wake-up function, which conforms to pc97 energy management specification
(4) Intel 450nx
the Intel 450nx chipset is specially designed for enterprise servers. Because most server systems don't have high requirements for graphic display, Intel 450nx chipset doesn't provide AGP support. Intel 450nx chipset uses address bit sequence change (ABP) and high bandwidth four way interleaving technology, supports 8GB memory, and can provide four 32-bit PCI interfaces and two 64 bit PCI interfaces (or two 32-bit PCI and one 64 bit PCI)
the address width of the processor bus interface is 36 bits, the data width is 64 bits, and the working frequency is 100MHz. With a special cluster controller, you can use 8 Xeon processors together. High performance memory management system includes C2C and ABP (address bit permuting), which can provide enough bandwidth (1GB / s). 450nx consists of four parts:
82451nx memory and I / O bridge controller, 82454nx PCI enhanced bridge, 82452nx Ras / CAS generator and 82453nx multipath data access. The 450nx chipset also has the necessary reliability for enterprise servers. It can be checked at three main data transmission junctions: the mioc and system bus have ECC check, and the bus controller also has parity check; ECC verification of mioc and memory subsystem; Parity check between mioc and PCI enhanced bridge (that is, between mioc / PXB enhanced bus and PCI bus)
(5) Intel 440ex
Intel 440ex chipset is a chipset specially developed by Intel for Celeron processor, which supports AGP. Intel 440ex chipset adopts the traditional structure of north south bridge chipset. The model of North Bridge chip is 82443ex, while the model of South Bridge chip is 82371ab, and the external frequency only supports 66MHz. Compared with the 440BX chipset, the Intel 440ex chipset has been eliminated e to its low cost
(6) Intel i810 series
Intel i810 chipset is a low-end market oriented mainstream chipset designed by Intel in 1999 for Celeron processor, including i810l, i810, i810-dc100 and i810e. Intel i810 chipset has made some improvements on the basis of 440ex and 440zx, and no longer adopts the traditional South and north bridge architecture
the chipset consists of GMCH (Graphics & memory controller hub) chip Intel 82810, ICH (input / output controller hub) chip Intel 82801 and FWH (firmware hub, similar to BIOS) chip Intel 82802. I810 integrates I752 graphics acceleration chip, and optimizes bus frequency of 66MHz and 100MHz system, synchronous or asynchronous main memory interface of PC100 SDRAM. Due to the adoption of hub link architecture, the bandwidth between GMCH chip and ICH chip reaches 256MB / s. ide device, USB device and AC97 sound card are directly connected to ICH chip, which greatly improves the speed of data exchange between these devices and CPU. The traditional PCI bus is also connected to the ICH chip, which is still 133MHz. It is used to plug in some function cards, such as network cards. In short, the i810 has a good price performance ratio, which is more suitable for ordinary business and home users. But the most noteworthy is the new architecture it adopts
i810-dc100 supports 100MHz front-end bus frequency (CPU to GMCH) and 4MB external video memory. The maximum memory capacity is increased from 256MB of i810 to 512MB. I810e is developed on the basis of i810-dc100. It supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency and can support 6 PCI slots. I810e2, which is developed from i810e, supports P Ⅲ and new Celeron processors. Due to the adoption of ich2 chip, it can support UDMA / 100< (7) Intel i820
i820 chipset consists of 82820 (MCH), 82801aa (ICH) and 82802ab (FWH). It can be seen that the biggest difference between i810e and i810e lies in MCH chip. 82820 provides 133MHz memory bus frequency, which makes memory and CPU work at the same frequency. I820 supports oppermine processor, AGP 4x, ultra DMA / 66 transmission mode, AC97 specification, two USB interfaces, six PCI slots,
combined with Rambus DRAM, its bandwidth is increased from 528mb / s of SDRAM to 1.2gb-1.6gb/s, and the system performance is greatly improved
the i820 chipset supports the standard PC133 specification, AGP 4x and ultra DMA / 66, and adopts the same accelerated hub architecture as i810,
but does not integrate graphics display chip, so GMCH chip becomes MCH chip, and the bandwidth from MCH to ICH is still 256MB / s. The most important feature of i820 is that it supports Rambus DRAM (direct RDRAM) memory, with memory frequency up to 300-400mhz and bandwidth up to 1.6gb/s
e to the high price of Rambus DRAM memory, in order to speed up the market entry of i820, Intel has added a new
chip on i820 motherboard, which is mth (memory bridge) chip, to support the use of ordinary SDRAM on i820 motherboard. However, the bandwidth of SDRAM is far from that of Rambus
DRAM, so the performance of i820 can not be brought into full play. Later, it was found that there was a bug in mth chip, which led Intel to recycle all i820 motherboards with mth
chips
(8) i820e
as an enhanced version of 820 chipset, i820e redefines its positioning for business and e-home market, mainly for the needs of high-end users. Compared with the previous generation, the biggest change of i820e chipset is to upgrade ICH to the new 82801ba control chip (ich2). I820e supports 100 / 133MHz external frequency al processors, supports up to 2GB of PC600, PC700 and pc800 direct RDRAM, and has a memory bandwidth of up to 1.6gb/s, which is twice the peak speed of 100MHz SDRAM. I820 also supports str (suspend to RAM), UDMA / 100, power saving mode, AGP 4x and CNR interfaces. 82801ba ich2 adopts 324 pin BGA (ball grid array) package, including two USB controllers, 6-channel, full surround AC97 audio, fully integrated LAN (local area network) function, in addition to supporting 1Mbps home PNA, 10 / 100Mbps LAN and managing 10 / 100Mbps LAN. The input signal "intruder" of ich2 can be automatically executed when the system file is opened, and the SMI? Or TCO interrupt can be activated. Without operation or suspension, the software failure or system intrusion can be found, and then the alertclk and alertdata signals are sent to inform the network manager to enter the alert state<
(9) i815 / i815e
i815 chipset (code named Solano) is the first chipset of Intel that fully supports PC133 SDRAM. Its GMCH chip is 82815, ICH chip is 82801aa, and FWH chip is 82802ab. I815 supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency, which integrates I752 graphics card, external AGP 4x graphics card and UDMA / 66
although many manufacturers make full use of the potential of Intel BX chipset to develop motherboards that support UDMA / 66 and 133MHz FSB, e to chip specifications, such as the chip is only designed for 100MHz FSB, the memory supported by the chip is reced from 1GB to 768mb at 133MHz FSB, and 440BX does not support advanced performance such as AGP 4x, So when competing with via's 694x and other new chipsets, there are not many advantages. And i820 was not recognized for a while, so Intel launched
chipset is the soul of motherboard, which determines the performance and price of motherboard. The chipset on the motherboard is also called the control chipset. The relationship between the chipset and the motherboard is just like the relationship between the CPU and the whole machine, which provides the complete core logic required by the motherboard. Just as the human brain is divided into left brain and right brain, the chipset on the motherboard is composed of North Bridge chip and South Bridge chip. Beiqiao chip is responsible for L2 cache management, memory type and maximum capacity, AGP accelerated graphics interface and ECC data error correction. The support for USB interface, UDMA / 33 Eide transmission and ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), KBC (keyboard control mole) and RTC (real-time clock mole) are decided by Nanqiao chip. Therefore, the type of chipset will directly affect the performance of the motherboard and even the whole machine< In the 386 and 486 era, there are many manufacturers of motherboard chipsets, including via, UMC, SIS and Ali. After the Pentium
processor was put on the market, because the chipset manufacturers were not familiar with its technology, the support of the early 586 motherboard for Pentium processor was not satisfactory. In this case, Intel began to develop its own motherboard chipset to better support Pentium series processors. In just a few years since Intel officially joined the chipset competition, the market share of many professional chipset manufacturers has dropped sharply, and even switched to other procts. The market share of Intel Chipset once reached nearly 90%
1. Intel Chipset
(1) Intel 430tx
Intel 430tx is a chipset launched by Intel a few years ago, which specially supports Pentium MMX CPU, and is optimized for MMX technology. At the same time, the chipset also supports amd K6 and Cyrix m Ⅱ CPU. Intel 430tx chipset uses dynamic power management structure to prolong the battery life of portable computers. 430tx chipset supports APM (Advanced Power Management), which can make the computer automatically enter sleep state when it is not working, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. The 430tx chipset can better support SDRAM, and the memory reading time is shorter than the previous VX chipset. It also supports UDMA / 33 and USB interface<
(2) Intel 440BX
Intel 440BX chipset can be regarded as a miracle. At present, only Intel 440BX chipset can survive for such a long time in the IT instry, especially in the field of chipset, where the competition is so fierce and the technology is constantly updated. The 440BX chipset is composed of 82443bx and 82371eb (or 2371ab). It supports al CPU, 100MHz external frequency, 1024MB memory and ECC memory verification. The north bridge chip 82443bx of Intel 440BX chipset is a simplified version of BX chipset. It does not support al CPU, only supports
2 DIMM slots, 3 PCI slots and 1 isa slot, supports 512MB memory at most, and does not provide ECC verification function
at the same time, the 440zx chipset is subdivided into two versions: 82443zx and 82443zx-66, which do not support 100 MHz front side bus (FSB). Today, many motherboard manufacturers are improving the 440BX motherboard, such as adding UDMA / 100 and raid functions to meet the new needs. However, with the launch of a new generation of chipsets, 440BX will eventually become people's memories
(3) Intel 440gx
Intel 440gx chipset is a high-end chipset developed to meet the needs of the server field. In this sense, Intel 440gx chipset has higher stability than other chipsets. In terms of performance, as a superset of 440BX, 440gx not only has all the features of 440BX chipset, but also mainly increases the support for Xeon processor with slot 2 interface at 100MHz bus frequency, allowing up to four CPUs to work in SMP (symmetric multi processing) mode. The 440gx chipset is also a north-south bridge structure. The north bridge chip is 82443gx, while the south bridge chip still uses 82371eb. 440gx supports up to 2GB SDRAM (single 512MB) memory, allows ECC, has more perfect AGP 2x interface and USB interface, and has modem and network remote control wake-up function, which conforms to pc97 energy management specification
(4) Intel 450nx
the Intel 450nx chipset is specially designed for enterprise servers. Because most server systems don't have high requirements for graphic display, Intel 450nx chipset doesn't provide AGP support. Intel 450nx chipset uses address bit sequence change (ABP) and high bandwidth four way interleaving technology, supports 8GB memory, and can provide four 32-bit PCI interfaces and two 64 bit PCI interfaces (or two 32-bit PCI and one 64 bit PCI)
the address width of the processor bus interface is 36 bits, the data width is 64 bits, and the working frequency is 100MHz. With a special cluster controller, you can use 8 Xeon processors together. High performance memory management system includes C2C and ABP (address bit permuting), which can provide enough bandwidth (1GB / s). 450nx consists of four parts:
82451nx memory and I / O bridge controller, 82454nx PCI enhanced bridge, 82452nx Ras / CAS generator and 82453nx multipath data access. The 450nx chipset also has the necessary reliability for enterprise servers. It can be checked at three main data transmission junctions: the mioc and system bus have ECC check, and the bus controller also has parity check; ECC verification of mioc and memory subsystem; Parity check between mioc and PCI enhanced bridge (that is, between mioc / PXB enhanced bus and PCI bus)
(5) Intel 440ex
Intel 440ex chipset is a chipset specially developed by Intel for Celeron processor, which supports AGP. Intel 440ex chipset adopts the traditional structure of north south bridge chipset. The model of North Bridge chip is 82443ex, while the model of South Bridge chip is 82371ab, and the external frequency only supports 66MHz. Compared with the 440BX chipset, the Intel 440ex chipset has been eliminated e to its low cost
(6) Intel i810 series
Intel i810 chipset is a low-end market oriented mainstream chipset designed by Intel in 1999 for Celeron processor, including i810l, i810, i810-dc100 and i810e. Intel i810 chipset has made some improvements on the basis of 440ex and 440zx, and no longer adopts the traditional South and north bridge architecture
the chipset consists of GMCH (Graphics & memory controller hub) chip Intel 82810, ICH (input / output controller hub) chip Intel 82801 and FWH (firmware hub, similar to BIOS) chip Intel 82802. I810 integrates I752 graphics acceleration chip, and optimizes bus frequency of 66MHz and 100MHz system, synchronous or asynchronous main memory interface of PC100 SDRAM. Due to the adoption of hub link architecture, the bandwidth between GMCH chip and ICH chip reaches 256MB / s. ide device, USB device and AC97 sound card are directly connected to ICH chip, which greatly improves the speed of data exchange between these devices and CPU. The traditional PCI bus is also connected to the ICH chip, which is still 133MHz. It is used to plug in some function cards, such as network cards. In short, the i810 has a good price performance ratio, which is more suitable for ordinary business and home users. But the most noteworthy is the new architecture it adopts
i810-dc100 supports 100MHz front-end bus frequency (CPU to GMCH) and 4MB external video memory. The maximum memory capacity is increased from 256MB of i810 to 512MB. I810e is developed on the basis of i810-dc100. It supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency and can support 6 PCI slots. I810e2, which is developed from i810e, supports P Ⅲ and new Celeron processors. Due to the adoption of ich2 chip, it can support UDMA / 100< (7) Intel i820
i820 chipset consists of 82820 (MCH), 82801aa (ICH) and 82802ab (FWH). It can be seen that the biggest difference between i810e and i810e lies in MCH chip. 82820 provides 133MHz memory bus frequency, which makes memory and CPU work at the same frequency. I820 supports oppermine processor, AGP 4x, ultra DMA / 66 transmission mode, AC97 specification, two USB interfaces, six PCI slots,
combined with Rambus DRAM, its bandwidth is increased from 528mb / s of SDRAM to 1.2gb-1.6gb/s, and the system performance is greatly improved
the i820 chipset supports the standard PC133 specification, AGP 4x and ultra DMA / 66, and adopts the same accelerated hub architecture as i810,
but does not integrate graphics display chip, so GMCH chip becomes MCH chip, and the bandwidth from MCH to ICH is still 256MB / s. The most important feature of i820 is that it supports Rambus DRAM (direct RDRAM) memory, with memory frequency up to 300-400mhz and bandwidth up to 1.6gb/s
e to the high price of Rambus DRAM memory, in order to speed up the market entry of i820, Intel has added a new
chip on i820 motherboard, which is mth (memory bridge) chip, to support the use of ordinary SDRAM on i820 motherboard. However, the bandwidth of SDRAM is far from that of Rambus
DRAM, so the performance of i820 can not be brought into full play. Later, it was found that there was a bug in mth chip, which led Intel to recycle all i820 motherboards with mth
chips
(8) i820e
as an enhanced version of 820 chipset, i820e redefines its positioning for business and e-home market, mainly for the needs of high-end users. Compared with the previous generation, the biggest change of i820e chipset is to upgrade ICH to the new 82801ba control chip (ich2). I820e supports 100 / 133MHz external frequency al processors, supports up to 2GB of PC600, PC700 and pc800 direct RDRAM, and has a memory bandwidth of up to 1.6gb/s, which is twice the peak speed of 100MHz SDRAM. I820 also supports str (suspend to RAM), UDMA / 100, power saving mode, AGP 4x and CNR interfaces. 82801ba ich2 adopts 324 pin BGA (ball grid array) package, including two USB controllers, 6-channel, full surround AC97 audio, fully integrated LAN (local area network) function, in addition to supporting 1Mbps home PNA, 10 / 100Mbps LAN and managing 10 / 100Mbps LAN. The input signal "intruder" of ich2 can be automatically executed when the system file is opened, and the SMI? Or TCO interrupt can be activated. Without operation or suspension, the software failure or system intrusion can be found, and then the alertclk and alertdata signals are sent to inform the network manager to enter the alert state<
(9) i815 / i815e
i815 chipset (code named Solano) is the first chipset of Intel that fully supports PC133 SDRAM. Its GMCH chip is 82815, ICH chip is 82801aa, and FWH chip is 82802ab. I815 supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency, which integrates I752 graphics card, external AGP 4x graphics card and UDMA / 66
although many manufacturers make full use of the potential of Intel BX chipset to develop motherboards that support UDMA / 66 and 133MHz FSB, e to chip specifications, such as the chip is only designed for 100MHz FSB, the memory supported by the chip is reced from 1GB to 768mb at 133MHz FSB, and 440BX does not support advanced performance such as AGP 4x, So when competing with via's 694x and other new chipsets, there are not many advantages. And i820 was not recognized for a while, so Intel launched
4. Hello, first, the relationship between motherboard and chipset
chipset is the soul of motherboard, which determines the performance and price of motherboard. The chipset on the motherboard is also called the control chipset. The relationship between the chipset and the motherboard is just like the relationship between the CPU and the whole machine, which provides the complete core logic required by the motherboard. Just as the human brain is divided into left brain and right brain, the chipset on the motherboard is composed of North Bridge chip and South Bridge chip. Beiqiao chip is responsible for L2 cache management, memory type and maximum capacity, AGP accelerated graphics interface and ECC data error correction. The support for USB interface, UDMA / 33 Eide transmission and ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), KBC (keyboard control mole) and RTC (real-time clock mole) are decided by Nanqiao chip. Therefore, the type of chipset will directly affect the performance of the motherboard and even the whole machine< In the 386 and 486 era, there are many manufacturers of motherboard chipsets, including via, UMC, SIS and Ali. After the Pentium
processor was put on the market, because the chipset manufacturers were not familiar with its technology, the support of the early 586 motherboard for Pentium processor was not satisfactory. In this case, Intel began to develop its own motherboard chipset to better support Pentium series processors. In just a few years since Intel officially joined the chipset competition, the market share of many professional chipset manufacturers has dropped sharply, and even switched to other procts. The market share of Intel Chipset once reached nearly 90%
1. Intel Chipset
(1) Intel 430tx
Intel 430tx is a chipset launched by Intel a few years ago, which specially supports Pentium MMX CPU, and is optimized for MMX technology. At the same time, the chipset also supports amd K6 and Cyrix m Ⅱ CPU. Intel 430tx chipset uses dynamic power management structure to prolong the battery life of portable computers. 430tx chipset supports APM (Advanced Power Management), which can make the computer automatically enter sleep state when it is not working, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. The 430tx chipset can better support SDRAM, and the memory reading time is shorter than the previous VX chipset. It also supports UDMA / 33 and USB interface<
(2) Intel 440BX
Intel 440BX chipset can be regarded as a miracle. Only Intel 440BX chipset can survive for such a long time in the IT instry, especially in the field of chipset, where the competition is so fierce and the technology is constantly updated. The 440BX chipset is composed of 82443bx and 82371eb (or 2371ab). It supports al CPU, 100MHz external frequency, 1024MB memory and ECC memory verification. The north bridge chip 82443bx of Intel 440BX chipset is a simplified version of BX chipset. It does not support al CPU, only supports
2 DIMM slots, 3 PCI slots and 1 isa slot, supports 512MB memory at most, and does not provide ECC verification function
at the same time, the 440zx chipset is subdivided into two versions: 82443zx and 82443zx-66, which do not support 100 MHz front side bus (FSB). Today, many motherboard manufacturers are improving the 440BX motherboard, such as adding UDMA / 100 and raid functions to meet the new needs. However, with the launch of a new generation of chipsets, 440BX will eventually become people's memories
(3) Intel 440gx
Intel 440gx chipset is a high-end chipset developed to meet the needs of the server field. In this sense, Intel 440gx chipset has higher stability than other chipsets. In terms of performance, as a superset of 440BX, 440gx not only has all the features of 440BX chipset, but also mainly increases the support for Xeon processor with slot 2 interface at 100MHz bus frequency, allowing up to four CPUs to work in SMP (symmetric multi processing) mode. The 440gx chipset is also a north-south bridge structure. The north bridge chip is 82443gx, while the south bridge chip still uses 82371eb. 440gx supports up to 2GB SDRAM (single 512MB) memory, allows ECC, has more perfect AGP 2x interface and USB interface, and has modem and network remote control wake-up function, which conforms to pc97 energy management specification
(4) Intel 450nx
the Intel 450nx chipset is specially designed for enterprise servers. Because most server systems don't have high requirements for graphic display, Intel 450nx chipset doesn't provide AGP support. Intel 450nx chipset uses address bit sequence change (ABP) and high bandwidth four way interleaving technology, supports 8GB memory, and can provide four 32-bit PCI interfaces and two 64 bit PCI interfaces (or two 32-bit PCI and one 64 bit PCI)
the address width of the processor bus interface is 36 bits, the data width is 64 bits, and the working frequency is 100MHz. With a special cluster controller, you can use 8 Xeon processors together. High performance memory management system includes C2C and ABP (address bit permuting), which can provide enough bandwidth (1GB / s). 450nx consists of four parts:
82451nx memory and I / O bridge controller, 82454nx PCI enhanced bridge, 82452nx Ras / CAS generator and 82453nx multipath data access. The 450nx chipset also has the necessary reliability for enterprise servers. It can be checked at three main data transmission junctions: the mioc and system bus have ECC check, and the bus controller also has parity check; ECC verification of mioc and memory subsystem; Parity check between mioc and PCI enhanced bridge (that is, between mioc / PXB enhanced bus and PCI bus)
(5) Intel 440ex
Intel 440ex chipset is a chipset specially developed by Intel for Celeron processor, which supports AGP. Intel 440ex chipset adopts the traditional structure of north south bridge chipset. The model of North Bridge chip is 82443ex, while the model of South Bridge chip is 82371ab, and the external frequency only supports 66MHz. Compared with the 440BX chipset, the Intel 440ex chipset has been eliminated e to its low cost<
(6) Intel i810 series
Intel i810 chipset is the mainstream chipset for low-end market designed by Intel in 1999, especially for Celeron processor, including i810l, i810, i810-dc100 and i810e. Intel i810 chipset has made some improvements on the basis of 440ex and 440zx, and no longer adopts the traditional South and north bridge architecture
the chipset consists of GMCH (Graphics & memory controller hub) chip Intel 82810, ICH (input / output controller hub) chip Intel 82801 and FWH (firmware hub, similar to BIOS) chip Intel 82802. I810 integrates I752 graphics acceleration chip, and optimizes bus frequency of 66MHz and 100MHz system, synchronous or asynchronous main memory interface of PC100 SDRAM. Due to the adoption of hub link architecture, the bandwidth between GMCH chip and ICH chip reaches 256MB / s. ide device, USB device and AC97 sound card are directly connected to ICH chip, which greatly improves the speed of data exchange between these devices and CPU. The traditional PCI bus is also connected to the ICH chip, which is still 133MHz. It is used to plug in some function cards, such as network cards. In short, the i810 has a good price performance ratio, which is more suitable for ordinary business and home users. But the most noteworthy is the new architecture it adopts
i810-dc100 supports 100MHz front-end bus frequency (CPU to GMCH) and 4MB external video memory, and the maximum memory capacity increases from 256MB of i810 to 512MB. I810e is developed on the basis of i810-dc100. It supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency and can support 6 PCI slots. I810e2, which is developed from i810e, supports P Ⅲ and new Celeron processors. Due to the adoption of ich2 chip, it can support UDMA / 100< (7) Intel i820
i820 chipset consists of 82820 (MCH), 82801aa (ICH) and 82802ab (FWH). It can be seen that the biggest difference between i810e and i810e lies in MCH chip. 82820 provides 133MHz memory bus frequency, which makes memory and CPU work at the same frequency. I820 supports oppermine processor, AGP 4x, ultra DMA / 66 transmission mode, AC97 specification, two USB interfaces, six PCI slots,
combined with Rambus DRAM, its bandwidth is increased from 528mb / s of SDRAM to 1.2gb-1.6gb/s, and the system performance is greatly improved
the i820 chipset supports the standard PC133 specification, AGP 4x and ultra DMA / 66, and adopts the same accelerated hub architecture as i810,
but does not integrate graphics display chip, so GMCH chip becomes MCH chip, and the bandwidth from MCH to ICH is still 256MB / s. The most important feature of i820 is that it supports Rambus DRAM (direct RDRAM) memory, with memory frequency up to 300-400mhz and bandwidth up to 1.6gb/s
e to the high price of Rambus DRAM memory, in order to speed up the market entry of i820, Intel has added a new
chip on i820 motherboard, which is mth (memory bridge) chip, to support the use of ordinary SDRAM on i820 motherboard. However, the bandwidth of SDRAM is far from that of Rambus
DRAM, so the performance of i820 can not be brought into full play. Later, it was found that there was a bug in mth chip, which led Intel to recycle all i820 motherboards with mth
chips
(8) i820e
as an enhanced version of 820 chipset, i820e redefines its positioning for business and e-home market, mainly for the needs of high-end users. Compared with the previous generation, the biggest change of i820e chipset is to upgrade ICH to the new 82801ba control chip (ich2). I820e supports 100 / 133MHz external frequency al processors, supports up to 2GB of PC600, PC700 and pc800 direct RDRAM, and has a memory bandwidth of up to 1.6gb/s, which is twice the peak speed of 100MHz SDRAM. I820 also supports str (suspend to RAM), UDMA / 100, power saving mode, AGP 4x and CNR interfaces. 82801ba ich2 adopts 324 pin BGA (ball grid array) package, including two USB controllers, 6-channel, full surround AC97 audio, fully integrated LAN (local area network) function, in addition to supporting 1Mbps home PNA, 10 / 100Mbps LAN and managing 10 / 100Mbps LAN. The input signal "intruder" of ich2 can be automatically executed when the system file is opened, and the SMI? Or TCO interrupt can be activated. Without operation or suspension, the software failure or system intrusion can be found, and then the alertclk and alertdata signals are sent to inform the network manager to enter the alert state<
(9) i815 / i815e
i815 chipset (code named Solano) is the first chipset of Intel that fully supports PC133 SDRAM. Its GMCH chip is 82815, ICH chip is 82801aa, and FWH chip is 82802ab. I815 supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency, which integrates I752 graphics card, external AGP 4x graphics card and UDMA / 66
although many manufacturers make full use of the potential of Intel BX chipset to develop motherboards supporting UDMA / 66 and 133MHz FSB, e to chip specifications, such as the chip is only designed for 100MHz FSB, the memory supported by the chip is reced from 1GB to 768mb at 133MHz FSB, and 440BX does not support advanced performance such as AGP 4x, So it's new with via's 694x
chipset is the soul of motherboard, which determines the performance and price of motherboard. The chipset on the motherboard is also called the control chipset. The relationship between the chipset and the motherboard is just like the relationship between the CPU and the whole machine, which provides the complete core logic required by the motherboard. Just as the human brain is divided into left brain and right brain, the chipset on the motherboard is composed of North Bridge chip and South Bridge chip. Beiqiao chip is responsible for L2 cache management, memory type and maximum capacity, AGP accelerated graphics interface and ECC data error correction. The support for USB interface, UDMA / 33 Eide transmission and ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), KBC (keyboard control mole) and RTC (real-time clock mole) are decided by Nanqiao chip. Therefore, the type of chipset will directly affect the performance of the motherboard and even the whole machine< In the 386 and 486 era, there are many manufacturers of motherboard chipsets, including via, UMC, SIS and Ali. After the Pentium
processor was put on the market, because the chipset manufacturers were not familiar with its technology, the support of the early 586 motherboard for Pentium processor was not satisfactory. In this case, Intel began to develop its own motherboard chipset to better support Pentium series processors. In just a few years since Intel officially joined the chipset competition, the market share of many professional chipset manufacturers has dropped sharply, and even switched to other procts. The market share of Intel Chipset once reached nearly 90%
1. Intel Chipset
(1) Intel 430tx
Intel 430tx is a chipset launched by Intel a few years ago, which specially supports Pentium MMX CPU, and is optimized for MMX technology. At the same time, the chipset also supports amd K6 and Cyrix m Ⅱ CPU. Intel 430tx chipset uses dynamic power management structure to prolong the battery life of portable computers. 430tx chipset supports APM (Advanced Power Management), which can make the computer automatically enter sleep state when it is not working, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. The 430tx chipset can better support SDRAM, and the memory reading time is shorter than the previous VX chipset. It also supports UDMA / 33 and USB interface<
(2) Intel 440BX
Intel 440BX chipset can be regarded as a miracle. Only Intel 440BX chipset can survive for such a long time in the IT instry, especially in the field of chipset, where the competition is so fierce and the technology is constantly updated. The 440BX chipset is composed of 82443bx and 82371eb (or 2371ab). It supports al CPU, 100MHz external frequency, 1024MB memory and ECC memory verification. The north bridge chip 82443bx of Intel 440BX chipset is a simplified version of BX chipset. It does not support al CPU, only supports
2 DIMM slots, 3 PCI slots and 1 isa slot, supports 512MB memory at most, and does not provide ECC verification function
at the same time, the 440zx chipset is subdivided into two versions: 82443zx and 82443zx-66, which do not support 100 MHz front side bus (FSB). Today, many motherboard manufacturers are improving the 440BX motherboard, such as adding UDMA / 100 and raid functions to meet the new needs. However, with the launch of a new generation of chipsets, 440BX will eventually become people's memories
(3) Intel 440gx
Intel 440gx chipset is a high-end chipset developed to meet the needs of the server field. In this sense, Intel 440gx chipset has higher stability than other chipsets. In terms of performance, as a superset of 440BX, 440gx not only has all the features of 440BX chipset, but also mainly increases the support for Xeon processor with slot 2 interface at 100MHz bus frequency, allowing up to four CPUs to work in SMP (symmetric multi processing) mode. The 440gx chipset is also a north-south bridge structure. The north bridge chip is 82443gx, while the south bridge chip still uses 82371eb. 440gx supports up to 2GB SDRAM (single 512MB) memory, allows ECC, has more perfect AGP 2x interface and USB interface, and has modem and network remote control wake-up function, which conforms to pc97 energy management specification
(4) Intel 450nx
the Intel 450nx chipset is specially designed for enterprise servers. Because most server systems don't have high requirements for graphic display, Intel 450nx chipset doesn't provide AGP support. Intel 450nx chipset uses address bit sequence change (ABP) and high bandwidth four way interleaving technology, supports 8GB memory, and can provide four 32-bit PCI interfaces and two 64 bit PCI interfaces (or two 32-bit PCI and one 64 bit PCI)
the address width of the processor bus interface is 36 bits, the data width is 64 bits, and the working frequency is 100MHz. With a special cluster controller, you can use 8 Xeon processors together. High performance memory management system includes C2C and ABP (address bit permuting), which can provide enough bandwidth (1GB / s). 450nx consists of four parts:
82451nx memory and I / O bridge controller, 82454nx PCI enhanced bridge, 82452nx Ras / CAS generator and 82453nx multipath data access. The 450nx chipset also has the necessary reliability for enterprise servers. It can be checked at three main data transmission junctions: the mioc and system bus have ECC check, and the bus controller also has parity check; ECC verification of mioc and memory subsystem; Parity check between mioc and PCI enhanced bridge (that is, between mioc / PXB enhanced bus and PCI bus)
(5) Intel 440ex
Intel 440ex chipset is a chipset specially developed by Intel for Celeron processor, which supports AGP. Intel 440ex chipset adopts the traditional structure of north south bridge chipset. The model of North Bridge chip is 82443ex, while the model of South Bridge chip is 82371ab, and the external frequency only supports 66MHz. Compared with the 440BX chipset, the Intel 440ex chipset has been eliminated e to its low cost<
(6) Intel i810 series
Intel i810 chipset is the mainstream chipset for low-end market designed by Intel in 1999, especially for Celeron processor, including i810l, i810, i810-dc100 and i810e. Intel i810 chipset has made some improvements on the basis of 440ex and 440zx, and no longer adopts the traditional South and north bridge architecture
the chipset consists of GMCH (Graphics & memory controller hub) chip Intel 82810, ICH (input / output controller hub) chip Intel 82801 and FWH (firmware hub, similar to BIOS) chip Intel 82802. I810 integrates I752 graphics acceleration chip, and optimizes bus frequency of 66MHz and 100MHz system, synchronous or asynchronous main memory interface of PC100 SDRAM. Due to the adoption of hub link architecture, the bandwidth between GMCH chip and ICH chip reaches 256MB / s. ide device, USB device and AC97 sound card are directly connected to ICH chip, which greatly improves the speed of data exchange between these devices and CPU. The traditional PCI bus is also connected to the ICH chip, which is still 133MHz. It is used to plug in some function cards, such as network cards. In short, the i810 has a good price performance ratio, which is more suitable for ordinary business and home users. But the most noteworthy is the new architecture it adopts
i810-dc100 supports 100MHz front-end bus frequency (CPU to GMCH) and 4MB external video memory, and the maximum memory capacity increases from 256MB of i810 to 512MB. I810e is developed on the basis of i810-dc100. It supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency and can support 6 PCI slots. I810e2, which is developed from i810e, supports P Ⅲ and new Celeron processors. Due to the adoption of ich2 chip, it can support UDMA / 100< (7) Intel i820
i820 chipset consists of 82820 (MCH), 82801aa (ICH) and 82802ab (FWH). It can be seen that the biggest difference between i810e and i810e lies in MCH chip. 82820 provides 133MHz memory bus frequency, which makes memory and CPU work at the same frequency. I820 supports oppermine processor, AGP 4x, ultra DMA / 66 transmission mode, AC97 specification, two USB interfaces, six PCI slots,
combined with Rambus DRAM, its bandwidth is increased from 528mb / s of SDRAM to 1.2gb-1.6gb/s, and the system performance is greatly improved
the i820 chipset supports the standard PC133 specification, AGP 4x and ultra DMA / 66, and adopts the same accelerated hub architecture as i810,
but does not integrate graphics display chip, so GMCH chip becomes MCH chip, and the bandwidth from MCH to ICH is still 256MB / s. The most important feature of i820 is that it supports Rambus DRAM (direct RDRAM) memory, with memory frequency up to 300-400mhz and bandwidth up to 1.6gb/s
e to the high price of Rambus DRAM memory, in order to speed up the market entry of i820, Intel has added a new
chip on i820 motherboard, which is mth (memory bridge) chip, to support the use of ordinary SDRAM on i820 motherboard. However, the bandwidth of SDRAM is far from that of Rambus
DRAM, so the performance of i820 can not be brought into full play. Later, it was found that there was a bug in mth chip, which led Intel to recycle all i820 motherboards with mth
chips
(8) i820e
as an enhanced version of 820 chipset, i820e redefines its positioning for business and e-home market, mainly for the needs of high-end users. Compared with the previous generation, the biggest change of i820e chipset is to upgrade ICH to the new 82801ba control chip (ich2). I820e supports 100 / 133MHz external frequency al processors, supports up to 2GB of PC600, PC700 and pc800 direct RDRAM, and has a memory bandwidth of up to 1.6gb/s, which is twice the peak speed of 100MHz SDRAM. I820 also supports str (suspend to RAM), UDMA / 100, power saving mode, AGP 4x and CNR interfaces. 82801ba ich2 adopts 324 pin BGA (ball grid array) package, including two USB controllers, 6-channel, full surround AC97 audio, fully integrated LAN (local area network) function, in addition to supporting 1Mbps home PNA, 10 / 100Mbps LAN and managing 10 / 100Mbps LAN. The input signal "intruder" of ich2 can be automatically executed when the system file is opened, and the SMI? Or TCO interrupt can be activated. Without operation or suspension, the software failure or system intrusion can be found, and then the alertclk and alertdata signals are sent to inform the network manager to enter the alert state<
(9) i815 / i815e
i815 chipset (code named Solano) is the first chipset of Intel that fully supports PC133 SDRAM. Its GMCH chip is 82815, ICH chip is 82801aa, and FWH chip is 82802ab. I815 supports 133MHz front-end bus frequency, which integrates I752 graphics card, external AGP 4x graphics card and UDMA / 66
although many manufacturers make full use of the potential of Intel BX chipset to develop motherboards supporting UDMA / 66 and 133MHz FSB, e to chip specifications, such as the chip is only designed for 100MHz FSB, the memory supported by the chip is reced from 1GB to 768mb at 133MHz FSB, and 440BX does not support advanced performance such as AGP 4x, So it's new with via's 694x
5. 1、 Except is used to express the relationship between similar things, which means & quot; Except for& quot; Remove & quot< Except can be followed by nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositional phrases and clauses. We have an English lesson every day except Sunday They all went to the park last Sunday except him Every day Mary does nothing except watch TV When except is followed by a verb, it is usually an infinitive with to. But if there is a predicate verb do or its corresponding form in front of except, it is usually followed by the infinitive which omits to. It's like this< He always goes to work by bike except recently After breakfast the students went anywhere except to school My father usually goes to work by bike except when it rains Except is often used after all, whole, any, every, no and indefinite pronouns such as anything, anybody, anyone, everything, everybody, everyone. She ate everything on the plate except the carrots< br />
I' Ve cleaned all the rooms except the toilet< 2. Except for is used to express the affirmation of the main part and the negation of the part. It does not mean the relationship between the same kind of things, which means:
1; In addition to;. Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper< The movie was good except for the ending< br />
2. " Except for;. For example:
mother would & # 39; T give him any money except for books and stationary< br />
3. " If not & quot& quot; If not & quot;. If it wasn't for you, I would pass the exam< br />
4. " Except for + noun & quot; Generally, the structure can be rewritten as & quot; Except + that clause & quot;. For example:
this will do exception for the length. = this will do exception that it is too long
all are here except for the absence of Tina. = all are here except that Tina is absent< In general, except for can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but except can't. Everyone is here except Tom
2. Except and except for are also interchangeable in sentences
generally speaking, except is used in negative sentences and except for can be used in affirmative sentences. This article has no blunders except a few mistakes< This article is instructive except for a few blunders
however, when there are words of the same kind before and after, use except, otherwise use except for. We come to school every day except Sunday This dress is ready except for the buttons Four, excepting is a participle preposition transformed from a verb, which has a more formal usage and a strong dynamic meaning, meaning & quot; Exclude from;, It is different from except in usage:
1
2. Nouns or pronouns are often used afterwards. Bruce answered all the questions except the last one
excepting Sundays, the library is open daily< I think we must keep improving our English not excepting those who have mastered it< All the people in my family go to work every day, always excepting my younger sister.
I' Ve cleaned all the rooms except the toilet< 2. Except for is used to express the affirmation of the main part and the negation of the part. It does not mean the relationship between the same kind of things, which means:
1; In addition to;. Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper< The movie was good except for the ending< br />
2. " Except for;. For example:
mother would & # 39; T give him any money except for books and stationary< br />
3. " If not & quot& quot; If not & quot;. If it wasn't for you, I would pass the exam< br />
4. " Except for + noun & quot; Generally, the structure can be rewritten as & quot; Except + that clause & quot;. For example:
this will do exception for the length. = this will do exception that it is too long
all are here except for the absence of Tina. = all are here except that Tina is absent< In general, except for can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but except can't. Everyone is here except Tom
2. Except and except for are also interchangeable in sentences
generally speaking, except is used in negative sentences and except for can be used in affirmative sentences. This article has no blunders except a few mistakes< This article is instructive except for a few blunders
however, when there are words of the same kind before and after, use except, otherwise use except for. We come to school every day except Sunday This dress is ready except for the buttons Four, excepting is a participle preposition transformed from a verb, which has a more formal usage and a strong dynamic meaning, meaning & quot; Exclude from;, It is different from except in usage:
1
2. Nouns or pronouns are often used afterwards. Bruce answered all the questions except the last one
excepting Sundays, the library is open daily< I think we must keep improving our English not excepting those who have mastered it< All the people in my family go to work every day, always excepting my younger sister.
6. It is said that the score of TOEFL composition has nothing to do with the number of words. In fact, from my point of view, it has a lot to do with it. First, if the number of words is less, the argumentation is not enough, and the content is not full enough, so naturally it will not get a high score. Second, your relevant grammar and spelling mistakes are dected according to the number of words in your composition. For example, if you write 100 words, you can
7. WECN EPT is all based on PES6
we2007 is the US version of 10
we10jl2007 is the Japanese version of PS2
EPT's website is bbs.weshareit.net, recently it just launched ept8.9
WECN's website is bbs.winning11.com.cn, and soon it will also launch wecn7.5
EPT and WECN have their own characteristics. The main patches of EPT are quite gorgeous. WECN has Chinese explanations and integrates various patches, The capacity should be small (but patches and commentaries can be DIY)
if you download them, there will be related posts on each forum.
Add: This is the download address (BT) of 8.9 http://bbs.weshareit.net/viewthread.php?tid=175198&extra=page%3D1
this is an HTTP download
http://bbs.weshareit.net/viewthread.php?tid=175351&extra=page%3D1
we2007 is the US version of 10
we10jl2007 is the Japanese version of PS2
EPT's website is bbs.weshareit.net, recently it just launched ept8.9
WECN's website is bbs.winning11.com.cn, and soon it will also launch wecn7.5
EPT and WECN have their own characteristics. The main patches of EPT are quite gorgeous. WECN has Chinese explanations and integrates various patches, The capacity should be small (but patches and commentaries can be DIY)
if you download them, there will be related posts on each forum.
Add: This is the download address (BT) of 8.9 http://bbs.weshareit.net/viewthread.php?tid=175198&extra=page%3D1
this is an HTTP download
http://bbs.weshareit.net/viewthread.php?tid=175351&extra=page%3D1
8. 1. Except for is used for non similar things, its object is totally different from the object mentioned above. The room was very cold and, except for Jack, completely empty. In this sentence, the object mentioned above is & quot; Room;, The removed object is & quot; Jack"， There is no relationship between the two. 2. Exception: it refers to the removal of a part from the whole of the same kind of things, and it emphasizes the removal. He gets up early every day except Sunday. Sometimes, except and except f can be used interchangeably, such as: except for (= except) John, the whole class passed the test. For details: http://..com/question/17125869.html?si=1
9. This has something to do with the plug-in jerseys. Secondly, it has something to do with the home and away team clothes you choose. If it's not the plug-in jerseys, you can choose it in edit mode, but I don't know which one. There are several colors, not the colors of the uniforms, but the colors of the fans
10. Traction
this is the name of the song. Search on the Internet and decide whether my answer is right after listening to it
this is the name of the song. Search on the Internet and decide whether my answer is right after listening to it
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