How to get to Luoshui villa in Downtown Pittsburgh
The method of "one look, two touch, three listen and four test" was used to identify. Let's take the fifth set of RMB notes as an example< 1. Look at the watermark. The fixed watermark of each note is located in the blank space on the left side of the front face of the note. The watermark with strong three-dimensional sense can be seen from the perspective of the light. The fixed watermark of 100 yuan and 50 yuan banknotes is the image of Mao Zedong. The fixed watermarks of 20 yuan, 10 yuan and 5 yuan banknotes are lotus, rose and Narcissus respectively
2. Look at the safety line. There is a safety line to the left in the middle of the front face of each coupon. The safety line of 100 yuan and 50 yuan banknotes can see the miniature words "RMB 100" and "RMB 50" respectively from the perspective of light, and the instrument has magnetism; 20 yuan note, facing the light perspective, is a light and dark safety line; The security line of 10 yuan and 5 yuan banknotes is holographic magnetic windowed security line, that is, the security line is partially embedded in the paper and partially exposed on the paper surface. The holographic pattern composed of micro characters "￥ 10" and "￥ 5" can be seen in the windowed part, and the instrument has magnetism
3. The denomination numbers on the lower left front of the $100 and $50 coupons are printed with light variable ink. When the vertical view of the ticket is tilted to a certain angle, the face value of the 100 yuan ticket will change from green to blue; The denomination of the $50 coupon will change from gold to green. 4. Check whether the face pattern is clear, whether the color is bright, and whether the docking pattern can be connected
the complementary pattern of yin and Yang of banknotes is used in 100 yuan, 50 yuan and 10 yuan coupons. These three kinds of coupons are printed with a circular local pattern on the lower left side of the front and the lower right side of the back. From the perspective of the light, the two patterns are combined to form a complete pattern of ancient coins. 5. Use a magnifying glass more than 5 times to observe the face of the ticket to see if the pattern lines and miniatures are clear and clean
in the face design of each note type, there are miniature words. 100 yuan, with "RMB" and "RMB 100" as the microwords; 50 yuan is "50" and "RMB50"; 20 yuan is "RMB 20"; 10 yuan is "RMB 10"; 5 yuan is "RMB 5". Second touch: 1. Touch the portrait, Braille, the name of the people's Bank of China and other places whether there is concave and convex feeling
the main front scenes of the fifth set of RMB banknotes are Mao Zedong's head, which is hand carved intaglio printing process. It is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify. 2. Check whether the note is of moderate thickness and good straightness. Third listen: make a sound by shaking the banknote, and distinguish the authenticity of RMB according to the sound. The paper of RMB has the characteristics of straightness, folding resistance and not easy to tear
when you shake a banknote, flick your fingers or pull your hands symmetrically, you can hear a clear and loud voice. Four tests: with the help of some simple tools and special instruments to distinguish the authenticity of RMB. For example, with the help of a magnifying glass, you can observe the clarity of the lines on the face, such as gluing, gravure micro text, etc; Ultraviolet light can be used to irradiate banknotes to observe whether there is fluorescence reaction between banknote paper and ink; The magnetism of black horizontal number can be detected by magnetic detector
the fifth set of RMB 100 notes features 1. The main color of the notes is red, with a width of 155mm and 77mm. The main scene on the front is the head of Mao Zedong, with an oval flower pattern on the left, the "national emblem" of the people's Republic of China on the upper left and Braille denomination mark on the lower right. The main scene on the back is the "Great Hall of the people" pattern. On the left is the cylinder pattern in the Great Hall of the people. On the top right is the Chinese pinyin letter of "people's Bank of China" and the words and denominations of "people's Bank of China" in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uighur and Zhuang languages< Fixed portrait watermark: located in the blank space on the left side of the front, it can be seen from the perspective facing the light that the watermark of Mao Zedong's head is the same as the main scene portrait and has a strong three-dimensional sense. 2. Red and blue colored fibers: in the blank space of the ticket, red and blue fibers can be seen in the paper. 3. Magnetic micro text safety line: the safety line in the banknote paper, when observed facing the light, the "RMB 100" micro text can be seen, and the instrument has magnetism< Hand carved head: the head of Mao Zedong on the front is engraved by hand in intaglio printing process, which is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify. 5. Invisible denomination number: there is an oval pattern on the top right of the front. Put the banknote close to the eye and rotate it 45 degrees or 90 degrees facing the light source to see the face value "100". 6. Offset micro text: in the oval pattern on the top of the front, offset micro text is printed in many places, and the words "RMB" and "RMB 100" can be seen under the magnifying glass
7. The denomination number of light variable ink: the word "100" on the lower left side of the front, which is green when viewed from the vertical angle of the face, and turns blue when tilted at a certain angle. 8. Complementary patterns of yin and Yang: there are circular local patterns on the lower left side of the front and the lower left side of the back. When viewed in the light, the patterns on the front and back are combined to form a complete ancient coin pattern. 9. Engraving gravure printing: the front main scene of Mao Zedong's head, the bank name of the people's Bank of China, Braille and the back main scene of the Great Hall of the people are all engraved gravure printing, with obvious concave and convex feeling when touching with fingers
10. Horizontal and vertical double numbers: the front is printed with horizontal and vertical double numbers (both are two-digit crown characters and eight digit numbers). The horizontal number is black and the vertical number is blue. The fifth set of RMB 50 coupon features 1. The main color of the coupon is green, with a width of 150 mm and 70 mm. Mao Zedong's head is the main scene on the front, flowers on the left, the "national emblem" of the people's Republic of China in the upper left corner, Braille denomination mark in the lower right corner, and horizontal and vertical double numbers on the front
the main scene on the back is the "Potala Palace" pattern, and on the top right are the Chinese Pinyin of "people's Bank of China" and the words and denominations of "people's Bank of China" in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uighur and Zhuang languages. 2、 Anti counterfeiting features 1. Fixed portrait watermark: located in the front left margin, facing the light perspective, you can see the same as the main scene portrait, a strong three-dimensional sense of Mao Zedong's head watermark. 2. Red and blue color fiber: on the ticket, you can see the irregular distribution of red and blue fiber in the paper
3. Magnetic minitype safety line: the safety line in banknote paper, which can see the word "RMB50" in the perspective of light, and the instrument has magnetism. 4. Hand carved head portrait: the head portrait of Mao Zedong, the main scene on the front, adopts the hand carved gravure printing process, which is vivid, vivid, concave convex and easy to identify. 5. Invisible denomination number: there is a decorative pattern on the upper right side of the front. Place the banknote close to the eye and make a plane rotation of 45 degrees or 90 degrees facing the light source to see the denomination number "50"
6. Offset micro text: in the pattern above the front, the words "50" and "RMB50" are printed in many places. 7. Light variable ink denomination number: the denomination number "50" on the lower left side of the front face turns to gold when viewed perpendicular to the face, and turns to green when tilted at a certain angle. 8. Complementary pattern of yin and Yang: there is a circular local pattern on the lower left side of the front and on the lower right side of the back. When you look at it facing the light, you can see that the patterns on the front and back combine to form a complete ancient coin pattern
9. Engraving gravure printing: the front main scene of Mao Zedong's head, "people's Bank of China" bank name, Braille denomination number, Braille denomination mark and the back main scene of "Potala Palace" pattern are all engraved gravure printing, with obvious concave and convex feeling when touching with fingers. 10. Horizontal and vertical double numbers: the front is printed with horizontal and vertical double numbers, the horizontal number is black, and the vertical number is red. How to deal with counterfeit RMB in case of counterfeit currency is found, including counterfeit coin and altered coin
counterfeit currency refers to all kinds of counterfeit banknotes that are copied from the original and illegally reproced by various means. Variable coinage refers to a kind of false currency which changes the quantity and form of the original currency on the basis of the real currency or with the real currency as the basic material by means of mending, splicing, erasing and uncovering, so as to realize the appreciation. The types of counterfeit money include machine-made, rubbing, ing, photographing, depicting, stone and wood block, as well as waxed and mimeographed counterfeit money
among them, the number of counterfeit coins printed by electronic scanning color separation plate making is the largest, the level of forgery is high, and the risk is the largest
the villa has three floors, covering an area of about 380 square meters, with the living room on the second floor (the main entrance floor) as the center, and the rest of the rooms spread to the left and right. The shape of the villa emphasizes the combination of blocks, which makes the building have an obvious sense of sculpture. There are two huge platforms at different levels. The first floor extends to the left and right, and the second floor stretches out to the front. Several high stone walls are interlaced between the platforms, which is very powerful. The stream flows out happily from the platform, and the building is naturally combined with the stream, rocks and trees, as if growing out of the ground
the interior space treatment of the villa can also be regarded as a model. The interior space extends freely and intersperses with each other; The inner and outer spaces blend with each other and become one. The flowing water villa has achieved great success in the treatment of space, the combination of volume and the combination with the environment. It has made a precise annotation for the theory of organic architecture and occupies an important position in the history of modern architecture.
if you are in CMU or Pitt, the transportation is more convenient. The student card is free of charge. And there are a lot of buses in Oakland. You can go almost anywhere. Oakland has Chinatown bus to NYC
this city was once a big city in the United States (formerly the steel capital of the world, famous for its heavy instry). Today's small cities (about 60th in the United States by population). However, in the United States, except for New York City, there are large rural areas and small county towns. If you come from a big city like Shanghai and Beijing, you should be prepared< The climate is cold. Winter is long. Sometimes it snows in April. Generally, there are less sunny days and more cloudy days. Spring, summer and autumn are quite good
consumption is OK in the United States. Medium to low
welcome to Pittsburgh
water villa is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. It is located on the Bank of xiongxi River in the suburb of Pittsburgh, USA, and designed by F.L.Wright. The owner of the villa is Kaufman, a German immigrant who owns Pittsburgh department store, so it is also called Kaufman house
the villa has three floors, covering an area of about 380 square meters, with the living room on the second floor (the main entrance floor) as the center, and the rest of the rooms spread to the left and right. The shape of the villa emphasizes the combination of blocks, which makes the building have an obvious sense of sculpture. There are two huge platforms at different levels. The first floor extends to the left and right, and the second floor stretches out to the front. Several high stone walls are interlaced between the platforms, which is very powerful. The stream flows out happily from the platform, and the building is naturally combined with the stream, rocks and trees, as if growing out of the ground
the interior space treatment of the villa can also be regarded as a model. The interior space extends freely and intersperses with each other; The inner and outer spaces blend with each other and become one. The flowing water villa has achieved great success in the treatment of space, the combination of volume and the combination with the environment. It has made a precise annotation for the theory of organic architecture and occupies an important position in the history of modern architecture< In 1934, Kaufman, a wealthy German businessman, bought a piece of real estate in xiongpaoxi, a southeast suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It's far away from the road, with high cliffs, lush vegetation and murmuring streams. Kaufman invited Wright, a famous architect, to design a weekend villa. Wright, with his unique career sensitivity, knew that his most precious opportunity was coming. He said the site of xiongpaoxi left an unforgettable impression on him, especially the trickling stream. He wanted to combine the villa with the musical sense of running water, and eagerly asked for a topographic map with each big stone and trees more than 6 inches in diameter. The drawings came in March the next year, but he was still thinking about it until August, and Wright was patiently waiting for the moment of inspiration. Finally, one day in September, Wright quickly sketched the first sketch on the topographic map, and the villa had been conceived in Wright's mind. He described the villa as "an extension of a cliff beside a mountain stream. The living space is on the stream with several platforms. A person who cherishes this place is on this platform. He is immersed in the sound of the waterfall and enjoys the fun of life." He named the villa "running water". According to Wright's idea, "water villa" will be backed by steep cliffs, growing in the small waterfall between the boulders, cement balcony stacked together, they are different in width, thickness and length, crisscross, as if from the villa to jump out, suspended on the waterfall. Those overhanging balconies are the climax of the villa. On the bottom floor, the largest and most frightening balcony, there is a stairway. From here, you can climb down, just above the small waterfall. The stream comes into the villa with the moist breeze and the murmuring sound. This is Wright's masterpiece. The smooth and square balcony and the longitudinal thick wall made of rough stones are interlaced, just like Mondrian's highly abstract paintings, achieving a poetic visual balance in the complex and subtle changes. Some of the preserved rocks seem to break through the ground and become the natural decoration in front of the fireplace. The sweeping ribbon windows blend the interior with the surrounding dense woods. The sound and appearance of nature permeate through every corner of the villa, and the villa seems to grow out of the stream. This dramatic and wonderful idea is Wright's romantic manifesto. After the completion of the water villa, it is famous all over the world. In 1963, four years after Wright's death, Edgar Kaufman decided to dedicate the villa to the local government for permanent visit. At the handover ceremony, Kaufman's speech is a touching summary of Wright's masterpiece. He said: "the beauty of the water villa is still as fresh as the nature it matches. It used to be a wonderful place to live, but not only that, it is a work of art, beyond the general meaning. The house and the base together constitute an image of the combination, equivalence and integration with nature that human beings want. This is a work made by human beings for themselves, not by one person for another. Because of such a strong meaning, it is a public treasure, not a private treasure. "<
[edit this paragraph] architectural features
the flowing water villa in spring is a villa designed by Wright for the Kaufman family. Above the waterfall, Wright realized his dream of "house on the mesa", with the suspended floor anchored in the back and natural rocks. The main floor is almost a complete large room, which forms various subordinate spaces through space processing, and has a small ladder to connect with the pool below. The front is between the window sill and the ceiling, which is a large glass with metal window frame, with a strong contrast between virtual and real. The whole idea is bold to become the most famous modern architecture in the world
from the appearance of the water villa. We can read out the horizontal extension of the terrace, such as bridges, sidewalks, driveways, balconies and scaffolding, along their respective extension axis, across the valley and protruding around. These horizontal thrust forces are tightly assembled in a strange spatial order, and the huge terrace twists and turns, just like the water flow of a waterfall twists and turns and suddenly falls from each flat rock, It's impossible to predict that the whole building looks like it's growing out of the ground, but it's more like it's hovering over the earth. This is a building containing the highest level, that is to say, the building has gone beyond itself and is deeply imprinted in people's consciousness, creating an indelible new experience with its concrete image
water villa is a living, original, archetypal and timeless building. In order to transcend many schools in the history of architecture, it seems to rise up all over. It is located in the cliff of Pennsylvania and commands the whole valley. The fireplace in the building is made of exposed natural rocks, The magnificent outer space formed by the waterfall makes Luoshui villa more perfect, where nature and human coexist leisurely, presenting the highest state of harmony between heaven and human
the architectural style and interior space of the water villa achieve the calm and firm effect of great art. This calm atmosphere. In the meantime, the force and reaction force gather together in the interior and exterior of the whole building and between its layout and furnishings. The extraordinary interior makes people feel like entering a dream. The process leading to the huge living room space, just like the characteristics often appearing in Wright's works, must first pass through a narrow and dark covered porch, and then enter the main staircase in the opposite direction. Through the rough and porous stone walls, there is a direct traffic space on the right hand side, With his left hand, he can enter the second floor of the living room. Wright's skillful grasp of natural light makes the interior space full of vitality. Light flows on the East, South and west sides of the living room. The brightest part of the light flows down from the skylight to the stairs of the stream cliff below the building, and the enclosed rooms on the East, West and north sides are relatively dark, The rocks are on the old floor. Their reflection appears faintly, spreading in the living room space. From the north side and the cliff is reflected in the light and reflected in the light of the stairs appear hazy and soft. Psychologically, the atmosphere of the living room changes with the brightness of the light, showing a variety of style
in the use of materials, the water villa is also very symbolic. All the pillars are rough rocks. The horizontal nature of the stone and the straightness of the pillars proce a clear confrontation. All the horizontal components of the concrete seem to run through the space, giving the building the highest dynamic and tension. The exception is the rock used in the floor, which seems to be surprisingly heavy, especially the overhanging balcony. However, when you stand on an artificial stone balcony surrounded by natural stone pillars, you may have a deeper understanding of the interior space. Because the indoor space extends through the huge horizontal balcony, connecting the huge outdoor space - yaai. Wright's attitude towards international formalism, empty talk and functionalism is embodied in the stairs leading from the living room to the stream below. This famous staircase, associated with the building and the earth, is an indispensable medium of internal and external space, and always makes people linger in it again and again
Water Villa can be said to be a kind of architecture composed of positive and negative forces in a wonderful balance. It can also be said that it is a rare work of horizontal or inclined pole piercing or space technique in recent years
the choice of space furnishings, furniture style design and layout of Shuishui villa show originality. At the same time, the kaffman family paid love and concern to this priceless instry. They set it off with great art, furniture, diligent maintenance and their personal belongings. Architecture is always an architect's work, but it can not provide personal goods. Obviously, kaffman was able to do it and cherish Wright's efforts
water villa is the most photogenic and photographed private residence built in the 20th century. Although it is far away from the foot of the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Pennsylvania, it is visited by more than 130000 tourists every year
Water Villa condenses Wright's "organic" design philosophy. Considering that Wright describes it as the "extension of cliff" corresponding to "stream music", water villa is worthy of its name and becomes an abstract expression of reprocing the natural environment with architectural vocabulary. It is a concrete example with both spatial dimension and time dimension
water villa is an exercise for research and comparison, where extreme relative elements are contained in a dangerous balance, creating completely unpredictable effects
a two-tier platform. The attention to the bold overhanging of water villa makes it a powerful way for modernists to challenge gravity. For this house, Wright not only increased the efficiency of its structural system, but also increased the risk. When we see the overlapping geometric planes like the stylists, we feel that they have a historical connection with the debate of "international style". From the road on the other side of the stream, in the front, these breast walls are like floating flat belts, spreading out in the air. However, from the downstream bank of the stream, they echo two overhanging stones in shape and layout. They proce waterfalls below and reflect cascading falling water. Overhanging the house as an "extension of the cliff" above the waterfall enables him to integrate the flowing water into his layered space, which is designed for "people who like to listen to the waterfall" and constantly remind them of it
the whole complex is connected with the surrounding mountains and canyons. The thick and round breast walls on the two main platforms emphasize the plastic load feeling of the concrete, which is visually weakened by the light and the apricot yellow paint on the platform cover. It shows the metaphorical role of architectural form in the landscape
vertical walls and rough rubble support the platform