Shenzhen blockchain 50 Index Shanghai enterprises
in 2017, blockchain became the focus all over the world. If at the beginning, the emergence of blockchain made people in the instry excited, and the ordinary people took an indifferent attitude and just ate melon Road, now it can be said that blockchain has quickly and deeply entered the public field of vision
the concept of blockchain was proposed by Nakamoto in 2008. It has the characteristics of decentralization, non tampering, traceability and so on, attracting many investors to participate in it. Blockchain has graally entered into various instries, which has brought considerable changes as well as some adverse effects
through the collection and collation of relevant data of China's blockchain instry, analysts analyzed and discussed the development trend of China's blockchain instry. The rising trend of blockchain popularity is obvious. From the network index trend chart of blockchain and digital currency in the past six months, it can be seen that the popularity of blockchain only increases, and even rises explosively by the end of 2017. According to the trend chart, it can be predicted that the growth of blockchain network index will show a gentle trend in the near future
the network index of digital currency closely related to blockchain is not much different from that of blockchain before 2018. That's because the popularity of blockchain ignites the value of bitcoin, and many people take the opportunity to follow suit, which makes the market once chaotic. Since the beginning of 2018, the network index of blockchain has far exceeded that of digital currency. This change shows that more people are focusing on blockchain, which will be more concive to the healthy development of blockchain technology
as the value of digital currency represented by bitcoin doubled, ICO came into being. ICO financing mode is similar to and different from the traditional IPO Financing Mode. It can open the global market and get more development opportunities. However, e to many people's ulterior motives and the fact that ICO does not go through any strict review process at present, the ICO market is in chaos. The positive and negative effects of ICO also make various countries hold different attitudes in the face of this mixed market
according to the attitude information table of some countries towards ICO, China and Japan have the most clear attitude. China has banned ICO projects and defined them as illegal financing; Japan allows ICO projects and takes the lead in establishing blockchain alliance; The Philippines, Russia, Canada and other countries adopt the mode of supervision and development, do not prohibit ICO projects, and actively build regulatory systems. The United States is a federal country, and the attitude of each state is different
it is worth mentioning that the attitude of Hong Kong and Macao of China towards ICO coincides with that of the mainland, while that of Taiwan is quite different. The person in charge of "Taiwan financial regulatory authority" promised to adopt a more friendly attitude and support enterprises to develop and adopt cryptocurrency and blockchain technology in Taiwan
the top 10 national blockchain platforms are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou
according to the national blockchain platform TOP10, bitmainland, Babbitt / blockyuan and fire coin net have taken the top three positions. The blockchain platforms of TOP10 are mainly concentrated in Beijing, most of which were launched earlier than 2016. Generally speaking, the development of blockchain has driven the development of related instries, and also set off a wave of entrepreneurship
the enterprises related to blockchain are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, which are affected by the high barriers of blockchain technology. Beijing is rich in human resources and has a good entrepreneurial environment. Shanghai has a unique financial position and has the greatest possibility of incubating the most successful enterprises in the application of blockchain. Guangdong has a strong entrepreneurial atmosphere, which can attract relevant entrepreneurs and promote the landing of relevant enterprises. In addition, Hangzhou also benefited from its excellent Internet finance instry, and the blockchain instry performed well. With the development of blockchain, there will be more related enterprises in more cities< The heat of br/> block chain has also been reced, and a large number of official account have been generated. From the TOP10 official account of WeChat, we can see that the number one fan of "digital money trend maniac" has been estimated to be about 800000 in the past seven days, and second "Wang Chai block chain journal" predicted that the active fans are also close to 500 thousand people. The estimated number of fans who are close to 400 thousand is "third". The official account also shows that more and more people are paying attention to the block chain instry.
blockchain is becoming more and more popular. The average salary of related posts was 23800 yuan before November 2017, and it has reached 25800 yuan by 2018. According to the chart of skills requirements for blockchain positions, the most important is the commonly used development languages (go, C + +, Java). In addition, we also need to have sufficient understanding of cryptography, formula algorithm, and smart contract. In addition, there are also positions with relatively low operation threshold. In general, the talent gap in the blockchain instry is relatively large< Br/> block chain technology is considered to be the fifth core technology most likely to trigger disruptive revolution. After the stage of chaos and bubble period, with the intervention of national policies and the implementation of relevant regulation, it will graally take the right track and develop towards health. The development of br/> block chains will inevitably proce bubbles, but these bubbles will graally become controllable with the healthy development of block chains. The development prospects of block chains and the innovations they can bring are unpredictable. In the future, let's leave this stage to it and watch its performance< br/>
The following contents are all from Yuan Guobao's latest book "new infrastructure: digital economy restructuring the new pattern of economic growth"
in essence, the new infrastructure represented by 5g, artificial intelligence, instrial Internet and Internet of things is digital infrastructure, which is an important foundation for the realization of the strategy of digital power
with the rapid development of Internet of things, the era of "Internet of things" is approaching, there are more and more Internet terminals, and the scale of data generated is becoming larger and larger. In this situation, the digital economy supported by cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, Internet of things, blockchain and other new generation information technologies has entered the "fast lane" and is developing faster and faster. However, if the digital economy wants to develop steadily and achieve the strategic goal of building a digital power, it needs to be equipped with a set of perfect digital infrastructure. Therefore, the new infrastructure construction should take the digital infrastructure construction as the core
The value of the new infrastructure is reflected in: promoting the digital transformation of traditional instries. In this situation, it is more and more urgent for traditional instries to change the original development mode and develop towards digitalization and intellectualization. For the traditional instries in the transition period, 5g, Internet of things, artificial intelligence and other "new infrastructure" with digital as the core provide strong supportfor example, the construction of instrial Internet can promote the transformation of traditional manufacturing instry to digital manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing; The construction of Internet of vehicles, energy Internet and intelligent transportation infrastructure can boost the development of new energy vehicles and intelligent networked vehicles; The construction of urban Internet of things can promote the transformation of water, electricity, gas and other urban public infrastructure to digital and intelligent direction; Agricultural Internet of things can provide strong support for the development of smart agriculture
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abey blockchain technology is from Ciprian pungela & amp; Co., two doctors in the Department of artificial intelligence from the Department of computer science, School of mathematics and information, Western University of timishwara, Romania; Vorel negru's own research project. Constant lightweight blockchain technology and multi-layer programming and extended blockchain solution are adopted. The scale of abey's blockchain remains unchanged, with only 50 active blocks. Abey blockchain technology is suitable for the use of e-money in e-commerce system for mass transactions, and has multi-level, scalability and security, and can be programmed
according to the official white paper, abey is suitable for the blockchain solution in e-commerce system, which uses digital currency to carry out mass transactions and can carry out multi-layer programming and expansion
specific implementation method of abey blockchain Technology:
using a multi-level and programmable blockchain method to realize digital currency (for simplicity, we call it "DC"). This method can pave the way for the implementation of various e-commerce purposes, such as loan financing, completion of refundable transactions and non refundable transactions. In the first layer of the blockchain, we can realize the inherent digital currency design, which is commonly referred to as the base layer ("FL"). The various upper layers built on this foundation can be used to describe various additional functions related to various business driven application examples (which we will briefly introce below). All of the above levels are fully programmable, and can be easily adapted for various applications
although most of today's digital goods store transaction balance in the blockchain, abey's method is more similar to Pascal coin digital currency. This method uses what we call a "vault" encryption structure“ The "vault" structure can only save the balance of all accounts in the network, instead of a complete list of all completed transactions, and can be reconstructed in the evolution history of the blockchain. Since vault allows the deletion of useless content at any time, it can significantly rece the storage cost of blockchain. In contrast, at the time of writing this article, the storage space required to download bitcoin database is 70gb (the alarm rate is still growing, and it is expected to reach 300gb in 2019), so it is not feasible to use ultrabooks or notebooks with small storage space (such as 120GB or 256gb) to carry out mining operation. On the other hand, the size of the abey blockchain will remain unchanged, with only 50 blocks (at the time of writing, there are more than 525000 blocks in the bitcoin blockchain)
vault fully supports digital currency transfer between accounts. In addition, vault can assign an owner defined name to each account instead of using hashing algorithms like today's cryptocurrency - which makes the account easier to remember and makes the name public
one of the important functions that vault can help prevent the daily expenses of blockchain from being too high (especially those related to transaction history) is that vault can save such states and rece the size of blockchain itself by creating a secure of blockchain states. Because there is no transaction history and all accounts can save their direct balance, the blockchain information has the feature of partial erasure. All the blockchain states that can be stored can be regarded as landmarks of the blockchain
secure data sharing:
through the block chain structure design, for each transaction sent to the network, the block chain may contain encrypted metadata. The metadata can only be decrypted by the transaction recipient. For the transaction sent to the network, the sender's public key is included in the transaction, and the transaction receiver decrypts the metadata using the public key. Since the transaction receiver holds the private key for decryption, only the transaction receiver can implement the data decryption process. From the perspective of encryption method, although bitcoin is limited to elliptic curve cryptography, blockchain metadata can use any other encryption mechanism to complete the encryption process. This not only provides complete flexibility in security selection, but also does not have any adverse impact on the structure or function of the blockchain
scalability:
since the abey blockchain supports the creation of historical landmarks by design, it is very easy for the network itself to achieve high scalability from the point of view that the blockchain will always need to store (related to the latest existing SLS). This method completely eliminates the need to store transaction history to calculate the balance of all accounts, and can directly store all account balances, so as to ensure that the specific balance information provided by all nodes in the network meets the requirements of Byzantine consistency
proof of security and workload:
it is impossible to have two-way payment operation in abey's method (in the specified appropriate scenario, the vast majority of today's mainstream cryptocurrencies may theoretically have two-way payment operation). Each transaction means that the balance of the corresponding account is updated in a relatively simple way, and there is no special way to restore the transaction from the network pending transaction team. For the abey blockchain, since all technical / functional layers are built on vault, vault is the infrastructure of our blockchain, so vault is very important for mining operations. Our proposed blockchain model is composed of a series of blocks, each of which is generated by the nodes in the network who are willing to mine. All nodes in the network can update the account balance independently according to the transaction (part of the block), and are independent of other nodes. The mining operation will affect the first functional layer. In addition to updating the balance, each node can also update other matters that may belong to the upper functional layer in the composition of the blockchain structure. Once an update occurs, a new mining incentive block will be created. The mining reward block contains a number of new reward accounts that have been assigned to miners. The miner is the winner of the above reward according to the workload Certificate (currently there are 50 reward accounts). The way to reward is to distribute the public key of all such accounts to the reward recipient
blockchain technology layer:
abey's digital currency model contains a multi-layer structure, in which the first layer represents the realization of the digital currency itself (see Figure 7 for graphic explanation). The corresponding levels include:
tier 1 → digital currency (cryptocurrency): currency transfer, mining
tier 2 → refundable transaction and non refundable transaction: allowing the use of digital justice system to complete refundable transaction
Tier 3 → related parties and commission: allowing the automatic distribution of Commission to related parties
Tier 4 → contacting currency: by lending currency, Income based on interest
layer 5 → programmable: reserved for future realization of Turing complete programming model, so as to process blockchain data in a customized way (such as smart contract)
layer 6 → custom protocol: reserved for future use
transaction type:
abey mode allows different levels in blockchain through design, Complete a variety of transaction types. The transaction types in the second layer are as follows:
1 → fund transfer: fund transfer between accounts (1-to-1 transfer)
2 → refundable fund transfer: refundable transaction between accounts. Use escrow balance instead of regular account balance
3 → key change: change the key that can be used to process the account
4 → restore the account: recover funds from the lost and invalid account
5 → set account name: define the name of the account held by the founder
6 → sales preparation: mark the account for sale
7 → move out of the sales queue: remove the account sales mark, And the account is marked as non saleable
refundable transaction and mediator:
for the vast majority of cases, non refundable transaction is equivalent to all "pay to pay" transactions in blockchain based digital currency mode. But abey has introced the concept of refundable transactions into its digital currency model. In abey mode, the transaction marked with small flag belongs to refundable or non refundable transaction. In addition, in abey's blockchain network, each account contains two types of balance: regular and unchangeable balance (used to mark the amount that the account has received and can be paid immediately, but cannot be recovered after the payment) and escrow balance (including the transaction list marked as refundable transaction and the minutes of each transaction)
8 → payment dispute: for the corresponding transaction that has been marked as a refundable transaction, the payment dispute can be initiated only by the payer
9 → refund request: for the corresponding transaction previously marked as a refundable transaction, a refund request can be initiated, but only by the payer
10 → cancel escrow: cancel the escrow funds and return the funds to the payer immediately. It can only be initiated by the payee
11 → release trusteeship: release the trusteeship fund and add the amount to the balance of the payee's account immediately. It can only be initiated by the payer
related parties and commissions:
one of the important deficiencies in today's blockchain driven financial technology is the lack of the ability to provide rewards to related parties who sell specific procts or services. The third layer of abey blockchain can solve this problem< Lending digital currency:
lending digital currency is not only a simple and quick way to allow people to borrow legal tender, but also to ensure the security of encrypted assets. Given that today's valuable digital currencies are also used for transactions, the reason why lending digital currencies is feasible is not only that it allows borrowers to mortgage any type of cryptocurrency they save, but also that it is attractive because it is a way to retain their digital assets in a completely safe or very low-risk way. In addition, abey's model also provides built-in protection through the customer vault lending gateway (VLG), and enables the VLG to act as a buffer between the lender and the borrower
12 → borrowed funds: the borrower initiates transactions in the network, announces the intention of borrowing funds, and specifies the VLG account of the borrowed funds. The transaction is similar to depositing the balance of the regular / escrow account in the selected VLG account
13 → return of collateral: the transaction is initiated by the VLG itself. VLG will return the collateral to the borrower in accordance with the risk management policy
14 → loan repayment: the transaction is initiated by the borrower. If VLG accepts repayment of the loan in digital currency, the borrower may choose to repay the loan in digital currency. Under this condition, the digital monetary fund will be converted into VLG regular account balance<
programmable blockchain:
with its associated metadata payload, the layer of blockchain can be retained to allow the further creation of intelligent contracts between peers in the network by executing the grammar based "complete Turing basic programming language" according to the original blockchain data processing mode. For each payload, encryption or public visibility processing can be implemented, and can be performed in a dedicated virtual environment (similar to a virtual machine). This method can effectively protect data security and avoid the impact of data destruction and security vulnerabilities. The main advantage of this method is that this layer can create and enforce digital contracts without any blockchain specific programming. For Ben
the first three kinds of ingots are made from their own ores (cobalt blue ingot x15, secret silver ingot and refined gold ingot X10). The way these minerals appear is: defeat the underground meat mountain, use its hammer to knock on the devil altar (in the corrosive land, it looks like a sea anemone), and then the lower left corner will show what minerals appear. With mines, things are easy to make.... By the way, after collecting the ore, we need to build a new furnace first... Only in this way can the ingot be refined<
Shenjin drill is forged with these three kinds of drills, six kinds of electric saws made of these three kinds of ores, and three kinds of souls with the power of fear and vision. Set mining, killing, cutting trees, self mutilation function in one! In fact, it's a sharp weapon to kill people and steal goods, travel at home and teach husband and son
I wipe... Take it... Tired for a long time to see only 10
all hands.
The five functions of money are as follows:
1, the function of value scale
specific performance: to price and price all kinds of goods in life to measure the value of goods, and the money to measure the value of goods itself is also a commodity with value
2. The function of circulation means: in the process of commodity exchange, commodity sellers convert commodities into money, and then use money to buy commodities. Here, money plays the role of medium of exchange and performs the function of means of circulation. Popular will be the act of buying and selling, hand in money, hand delivery
3. Storage function
specific performance: money withdraws from the circulation field and acts as an independent form of value and the general representative of social wealth, such as the first, second and third generation of RMB, or other commemorative coins
4, the function of means of payment
specific performance: as an independent form of value, currency performs the functions of unilateral movement (such as debt repayment, tax payment, wage and rent payment, etc.), such as interest payment, wage payment, rent payment, tax payment, etc
The function of world currency is embodied in the following aspects: currency performs the function of general equivalent in the world market. Due to the occurrence and development of international trade, the currency circulation goes beyond the scope of a country and plays a role in the world market, so the currency has the function of world currency. For example, the US dollar is the world currency