PH and th calculation force
Publish: 2021-05-21 05:47:31
1.
computing power is a measure of bitcoin network processing power. That is, the speed at which the computer calculates the output of the hash function. Bitcoin networks must perform intensive mathematical and encryption related operations for security purposes. For example, when the network reaches a hash rate of 10th / s, it can perform 10 trillion calculations per second
in the process of getting bitcoin through "mining", we need to find its corresponding solution M. for any 64 bit hash value, there is no fixed algorithm to find its solution M. we can only rely on computer random hash collisions. How many hash collisions can a mining machine do per second is the representative of its "computing power", and the unit is written as hash / s, This is called workload proof mechanism pow
computing power provides a solid foundation for the development of big data, and the explosive growth of big data poses a huge challenge to the existing computing power. With the rapid accumulation of big data in the Internet era and the geometric growth of global data, the existing computing power can no longer meet the demand. According to IDC, 90% of the global information data is generated in recent years. And by 2020, about 40% of the information will be stored by cloud computing service providers, of which 1 / 3 of the data has value
therefore, the development of computing power is imminent, otherwise it will greatly restrict the development and application of artificial intelligence. There is a big gap between China and the advanced level of the world in terms of computing power and algorithm. The core of computing power is the chip. Therefore, it is necessary to increase R & D investment in the field of computing power to narrow or even catch up with the gap with the developed countries in the world
unit of force
1 KH / S = 1000 hashes per second
1 MH / S = 1000000 hashes per second
1 GH / S = 1000000000 hashes per second
1 th / S = 100000000000 hashes per second
1 pH / S = 100000000000 hashes per second
1 eh / S = 100000000000 hashes per second
2. cd2
fs2you://=
cd1:
fs2you://
fs2you://=
cd1:
fs2you://
3. Longcheng Square
4. Is it easy to run a verification node? Do you make money? What preparations should be made before entering the game
communication and coordination, agreement research and user acquisition need to invest a lot of time and energy. Infrastructure, talent support, finance and risk management need more capital support and preparation for long-term participation. Income and profit is also a more realistic problem. In this paper, we use "telescope" and "microscope" to observe the business of the node, so that we can have a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges that the node is facing, and understand the benefits through micro examples
perhaps you have learned the benefits of many business verification nodes and considered joining them. And fully aware of the challenges and difficulties is more helpful for us to fully understand the business of operation node. In fact, there are many practical problems that we need to face and solve
first of all, we need to make it clear that it is not easy to run a node. Unless we have done enough preliminary research on financial and technical requirements, we do not recommend easy entry<
at present, stakefish runs verification nodes on many blockchains such as cosmos, tezos, Kusama, oan, and helps the security of networks such as chainlink and algorand. Currently, the token of stacking on stakefish nodes is about 65 million US dollars. In the practice of communicating with nodes and running nodes, we see some challenges. Now let's observe these challenges with a "telescope", and then analyze the profits and profits with a "microscope"
real challenges in the telescope
if you have plans to run your own verification node, you might as well use the telescope to observe from a distance to understand the five challenges that the verification node is facing and see if you have made enough preparations
selecting talents
it is very important to find suitable infrastructure and development and operation talents. The operation node needs to find high-level talents who are proficient in infrastructure and cloud storage facilities. In this regard, it is not enough to only understand the blockchain, but also need the support of all aspects of information technology. People need to find technical engineers with relevant experience in AWS, Google cloud, Microsoft azure and other large companies. Whether they can afford an annual salary of more than $100000 per person is also one of the practical problems
all day communication
nodes need to coordinate with each other to monitor the upgrade. Running nodes need to have 7 × 24-hour online response capability. Blockchain never sleeps, so we need to ensure that there are enough people to track updates and changes. Whether it's choosing to build a team around the world or to replace a shift in one place, running a professional node can't be completed by one person
continuous research
as a verification node, you need to constantly study the protocol and its economic design, which requires a lot of time. On the technical level, you need to go to GitHub to check the code of each protocol and evaluate whether there are loopholes. You need to compare similar protocols and understand the infrastructure requirements of the running nodes
at the economic level, you need to consider the rationality of token economy and stacking economy design. It takes tens of hours to read the documents on each project every week. Considering that the documents of the agreement are constantly updated, it is another challenge to ensure timely follow-up
getting users
authentication nodes need to attract more token principals to use their services, so effective user support is very necessary. Users' knowledge and proficiency in staging vary, and the composition of users comes from all over the world. In order to better guide users to join the ranks of stacking, we need to predict many situations in advance and answer different types of questions from all over the world in time
Finance and risk management
in financial management, the income of verification node is in the form of token, which means that the income has the risk exposure of currency price fluctuation. Unless you decide to cash the Commission in real time, you need to always think about the timing of the transaction, which actually requires appropriate financial management strategies. The verification node needs to be studied and a model established to give a reasonable answer
in risk management, nodes need to consider the changes of compliance environment, which has some uncertainties
revenue and profit in the microscope
after understanding the challenges we are facing, we can be more specific and use the "microscope" to see how to analyze the more realistic problem of revenue and profit. Here we set up some assumptions and use an example to make the income and profit more intuitive
let's take running cosmos node as an example, assuming the following conditions:
condition 1: a single engineer runs the node. Hire a skilled infrastructure engineer, assuming an annual salary of $70000 (in the United States, the average annual salary of a development and operation engineer is $100000)
condition 2: a total of 1% of token delegation is on this node. Assuming that there is no self binding on the node, the tokens on the node are all from the user. According to the current situation, 1% of the voting rights can rank 26th in cosmos
condition 3: the node pays an annual fee of $40000 for purchasing cloud services
condition 4: the ranking reward rate of cosmos network is 7%
you should know that the lower salary assumed in condition 1 and the 1% token entrustment amount assumed in condition 2 (it is not easy to get 0.5% of the entrustment amount) are both very optimistic estimates. Under such assumptions, what is the financial status of the node< < br / < br / < br / < br /
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$25, 717
$38,575
$51,434
$64,292
$3.00
$19,288
$38,575
$57,863
$77,151
$96,438
$4.00
$25,717
$51,434
$77,151
$102,867
$128,584
$5.00
$32,146
$64, 292
$96,438
$128,584
$160,730
$6.00
$38,575
$77,151
$115,726
$154,301
$192,877
$7.00
$45,005
$90,009
$135,014
$180,018
$225,023
$8.00
$51,434
$102, 867
$154,301
$205,735
$257,169
$9.00
$57,863
$115,726
$173,589
$231,452
$289,315
$10.00
$64,292
$128,584
$192,877
$257,169
$321, 461
the annual revenue of a single node running under the assumption
under different combinations of atom price and commission rate, the annual revenue of a single node ranges from $6000 + to $320000 +
based on the current atom price of about US $4 and the average rate of 10%, the annual revenue of a single node is more than US $510 million, which looks good
but if we take a look at the profit minus the cost, the data is not optimistic:
commission rate
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
atom
< price
- $103571
- $97142
- $90712
- $84283
- $77, 854
$2.00
-$97,142
-$84,283
-$71,425
-$58,566
-$45,708
$3.00
-$90,712
-$71,425
-$52,137
-$32,849
-$13,562
$4.00
-$84,283
-$58,566
-$32,849
-$7,133
$18, 584
$5.00
-$77,854
-$45,708
-$13,562
$18,584
$50,730
$6.00
-$71,425
-$32,849
$5,726
$44,301
$82,877
$7.00
-$64,995
-$19,991
$25,014
$70,018
$115, 023
$8.00
-$58,566
-$7,133
$44,301
$95,735
$147,169
$9.00
-$52,137
$5,726
$63,589
$121,452
$179,315
$10.00
-$45,708
$18,584
$82,877
$147,169
$211, 461
the annual profit of a single node running under the assumption
in the table, we can find that under the condition of 4 US dollars and 10% commission rate, the loss of the node is more than 58000 US dollars
if you want to make a real profit, you will find that to maintain the same commission rate, you need to wait until the token price increases by more than 100%. While the currency price remains unchanged at $4, the Commission increases by 100% and is still at a loss
you can find that it is not so easy to make money by running nodes
such data is very transparent, and we can draw our own conclusions according to our own assumptions. This example is just to illustrate some real situations of running nodes
rational decision making
since the running node does not seem to make much money, there are still many reasons for us to invest in it. When can I choose to be a node
first, it is full of enthusiasts' enthusiasm. If you are a fan of POS network and want to deeply participate in the network operation through the operation node, you can completely join, provided that this is your hobby and you have other sources of income
Second, it has sufficient resource support. If you can have a good cooperative relationship with powerful participants in the exchange, large coin holders and other instries, so that the node can be in the top position, you can run the node and further consider developing procts on this basis
if you want to run a verification node, please make sure that you have a major source of income in addition to the Standing Commission, or at least have a corresponding plan to deal with the situation that the Commission cannot become the main source of income. Otherwise, it is not recommended to carry out verification node business
from the perspective of cost-benefit, we can calculate and compare the revenue between the entrusted token and the independent running node to make a choice. In most cases, choosing the entrusted token directly will greatly save the cost. If running a node, choosing a node-as-a service provided by a professional service provider to help set up and run the node is another solution
in general, we should measure the benefits and challenges according to the available data points, and make rational and objective decisions.
communication and coordination, agreement research and user acquisition need to invest a lot of time and energy. Infrastructure, talent support, finance and risk management need more capital support and preparation for long-term participation. Income and profit is also a more realistic problem. In this paper, we use "telescope" and "microscope" to observe the business of the node, so that we can have a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges that the node is facing, and understand the benefits through micro examples
perhaps you have learned the benefits of many business verification nodes and considered joining them. And fully aware of the challenges and difficulties is more helpful for us to fully understand the business of operation node. In fact, there are many practical problems that we need to face and solve
first of all, we need to make it clear that it is not easy to run a node. Unless we have done enough preliminary research on financial and technical requirements, we do not recommend easy entry<
at present, stakefish runs verification nodes on many blockchains such as cosmos, tezos, Kusama, oan, and helps the security of networks such as chainlink and algorand. Currently, the token of stacking on stakefish nodes is about 65 million US dollars. In the practice of communicating with nodes and running nodes, we see some challenges. Now let's observe these challenges with a "telescope", and then analyze the profits and profits with a "microscope"
real challenges in the telescope
if you have plans to run your own verification node, you might as well use the telescope to observe from a distance to understand the five challenges that the verification node is facing and see if you have made enough preparations
selecting talents
it is very important to find suitable infrastructure and development and operation talents. The operation node needs to find high-level talents who are proficient in infrastructure and cloud storage facilities. In this regard, it is not enough to only understand the blockchain, but also need the support of all aspects of information technology. People need to find technical engineers with relevant experience in AWS, Google cloud, Microsoft azure and other large companies. Whether they can afford an annual salary of more than $100000 per person is also one of the practical problems
all day communication
nodes need to coordinate with each other to monitor the upgrade. Running nodes need to have 7 × 24-hour online response capability. Blockchain never sleeps, so we need to ensure that there are enough people to track updates and changes. Whether it's choosing to build a team around the world or to replace a shift in one place, running a professional node can't be completed by one person
continuous research
as a verification node, you need to constantly study the protocol and its economic design, which requires a lot of time. On the technical level, you need to go to GitHub to check the code of each protocol and evaluate whether there are loopholes. You need to compare similar protocols and understand the infrastructure requirements of the running nodes
at the economic level, you need to consider the rationality of token economy and stacking economy design. It takes tens of hours to read the documents on each project every week. Considering that the documents of the agreement are constantly updated, it is another challenge to ensure timely follow-up
getting users
authentication nodes need to attract more token principals to use their services, so effective user support is very necessary. Users' knowledge and proficiency in staging vary, and the composition of users comes from all over the world. In order to better guide users to join the ranks of stacking, we need to predict many situations in advance and answer different types of questions from all over the world in time
Finance and risk management
in financial management, the income of verification node is in the form of token, which means that the income has the risk exposure of currency price fluctuation. Unless you decide to cash the Commission in real time, you need to always think about the timing of the transaction, which actually requires appropriate financial management strategies. The verification node needs to be studied and a model established to give a reasonable answer
in risk management, nodes need to consider the changes of compliance environment, which has some uncertainties
revenue and profit in the microscope
after understanding the challenges we are facing, we can be more specific and use the "microscope" to see how to analyze the more realistic problem of revenue and profit. Here we set up some assumptions and use an example to make the income and profit more intuitive
let's take running cosmos node as an example, assuming the following conditions:
condition 1: a single engineer runs the node. Hire a skilled infrastructure engineer, assuming an annual salary of $70000 (in the United States, the average annual salary of a development and operation engineer is $100000)
condition 2: a total of 1% of token delegation is on this node. Assuming that there is no self binding on the node, the tokens on the node are all from the user. According to the current situation, 1% of the voting rights can rank 26th in cosmos
condition 3: the node pays an annual fee of $40000 for purchasing cloud services
condition 4: the ranking reward rate of cosmos network is 7%
you should know that the lower salary assumed in condition 1 and the 1% token entrustment amount assumed in condition 2 (it is not easy to get 0.5% of the entrustment amount) are both very optimistic estimates. Under such assumptions, what is the financial status of the node< < br / < br / < br / < br /
< br /
< br /
< br /
< br /
< br / < br /
< br / < br /
< br / < br /
< br /
< br / < br / < br /
< br /
< br /
< br /
< br / < br /
< br / < br / < br / < br /
< br / < br / < br > < br / < br / < br / < br > < br / < br / < br / < br > < br / < br / < br > < br > < br / < br / < br / < br > < br / < br / < br > < br / < br > < br / < br / < br > < br / < br / < br / < br / < br /
$25, 717
$38,575
$51,434
$64,292
$3.00
$19,288
$38,575
$57,863
$77,151
$96,438
$4.00
$25,717
$51,434
$77,151
$102,867
$128,584
$5.00
$32,146
$64, 292
$96,438
$128,584
$160,730
$6.00
$38,575
$77,151
$115,726
$154,301
$192,877
$7.00
$45,005
$90,009
$135,014
$180,018
$225,023
$8.00
$51,434
$102, 867
$154,301
$205,735
$257,169
$9.00
$57,863
$115,726
$173,589
$231,452
$289,315
$10.00
$64,292
$128,584
$192,877
$257,169
$321, 461
the annual revenue of a single node running under the assumption
under different combinations of atom price and commission rate, the annual revenue of a single node ranges from $6000 + to $320000 +
based on the current atom price of about US $4 and the average rate of 10%, the annual revenue of a single node is more than US $510 million, which looks good
but if we take a look at the profit minus the cost, the data is not optimistic:
commission rate
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
atom
< price
- $103571
- $97142
- $90712
- $84283
- $77, 854
$2.00
-$97,142
-$84,283
-$71,425
-$58,566
-$45,708
$3.00
-$90,712
-$71,425
-$52,137
-$32,849
-$13,562
$4.00
-$84,283
-$58,566
-$32,849
-$7,133
$18, 584
$5.00
-$77,854
-$45,708
-$13,562
$18,584
$50,730
$6.00
-$71,425
-$32,849
$5,726
$44,301
$82,877
$7.00
-$64,995
-$19,991
$25,014
$70,018
$115, 023
$8.00
-$58,566
-$7,133
$44,301
$95,735
$147,169
$9.00
-$52,137
$5,726
$63,589
$121,452
$179,315
$10.00
-$45,708
$18,584
$82,877
$147,169
$211, 461
the annual profit of a single node running under the assumption
in the table, we can find that under the condition of 4 US dollars and 10% commission rate, the loss of the node is more than 58000 US dollars
if you want to make a real profit, you will find that to maintain the same commission rate, you need to wait until the token price increases by more than 100%. While the currency price remains unchanged at $4, the Commission increases by 100% and is still at a loss
you can find that it is not so easy to make money by running nodes
such data is very transparent, and we can draw our own conclusions according to our own assumptions. This example is just to illustrate some real situations of running nodes
rational decision making
since the running node does not seem to make much money, there are still many reasons for us to invest in it. When can I choose to be a node
first, it is full of enthusiasts' enthusiasm. If you are a fan of POS network and want to deeply participate in the network operation through the operation node, you can completely join, provided that this is your hobby and you have other sources of income
Second, it has sufficient resource support. If you can have a good cooperative relationship with powerful participants in the exchange, large coin holders and other instries, so that the node can be in the top position, you can run the node and further consider developing procts on this basis
if you want to run a verification node, please make sure that you have a major source of income in addition to the Standing Commission, or at least have a corresponding plan to deal with the situation that the Commission cannot become the main source of income. Otherwise, it is not recommended to carry out verification node business
from the perspective of cost-benefit, we can calculate and compare the revenue between the entrusted token and the independent running node to make a choice. In most cases, choosing the entrusted token directly will greatly save the cost. If running a node, choosing a node-as-a service provided by a professional service provider to help set up and run the node is another solution
in general, we should measure the benefits and challenges according to the available data points, and make rational and objective decisions.
5. A
.
Longgang central city, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province
.
Longgang central city, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province
6. SCAI credit factory can help banks to establish the scoring model system of business development and risk measurement technology level, and carry out process transformation, through the promotion and application of scoring model system
7. It's not difficult. It's enough to understand a few lines and draw pictures. As for whether it's good or not, no one can consider whether it's high-tech or not
8.
Network cloud (Network) disk users are strictly prohibited to share and disseminate illegal network disk files containing infringement, pornography, metamorphosis, violence, bloody, terrorist, reactionary and other contents. Illegal network disk files will not be forcibly deleted from the user's network disk, but are prohibited from downloading and sharing. Illegal seed files and video files are also prohibited from creating offline BT download tasks and online cloud playback and viewing, respectively Will be forced to implant 8 seconds warm video prompt information)
[sample screenshot]
9. When it's used to express acidity and alkalinity, P needs to be lowercase, written as pH. Of course, in the right context, it's understandable to write pH, but it's still a mistake. When using the pH combination, you don't need any context to say that it's acidic. Although the meaning of P used here is controversial, it has become a common usage in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering. It basically represents the negative logarithm of a value with the base of ten. For example, when it comes to equilibrium reaction, PKA is used. All capitalized pH can express many other meanings. The words of two words, if the beginning of two words is p and h respectively, can be abbreviated as pH.
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