The failure of American urban decentralization
Decentralization is a form of social relations and content proction formed in the development of the Internet. It is a new type of network content proction process relative to "centralization"
decentralizing is not to do without the center, but to let the nodes freely choose and decide the center. In short, centralization means that the center determines the node. The node must depend on the center, and the node cannot survive without the center. In a decentralized system, anyone is a node, and anyone can be a center. Any center is not permanent, but phased, and no center is mandatory for nodes
extended data:
in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect freely to each other to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form nonlinear causality through the network. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization
with the deepening of the interaction between subject and object, the constant balance of cognitive function and the continuous improvement of cognitive structure, the indivial can be released from the egocentric state, which is called decentralization
De flow means that all social resources can be aggregated and distributed with one click
in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect with each other freely to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form a nonlinear causal relationship through the network
This kind of open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization
extended materials:
compared with the previous Internet (WEB 1.0) era, today's Internet (Web 2.0) content is no longer proced by professional websites or specific groups, but by the participation of the whole Internet users and the creation of equal power levels. Anyone can express their views on the Internet or create original content to proce information together
with the diversification of network service shape, the decentralized network model becomes more and more clear and possible. After the rise of Web2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can create or contribute content together
decentralization in decentralized money contains multiple meanings: decentralization of money issuance, decentralization of money circulation, decentralization of money withdrawal...
as far as our current economic system is concerned, the issuance of money is carried out by the central bank or other similar institutions and endorsed by the national credit. Therefore, the issue of money is obviously a kind of centralized, controlled by the government or institutions. However, in the current economic system, the circulation of money is decentralized
although in our current financial system, the vast majority of money has been circulating through banks, this mode of circulation is mostly controlled by the money owners themselves, that is to say, the circulation of money is not controlled by central institutions. In addition to some specific financial requirements, some circulation has been regulated; Or the judicial organs may intervene and forcibly manage the circulation of money. In proportion, these centralized operations are very few. Therefore, we can say that in the existing economic system, the circulation of money is decentralized< In fact, the central bank and other financial management institutions make use of the power of currency issuance to regulate the whole market and maintain the stability of economic development and currency
we have learned in economics that the total amount of money circulation should match the current trade situation. In other words, the total amount of money circulation is closely related to the economic situation. The circulation of money needs to be regulated to influence the market; And the market also forces the regulatory agencies to regulate the currency through various feedback, so as to maintain the stability of the currency.
Since Trump came to power, the discussion of "class fixation" in American ecation has swept the Chinese world How many new books have been translated and introced, our children, the laments of the countrymen, are somewhat worried about the narrowing of the rising channels of American society, the growing poverty of the poor, and the solidification of class
At the same time, the political struggle in the United States has also burned into the field of ecation. In early July, trump ordered the abolition of the government's specific guidelines on racial equality in ecation. This guideline is the specific operation instruction of the Obama administration on the affirmative action, and its legal basis originates from the social consensus of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and the civil rights act of 1964. From the "University of California Board of directors v. Bucky case" in 1978 to the "Fisher case" in 2008, the affirmative action act has been accused of "reverse discrimination" again and again. In August last year, there was also news that the trump administration was studying a lawsuit to attack the affirmative action act. Now, this agenda seems to have taken the first step The reason why people pay attention to the existence or abolition of the equal rights act in ecation is that it concerns which groups can become elites through higher ecation. The Equal Rights Act stipulates that color and gender equality should be guaranteed in the employment and school system, while some people think that the bill creates a quota system, which favors the care of African Americans and makes their children "get high scores but can't go to good schools" And these are not so much "technology" acquired in the classroom as learning in the interpersonal network of colleges and universities. In American college ecation, besides classes, there are also a lot of community activities. Interpersonal and social activities occupy students' time. This is what higher ecation really means to people in the workplacein this situation, the diploma for people in the workplace is to spend countless time and energy to buy, proving that they have mastered the "workplace organizational culture" of a "stepping stone". Collins called it "currency", which is actually money. When people constantly compete to obtain this kind of currency, which stimulates more and more demand, and the "technical ability" represented by the currency itself is not significant, the supply of ecational procts will rise, and people will compete with each other upstream, and the value of a single currency, that is, a single degree, can only continue to decrease - this is the inflation of higher ecation, it is not just a phenomenon, It's a real monetary chain
To be sure, the "American Dream" continues to be realized in some areas of Ecation: many new generation immigrants, with high-quality ecation background, have entered the emerging fields of science and technology and Internet after receiving ecation in stem (Science, technology, engineering and Mathematics). This does create a new relationship between ecation and the workplace, but in general, it does not break the trend of diploma inflationfree-market advocates may think that the inflated bubble will eventually collapse and there is no need to interfere too much. Be handed down from age to age, however, days and months multiplying the scale of ecation and the accumulation of funds and debts for ecation, the social injustice is passed on from generation to generation in this pile up and foam. However, the expansion of diploma ecation is not possible to be solved within the ecational system. Because it is also the result of American ethnic politics and political and economic structure
American Ecation under racial politics
we can go back to the analysis in Diploma society. In Collins' eyes, ecation is not so much a channel of class rise as a carrier of political conflict and ruling relationship. As a historical sociologist, the American ecation system in his works was not born just for the purpose of cultivating talents. On the contrary, it has the function of maintaining the cultural advantages of Anglo whites and maintaining their ruling status
The story goes back to the United States at the end of the 19th century. At that time, a new wave of immigrants grew rapidly. Unlike the early Protestants, many of them came from southern Europe and Ireland and believed in Catholicism. In the eyes of the Anglo Protestant middle class, the working class in the new city dominated by Catholics is "not our own race, their hearts will be different", representing social chaos and disorder. They feel that these immigrants are not doing their proper work, and the social orthodox control of Anglo Protestant Culture is facing challenges This kind of mentality gave birth to two ways to solve the ethnic problems of Anglo Protestants. One is the racist xenophobic movement, the earliest racist movement in the United States was born ring this period. Second, ecation reform: the elite of Protestants began to promote public ecation, aiming to make the children of immigrant families accept a whole set of middle-class lifestyles, discipline their behaviors, forbid them to be late or absent from school (and even legislate specifically for this purpose), so as to make them acceptable, A person who behaves like an Anglo Protestant. From primary school to secondary school, the public ecation system was born in this contextat the beginning, the system had not yet affected universities. College diploma was of little significance in the early American society. It was completely parallel to primary and secondary ecation and college ecation
in the 19th century, different Protestant factions established a large number of colleges as cultural weapons to supplement, update and expand their religious power in order to seize the believers. The expansion of these colleges is too fast, and they begin to face a serious business crisis. Many colleges are economically unsustainable, and there are many failures. As a result, many colleges began to transform into comprehensive universities. Because the "University" is traditionally famous for a large number of rituals and social activities, these elements are closely related to the dominant position of Anglo Protestant culture that the upper elites are anxious to maintain at this time. These factors combined to promote the rise of American universities at the end of the 19th century. It has also graally established a sequence with primary and secondary ecation -- universities began to take the secondary school diploma as the basic requirement for admission
In the middle of the 20th century, the social control of the mainstream white culture was fiercely opposed to the increasingly fierce ethnic conflicts. For the black people suffering from isolation, discrimination and systematic oppression, the ecation system is the road they least expect to change their situation. In the 1960s, it was the black social movement and civil rights movement outside the campus that drove the student movement inside the campus. But the moderate group in the civil rights movement provides an opportunity to reach a reconciliation between the two. Through the implementation of racial equality in the ecation system, the reformers try to let more black people into the elite selection system of ecation, so as to share some political power and rece fierce social conflicts But ironically, after many years, the level of public basic ecation in the United States has been criticized. Although the scores of elite ecation from private high schools to private universities reflect the equality of blacks, the tuition fees remain high. Black students who are struggling to enter the system find that white students who compete with themselves for elitism participate in all kinds of expensive social activities, fraternity and sisterhood, which help them to connect and find jobs. When black students enter the University, they find that there is still a heavy threshold in the University... Equal rights in ecation does not prevent the Anglo Protestant Culture from maintaining its monopoly on the university culture, The affirmative action bill, which aims to solve the racial problem, is particularly embarrassing because it focuses more on language and data As an exception theory of the United States,
for the historical theory of Marxism, one of the special differences between American society and European society is that the basic unit of its social struggle is composed of race rather than class. Unlike in Europe, where thousands of workers participated in the fierce and distinct class struggle, the working class in the United States did not come to the stage of history until the 20th century, and socialism was much "late childbearing" in the United States
This constitutes another knot in American Ecation: it is the proct of American racial politics, and the reason why racial politics is the political tradition of the United States is that in the history of the United States, e to some special reasons, social conflicts have been forced to unfold in a fragmented and decentralized way Collins has a very original view on this. In European countries, the result of modernization is the formation of a large state bureaucracy and a strong central government. The political, commercial and cultural elites of the whole country are highly overlapped, which is based on the monopoly of large capital in modern capitalist countries. However, in the United States, since the 19th century, although the proportion of agricultural population has decreased, the proportion of workers has increased, and the degree of monopoly of large instrial capital has increased, these trends have not continued in the 20th century. This means that in the 20th century, the United States, which has become the most developed country, has a certain amount of national monopoly capital and a certain number of urban working class. At the same time, it still retains a large number of small and medium-sized local business elites, and many places maintain a very "local" lifethis situation stems from the fact that the United States has vast land, rich resources and huge market, which makes the national big capital oligarchs compete while still leaving space for local economic elites; However, in the early political and commercial games, commercial forces suppressed political forces, and the central government of the United States was not strong enough - the network of local elites was huge, the power of States was large, and the power of local autonomy was strong; This "decentralization" is seen by many as the guarantee of American social prosperity. This also means that the central local contradiction, class contradiction and race contradiction exist at the same time
In other words, as a country, the vertical stratification conflicts in American society, class conflicts and ethnic conflicts, are cut and shredded horizontally by the central local conflicts. Originally, the interweaving of race issues and class issues has weakened the mobilization of class issues. Coupled with the contradiction of "decentralization vs centralization" between the local government and the central government, all kinds of issues have been led to more exports. For example, the concept of progressive ecation formed by ethnic struggle is very good, but in order to maintain the "circulation field" of cultural currency at the national level in a pluralistic and huge country, they need to introce a large number of points and evaluation systems, so that ecation will become a bureaucratic assembly line that pays more attention to diplomas, Local elites and ordinary people who hate bureaucracy are already extremely impatient with this kind of organizational force. However, if we do not do so, it will be too difficult to expect local elites to improve inequality. The incident in 1957 when the federal government needed to send troops to Little Rock for recruiting black people fully demonstrated this difficulty In the foreseeable future, the basic operational characteristics of American politics are obviously unlikely to change fundamentally. In other words, although a stable political system with rotation of political parties and who does the same may be in turmoil in the trump era, the hidden contradiction between racial politics and centralization anti centralization politics will be more obvious. In this context, the conflict and competition between different ethnic groups to achieve their own interests through ecation and to seize the position of the elite, thus seizing the social dominance, may be more intense. The multiculturalism ecation idea inevitably has to face multiple polarization challenges. This is a helpless "exception" to the experience of other countries in American ecationmyth and