How to convert graphics card calculation power into t

2.

You can refer to the following, according to some commonly used graphics cards in the Internet bar market, sort out the price and calculation power of a related graphics card, as well as the expected return to the current period, It can be used as a reference:

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power consumption: 243w
computing power: 22.4m
price of graphics card: 1999 yuan
quantity of eth g every 24 hours: 0.015
revenue generated every 24 hours: 24.48 yuan
expected payback time: 81.66 days

power consumption: 159w
computing power: 24.3m
price of graphics card: 1599 yuan Yuan
number of eth g every 24 hours: 0.017
revenue generated every 24 hours: 27.9 yuan
estimated payback time: 57.31 days

total power consumption: 171w
computing power: 24.4m
price: 1999 yuan
number of eth g every 24 hours: 0.017
revenue generated every 24 hours: 27.87 yuan
estimated payback time: 71.73 days

< H2 > extended data:

Video card (graphics card) full name display interface card, also known as display adapter, is the most basic configuration of computer, one of the most important accessories. As an important part of the computer host, the graphics card is the equipment of digital to analog signal conversion, and it undertakes the task of output display graphics

the graphics card is connected to the main board of the computer, which converts the digital signal of the computer into an analog signal for the display. At the same time, the graphics card still has the ability of image processing, which can help the CPU work and improve the overall running speed. For those engaged in professional graphic design, graphics card is very important. Civil and military graphics chip suppliers mainly include amd (ultra micro semiconctor) and NVIDIA (NVIDIA). Today's TOP500 computer, including graphics card computing core. In scientific computing, graphics card is called display accelerator

3. Aprotic solvent is also called aprotic transfer solvent. The proton self delivery reaction of this kind of solvent is very weak or has no self delivery tendency. According to their interaction with solute, they can be divided into dipolar aprotic solvent and inert solvent. This kind of solvent can be divided into: aprotic nonpolar solvent, such as benzene, ether, carbon tetrachloride, etc; Aprotic polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone and so on, because the molecules of aprotic polar solvents have polarity, they will affect solute molecules and proce solvation effect. Protonic solvent contains - Oh, - NH, such as methanol, which will form hydrogen bond with nucleophilic reagent and make nucleophilic reagent solvable. Aprotic solvent, also known as proton inert solvent, can not give protons in the reaction system can be called aprotic solvent. Aprotic polar solvents, such as acetonitrile (CH3CN), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoryltriamide (HMPA), etc. Aprotic polar solvents can solvate cations, especially metal cations. Protonation gives a hydrogen ion, which is positively charged, making it more electrophilic. O. The coordination of H + on N and other elements can be simply understood as combining with proton, that is, combining with a proton. Generally, the substance has lone pair electrons, so it can combine with a proton through coordination bond. For example, when H2O becomes H3O + NH3 becomes NH4 +, different substances have different protonation ability, and some substances with larger dipole moment often have weak protonation ability

4. To see the models of your sound and graphics cards<

computer graphics card is a standard, the bandwidth of 4x is twice that of 2x ~
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let's talk about some basic knowledge of graphics card ~

1, graphics card

also known as: video card, video adapter, graphics card, graphics adapter and display adapter, etc. It is a "bridge" between the host computer and the display. It controls the graphics output of the computer, processes the image data sent by the CPU into the format recognized by the display, and then sends it to the display to form an image. The video card is mainly composed of display chip (graphic processing unit), video memory, RAMDAC, VGA BIOS and various interfaces. The following will be introced to each part<

2. Display chip

graphics processing chip, also known as GPU (graphic processing unit). It is the "brain" of the graphics card, responsible for most of the calculation work. In the whole graphics card, GPU is responsible for processing the data sent by the computer, and finally displays the results on the display. All kinds of 3D special effects supported by a graphics card are determined by the performance of GPU, which is also equivalent to the role of CPU in the computer. What kind of display chip a graphics card uses roughly determines the grade and basic performance of the graphics card. It is also the basis for distinguishing 2D display card from 3D display card. 2D display chips mainly rely on the processing power of CPU when processing 3D images and special effects, which is called "soft acceleration". The 3D display chip is the so-called "hardware acceleration" function, which integrates the three-dimensional image and special effect processing functions in the display chip. Now most of the graphics cards in the market use NVIDIA and ATI's graphics processing chips, such as NVIDIA FX5200, fx5700, radius 9800 and so on. However, although the display chip determines the grade and basic performance of the graphics card, the performance of the graphics card can be brought into full play only with the appropriate display memory

3. Video memory

full name display memory, which is basically the same as the memory function on the motherboard. Video memory is divided into frame cache and material cache, which is usually used to store the data information and material information processed by the display chip (Group). When the display chip processes the data, it will send the data to the video memory, and then RAMDAC reads the data from the video memory, converts the digital signal into the analog signal, and finally outputs it to the display screen. Therefore, the speed and bandwidth of the video memory directly affect the speed of a video card. Even if your graphics chip is very powerful, if the on-board video memory can not meet the requirements and the processed data can not be transferred immediately, then you will not get satisfactory display effect. The capacity and speed of the video memory are directly related to the performance of the video card. The high-speed video card chip has a higher capacity for the video memory, so the quality of the video memory is also an important index to measure the performance of the video card. In order to evaluate the performance of a video memory, we mainly analyze it from the following aspects: type, working frequency, package and bit width of video memory:

(1) brand of video memory

at present, Samsung and Hynix are the most popular video cards in the market, and other video cards are also used, such as atrontech, Infineon, micron, etc Elitemt / ESMT and other brands are relatively powerful manufacturers with guaranteed quality

Infineon BGA memory is widely used in high-end graphics cards< At present, SDRAM and DDR SDRAM are widely used. And SDRAM has been basically eliminated, the mainstream is DDR SDRAM

DDR SDRAM: DDR is the abbreviation of double data rate, which is an evolution of the existing SDRAM. DDR can transmit data on both the rising and falling edge of the clock cycle, while SDRAM can only transmit data on the rising edge, so the bandwidth of DDR is twice that of SDRAM. Therefore, in theory, the data transmission rate of DDR is twice that of SDRAM. In the case of the same video memory speed, if the frequency of SDRAM is 166MHz, the frequency of DDR is 333mhz. Now DDR has developed to DDRII or even DDRII, and some high-end graphics cards begin to use DDRII or DDRII memory

(3) video memory packaging methods

there are three kinds of video memory packaging forms: TSOP (thin small out line package), QFP (Quad Flat Package) and microbga (micro ball grid array). At present, the mainstream graphics cards are basically packaged with TSOP and MBGA, and most of them are packaged with TSOP.

TSOP packaging method: the full name of TSOP is "thin small out line package", that is, "thin small out line package", which makes pins around the packaging chip. This kind of packaging reces parasitic parameters, which is suitable for high-frequency applications, easy to operate and high reliability, Is a relatively mature packaging technology, but also the most common in the market

microbga packaging: also known as 144pin FBGA, 144-bar FBGA (fine pitch ball grid array) packaging technology, different from TSOP, its pins are not exposed, so no such video memory can be seen. The actual footprint of the memory chip particles in this package is relatively small. The advantage of this packaging technology is that it will bring better heat dissipation and overclocking performance. Therefore, professionals can basically estimate the overclocking potential of this graphics card as soon as they see the packaged memory. This is because the pin pins of the video memory are all under the chip, so the electrical connection is short, the electrical performance is good, and it is not easy to be disturbed. At present, most high-speed memory, video memory particles are using this packaging method

here are two kinds of seal images. You can compare them. It should be easy to distinguish these two kinds of packaging methods

for Samsung video memory with 4ns TSOP package, the TSOP package has only two pins leading out, rectangular

MH video memory with MBGA package and 2.8ns speed is square, and generally no pin can be seen

(4) video memory capacity

when we often talk about a video card, we usually say that it is 64M 128bit or 128MB 128bit. Here 64MB or 128MB refers to the video memory capacity of the video card. Now the mainstream video card basically has 64MB or 128MB capacity, and a few high-end video cards have 256MB capacity. Just like the system memory, the more capacity the video memory has, the better. Because the larger the video memory is, the more image data it can store, the higher the resolution and color number it supports, and the smoother the game will run. However, sometimes the more video memory, the better. For graphics cores with different architectures and capabilities, the demand for video memory capacity is also different. The graphics core with powerful data processing capability needs more display memory when using anti aliasing and other additional functions to improve the image quality. However, for some low-end graphics cards, e to the limitation of architecture, even increasing the memory capacity can not significantly increase the performance, and more capacity can only increase the cost

in that case, how can we tell if the memory capacity of the display card is enough? This can refer to the graphics card public design specified memory capacity. For most people, the general application of 64M is enough, and 128M is better. The performance of low-end graphics card 64M is similar to 128M, so it is more cost-effective to choose 64M. The real need for large capacity memory is mainly some 3D rendering software. If you don't need to play some games that require huge material and vertex data, rarely use 3D rendering software and some crazy testing software, then 256MB video memory is just a waste for you! To calculate as like as two peas of a video card, we must know the capacity of each video memory. Then multiply the capacity of one video memory by the number of video memory particles on the video card, that is: video memory capacity = the capacity of a single video memory particle x the number of video memory particles

How do we know the capacity of each video memory? Generally, we identify them according to the number on the display memory. Let's take the most common example of Samsung and Hynix's video memory:

Samsung's video memory capacity is identified by the fourth and fifth digits of the serial number (such as the numbers and letters in the figure k4j55323qf-gc16 below). The rule is: 62,64 = 64Mbit, that is, 64Mbit / 8 = 8MB / piece; 26,28 = 128Mbit, that is 128Mbit / 8 = 16MB / piece; 54,55,56 = 256 Mbit, that is 256 Mbit / 8 = 32 MB / piece; 51, 52 = 512Mbit, that is 512Mbit / 8 = 64MB / piece. We just need to remember what capacity these numbers represent. According to these rules, we can easily see the capacity of the following two video memories. The fourth and fifth digits of the number of the first one are 26, so its capacity is 16MB / disk; Similarly, we know that the capacity of the second one is 32MB<

this is the 3.3ns video memory of Samsung TSOP package

this is the 1.6ns video memory of Samsung MBGA package
the following two figures are the video memory particles of Hynix TSOP package and MBGA package respectively, which is a little different from Samsung's particle number. It mainly depends on the sixth and seventh digits of the number. According to the numbering rules of Hynix video memory, 64 and 66 represent 64Mbit (8MB / particle), 28 = 128Mbit (16MB / PC), 56, 57 = 256Mbit (32MB / PC), 12 = 512Mbit (64MB / PC). According to the rules, we can easily get that the capacity of the first one is 32MB, and the capacity of the second one is 16MB

(5) the speed of video memory

the speed of video memory takes ns (nanosecond) as the unit of calculation. Now the common video memory is between 6ns and 2ns. The faster the number is, the faster the speed of video memory is. The corresponding theoretical working frequency can be expressed by the formula: working frequency (MHz) = 1000 / video memory speed (in case of DDR video memory, working frequency (MHz) = 1000 / video memory speed x2). For example, the working frequency of 5ns video memory is 1000 / 5 = 200MHz. If the DDR specification is used, its frequency is 200x2 = 400MHz. Now the main graphics card is the use of DDR specifications of the video memory<

the following nanosecond / frequency table is listed for reference:

frequency corresponding to video memory speed corresponds to DDR frequency
6ns 166MHz 333mhz
5ns 200MHz 400MHz
4ns 250MHz 500MHz
3.6ns 278mhz 556mhz
3.3ns 300MHz 600MHz
2.8ns 360mhz 720MHz
2.2ns 450MHz 900MHz
2ns 500MHz 1000MHz

how many ns are used in the video card Speed is enough? As mentioned earlier, these all depend on the graphics processing chip. ATI and NVIDIA will provide the public display frequency for their respective graphics processing chips as a reference. For example, the frequency of FX5200 graphics chip is 400MHz, so 5ns DDR video memory is enough. If 6ns is used, we can say that the material of the card is shrunk. If 3.6ns or 2.8ns is used, the potential of overclocking is relatively large. For another example, the display and memory frequency of the public board of the radon 9600PRO is 600MHz, so it should be matched with at least 3.3ns or faster display and memory. Other types of graphics card should use what memory can also refer to the corresponding public board

if you want to know how much ns memory is used, you should mainly look at the number on the memory, and the chip identification of different manufacturers is also slightly different. The following illustration is as follows:

the figure above is a 5ns Hynix memory packaged in TSOP. Look at the number hy5561622ct-5, the last number

5.

B. The relationship between M and G is 1g = 1024m, 1m = 1024KB

m and G are abbreviations of MB and GB respectively. KB, MB, GB are stream units, and there are B (bytes), which are 1024 binary. The conversion relation is 1GB = 1024MB, 1MB = 1024KB, 1KB = 1024b (bytes)

English words require 1b, Chinese characters require 2B. Pictures usually range from a few KB to a few MB, while ordinary mobile video is dozens to hundreds of MB. Every page, thousands of B's

in order to facilitate calculation, the binary unit is sometimes 1000 in daily use. The unit greater than g is t. basically, the unit greater than t is not used every day, that is, 1t = 1024gb

all weather video is usually hundreds of meters. 1t of traffic over watching hundreds of hours of video, and to 1024 orders of magnitude units, each level, can store a thousand times more content

extended information:

many friends have been complaining that their mobile phone traffic is not enough, which has a certain relationship with the method of using mobile phones. If the mobile phone has WiFi function, try to use WiFi where you can. If you can turn off pictures, animations and sounds when browsing web pages, try to turn them off, and upload pictures as small as possible before uploading

when downloading something, try to use the software download with breakpoint continuation function to avoid having to download again when the line is broken. Check the background program of networking frequently. If you can set the time interval of software networking, you can set it as large as possible (such as checking e-mail time). Turn off the functions of automatic software update and automatic network access to information

use the flow saving browser, open the compression transfer, low color and other functions. Try not to download too much music, movies, applications, etc. from your mobile phone

source: network mobile traffic