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Research on the theory of blockchain
Publish: 2021-03-27 02:31:01
1. Analysis of the application of blockchain Technology. Although theoretically any instry related to digital network can be applied, from the perspective of landing cost, the following instries are more suitable for blockchain technology
as the essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting book, digital currency represented by bitcoin and Ethereum is also a very simple and safe settlement method. In the financial field, the most important process is bookkeeping and clearing. Through blockchain technology, the efficiency of traditional banks and financial instry can be greatly improved
however, all of the above also play the basic functions of blockchain, and there is still much room for improvement. At present, there is no mature blockchain financial project in the world, and we still have a long way to go
when it comes to the application of blockchain, the first thing we think about is the banking and financial instry. Because the essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting system, it is most suitable for the financial instry. The digital currency based on blockchain can also be applied to transactions, clearing and settlement. The security and decentralization of blockchain can ensure the security of bookkeeping. At present, major countries are exploring this application
in addition, many businesses of government agencies are also very suitable for the application of blockchain technology, such as the management of resident identity information, ownership records and proct supervision, etc. Through distributed tamper proof records to ensure the security and privacy of key information. Ireland and many other countries have incorporated this development plan into their short-term goals, which is also one of the more common application areas of blockchain
financial sector: in addition to bitcoin, the financial sector is the most widely used sector of blockchain. After all, financial development is also mixed with money and digital money. In particular, the development of digital currency in recent two years has also driven the application of blockchain
when blockchain spoofing was just emerging, it was questioned by many people and was called blockchain spoofing. Now the chief economists of all countries in the region have begun to abstain from studying the blockchain, proving that the blockchain is graally accepted by the public
in addition, e to the emergence of Ethereum contract, blockchain can also better assist resource sharing related instries, such as our common bike sharing procts. For another example, in the medical field, we can also use blockchain technology to improve efficiency and security, which is a qualitative change in this instry
I believe you have a preliminary understanding of the practical application of blockchain. Looking back at the recent ICO fever in China, a large number of unreliable projects such as dog chain are forced to speculate. Obviously, domestic investors do not know enough about the application field of blockchain. Therefore, stopping ICO not only standardizes the instry, but also protects the investing public.
as the essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting book, digital currency represented by bitcoin and Ethereum is also a very simple and safe settlement method. In the financial field, the most important process is bookkeeping and clearing. Through blockchain technology, the efficiency of traditional banks and financial instry can be greatly improved
however, all of the above also play the basic functions of blockchain, and there is still much room for improvement. At present, there is no mature blockchain financial project in the world, and we still have a long way to go
when it comes to the application of blockchain, the first thing we think about is the banking and financial instry. Because the essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting system, it is most suitable for the financial instry. The digital currency based on blockchain can also be applied to transactions, clearing and settlement. The security and decentralization of blockchain can ensure the security of bookkeeping. At present, major countries are exploring this application
in addition, many businesses of government agencies are also very suitable for the application of blockchain technology, such as the management of resident identity information, ownership records and proct supervision, etc. Through distributed tamper proof records to ensure the security and privacy of key information. Ireland and many other countries have incorporated this development plan into their short-term goals, which is also one of the more common application areas of blockchain
financial sector: in addition to bitcoin, the financial sector is the most widely used sector of blockchain. After all, financial development is also mixed with money and digital money. In particular, the development of digital currency in recent two years has also driven the application of blockchain
when blockchain spoofing was just emerging, it was questioned by many people and was called blockchain spoofing. Now the chief economists of all countries in the region have begun to abstain from studying the blockchain, proving that the blockchain is graally accepted by the public
in addition, e to the emergence of Ethereum contract, blockchain can also better assist resource sharing related instries, such as our common bike sharing procts. For another example, in the medical field, we can also use blockchain technology to improve efficiency and security, which is a qualitative change in this instry
I believe you have a preliminary understanding of the practical application of blockchain. Looking back at the recent ICO fever in China, a large number of unreliable projects such as dog chain are forced to speculate. Obviously, domestic investors do not know enough about the application field of blockchain. Therefore, stopping ICO not only standardizes the instry, but also protects the investing public.
2.
From the perspective of technology and architecture, I will tell you my understanding of blockchain in common language
what is blockchain? In a word, blockchain is a storage system. To be more specific, blockchain is a distributed storage system without an administrator and each node has all the data
What are the common storage systems like
first, how to ensure high availability
the common storage system usually uses "rendancy" to solve the problem of high availability. As shown in the figure above, if the data can be copied into several copies and rendant to multiple places, high availability can be guaranteed. The data in one place is hung, and there is data in other places. For example, the master-slave cluster of MySQL is the same principle, and the raid of disk is also the same principle
two points need to be emphasized in this place are: data rendancy often leads to consistency problems
1. For example, in the master-slave cluster of MySQL, there is actually a delay in reading and writing, which means there is a inconsistency in reading and writing in a short period of time. This is a side effect of data rendancy
The second point is that data rendancy often reces the efficiency of writing, because data synchronization also consumes resources. If you add two slave libraries, the write efficiency will be affected. The common storage system is to use rendancy to ensure the high availability of dataso the second question, ordinary storage system, can write more
the answer is yes, for example, take this graph as an example:
in fact, MySQL can do a master-slave synchronization of al masters, master-slave synchronization of al masters, two nodes can be written at the same time. If you want to do a multi room multi live data center, in fact, multi room multi live data synchronization. What we should emphasize here is that multi-point writing often leads to the consistency problem of writing conflicts. Take MySQL as an example, suppose that the attribute of a table is self incrementing ID, then the data in the database is 1234 now. If one of the nodes writes and inserts a piece of data, it may become 5, and then these 5 pieces of data are synchronized to another master node, Before synchronization, if another write node inserts a piece of data, a piece of data with self incrementing ID of 5 will be generated. Then, after the generation, synchronize to another node, and the synchronized data will conflict with the two local 5's after it arrives, which will lead to synchronization failure and write consistency conflict. This problem will occur in the case of multi-point writing
how to ensure consistency in multi-point writing
the reform "Swan class" gives you more technical work
3.
this is the general content of popular science. If you want to know more about it, you can take a look at Nakamoto's paper and the official popular science video below
The price of a bitcoin soared from more than $20000 to $40000. This can not help but arouse my research interest, or simply understand what bitcoin is, what its mechanism looks like, and uncover its mystery. Therefore, after a simple search of some information and some understanding of the special currency, I sorted out the information on hand< (3) purpose: decentralize, rece risk
all servers in the distributed network can store and process data, and each server has equal status, which can store more data and has higher security<
this is the general content of popular science. If you want to know more about it, you can take a look at Nakamoto's paper and the official popular science video below
4. A brief review of the origin of blockchain
blockchain is the underlying system of distributed ledger in bitcoin. Bitcoin ledgers are built in a distributed and spontaneous way. Anyone can generate new currency blocks by performing specific cryptographic calculations, so as to obtain a digital "currency" that can be used for transactions. Bitcoin's impact on the world monetary system can be said to be subversive, which is also an important reason why it has attracted a lot of people's strong attention since it came out. After that, there were dozens of similar electronic currencies such as
"lightcoin". The abstract extraction of distributed digital currency technology from bitcoin forms a "blockchain" technology, which can be used in more fields
the basic idea of blockchain is to establish a network-based public ledger (data block), each block contains the information of a network transaction. All the participating users in the network work together to keep accounts and check accounts. All the data are open and transparent, and can be used to verify the effectiveness of the information. In this way, the authenticity and non tamperability of information can be guaranteed at the technical level without the central server as the trust intermediary
the significance of blockchain lies in "decentralization", which can fundamentally solve the fraud and rent-seeking phenomenon in value exchange and transfer by building a more reliable network system. With the popularization of blockchain technology, the digital economy will be more authentic, and the economic society will become more fair and transparent
not only digital currency, but also blockchain technology is infiltrating into more innovative fields.
virtual digital currency such as bitcoin is just an application scenario of blockchain technology. Theoretically speaking, based on the characteristics of blockchain technology, human beings can create a very rich form of services and procts, such as finance, government, enterprises, etc There are a large number of scenarios suitable for blockchain technology in cross instry and other fields, with broad prospects. At present, many countries around the world have started the research of blockchain technology, and a series of instry organizations and alliances have been established. However, as blockchain technology is a brand-new technology, which subverts the traditional centralized mode, major institutions are still in the research stage, with only a small number of actual projects landing, and the great development of the instry has just begun
now, blockchain economy is on the eve of outbreak. The exploration of financial instry is ahead of others, while the application of other instries is developing rapidly. The obvious advantage of blockchain instry application is to optimize business process, rece operation cost and improve collaborative efficiency. This advantage has been graally reflected in financial services, Internet of things, public services, social welfare and supply chain management
as the backbone of emerging technologies, blockchain is not only used in the field of virtual currency, but also in other fields such as finance, medical care, intellectual property certification, etc. a large number of excellent enterprises have emerged in China to explore or enter the blockchain instry. According to the in-depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of blockchain instry released by foresight Instry Research Institute, as of the end of 2016, there were 105 blockchain related enterprises in China, 80% of which were concentrated in eastern coastal cities, including Shanghai, Hangzhou and Taipei
from the perspective of global blockchain technology application development, as of April 2017, financial service companies accounted for 55.43% of the 267 blockchain venture capital companies; From the perspective of the Chinese market, 34 of the top 50 blockchain venture capital companies in 2016 are involved in financial services, mainly in cross-border payment, bill discounting and financial service platform<
analysis of the development trend of blockchain
the combination of blockchain and cloud computing is more and more close, and baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
the security problem of blockchain has become increasingly prominent, and security protection needs the overall consideration of technology and management
blockchain system is almost perfect mathematically, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
the competition of blockchain is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important field of competition
with the increase of participants, the competition of blockchain will become more and more fierce, and the competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
with the acceleration of domestic policy process, the development of the instry ushers in a new opportunity
blockchain has attracted attention from all walks of life e to its core advantages of high performance, high security, high-speed access, efficient operation and so on. In the context of the rapid development of blockchain, China conforms to the needs of globalization, closely follows the international pace, and actively promotes the research, standardization and instrialization development of domestic blockchain related fields
trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will completely use algorithms and software to build the trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain.
blockchain is the underlying system of distributed ledger in bitcoin. Bitcoin ledgers are built in a distributed and spontaneous way. Anyone can generate new currency blocks by performing specific cryptographic calculations, so as to obtain a digital "currency" that can be used for transactions. Bitcoin's impact on the world monetary system can be said to be subversive, which is also an important reason why it has attracted a lot of people's strong attention since it came out. After that, there were dozens of similar electronic currencies such as
"lightcoin". The abstract extraction of distributed digital currency technology from bitcoin forms a "blockchain" technology, which can be used in more fields
the basic idea of blockchain is to establish a network-based public ledger (data block), each block contains the information of a network transaction. All the participating users in the network work together to keep accounts and check accounts. All the data are open and transparent, and can be used to verify the effectiveness of the information. In this way, the authenticity and non tamperability of information can be guaranteed at the technical level without the central server as the trust intermediary
the significance of blockchain lies in "decentralization", which can fundamentally solve the fraud and rent-seeking phenomenon in value exchange and transfer by building a more reliable network system. With the popularization of blockchain technology, the digital economy will be more authentic, and the economic society will become more fair and transparent
not only digital currency, but also blockchain technology is infiltrating into more innovative fields.
virtual digital currency such as bitcoin is just an application scenario of blockchain technology. Theoretically speaking, based on the characteristics of blockchain technology, human beings can create a very rich form of services and procts, such as finance, government, enterprises, etc There are a large number of scenarios suitable for blockchain technology in cross instry and other fields, with broad prospects. At present, many countries around the world have started the research of blockchain technology, and a series of instry organizations and alliances have been established. However, as blockchain technology is a brand-new technology, which subverts the traditional centralized mode, major institutions are still in the research stage, with only a small number of actual projects landing, and the great development of the instry has just begun
now, blockchain economy is on the eve of outbreak. The exploration of financial instry is ahead of others, while the application of other instries is developing rapidly. The obvious advantage of blockchain instry application is to optimize business process, rece operation cost and improve collaborative efficiency. This advantage has been graally reflected in financial services, Internet of things, public services, social welfare and supply chain management
as the backbone of emerging technologies, blockchain is not only used in the field of virtual currency, but also in other fields such as finance, medical care, intellectual property certification, etc. a large number of excellent enterprises have emerged in China to explore or enter the blockchain instry. According to the in-depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of blockchain instry released by foresight Instry Research Institute, as of the end of 2016, there were 105 blockchain related enterprises in China, 80% of which were concentrated in eastern coastal cities, including Shanghai, Hangzhou and Taipei
from the perspective of global blockchain technology application development, as of April 2017, financial service companies accounted for 55.43% of the 267 blockchain venture capital companies; From the perspective of the Chinese market, 34 of the top 50 blockchain venture capital companies in 2016 are involved in financial services, mainly in cross-border payment, bill discounting and financial service platform<
analysis of the development trend of blockchain
the combination of blockchain and cloud computing is more and more close, and baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
the security problem of blockchain has become increasingly prominent, and security protection needs the overall consideration of technology and management
blockchain system is almost perfect mathematically, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
the competition of blockchain is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important field of competition
with the increase of participants, the competition of blockchain will become more and more fierce, and the competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
with the acceleration of domestic policy process, the development of the instry ushers in a new opportunity
blockchain has attracted attention from all walks of life e to its core advantages of high performance, high security, high-speed access, efficient operation and so on. In the context of the rapid development of blockchain, China conforms to the needs of globalization, closely follows the international pace, and actively promotes the research, standardization and instrialization development of domestic blockchain related fields
trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will completely use algorithms and software to build the trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain.
5. Professor Hu Kai's research mainly includes:
digital economy and blockchain Technology: he is one of the earliest scholars engaged in blockchain technology in China. He has proposed and developed such theoretical methods as smart contract engineering (SCE), legal code technology, verification as a service (VAAs), etc. in the fields of combination of digital economy and blockchain, planning and consulting of digital economic Park, digital governance of blockchain, and so on Blockchain scalability, Multi Chain interconnection and blockchain formal verification technology have in-depth research and patent achievements. He presided over the research and development of Beihang blockchain series procts, including various forms of blockchain systems with independent intellectual property rights, browsers, monitors, deployment tools and blockchain big data management system (opendata)
distributed parallel computing and network: he has been engaged in cluster computing system, high-performance computing, aerospace electronic bus, and integrated network information technology research in complex computing environment for a long time. He proposed and studied the theory of reconfigurable multi cluster computing based on wolf pack and applied it to practice, and developed several application software systems
formal design and verification methods: in close cooperation with irit and INRIA, we have established a Sino French joint research laboratory for formal methods, studied model driven formal design and verification methods, proposed a number of innovative extension technologies based on AADL and synchronous language signal, and developed a number of model transformation, model validation and verification methods Verification and automatic code generation tools
in recent years, he has published more than 60 papers on SCI / EI retrieval in important academic journals at home and abroad, edited new technologies of network computing (416 pages, published by Science Press in 2001), and cooperatively completed the national authoritative textbook introction to distributed computing system (490 pages, published by Tsinghua University Press in 2014), which won the first prize of 2016 textbook, It has been adopted by more than ten key universities. He has successively presided over and participated in a number of National Natural Science Fund, national key R & D projects, 863 major projects, Junkou 863 project, National Nuclear high-tech foundation project, aerospace fund, and a number of important engineering projects in aerospace field. He won more than 30 national invention patents and soft works, won the five-year achievement award of aviation fund in 2015, and won the second-class innovation achievement award of Instry University Research Institute in 2018.
digital economy and blockchain Technology: he is one of the earliest scholars engaged in blockchain technology in China. He has proposed and developed such theoretical methods as smart contract engineering (SCE), legal code technology, verification as a service (VAAs), etc. in the fields of combination of digital economy and blockchain, planning and consulting of digital economic Park, digital governance of blockchain, and so on Blockchain scalability, Multi Chain interconnection and blockchain formal verification technology have in-depth research and patent achievements. He presided over the research and development of Beihang blockchain series procts, including various forms of blockchain systems with independent intellectual property rights, browsers, monitors, deployment tools and blockchain big data management system (opendata)
distributed parallel computing and network: he has been engaged in cluster computing system, high-performance computing, aerospace electronic bus, and integrated network information technology research in complex computing environment for a long time. He proposed and studied the theory of reconfigurable multi cluster computing based on wolf pack and applied it to practice, and developed several application software systems
formal design and verification methods: in close cooperation with irit and INRIA, we have established a Sino French joint research laboratory for formal methods, studied model driven formal design and verification methods, proposed a number of innovative extension technologies based on AADL and synchronous language signal, and developed a number of model transformation, model validation and verification methods Verification and automatic code generation tools
in recent years, he has published more than 60 papers on SCI / EI retrieval in important academic journals at home and abroad, edited new technologies of network computing (416 pages, published by Science Press in 2001), and cooperatively completed the national authoritative textbook introction to distributed computing system (490 pages, published by Tsinghua University Press in 2014), which won the first prize of 2016 textbook, It has been adopted by more than ten key universities. He has successively presided over and participated in a number of National Natural Science Fund, national key R & D projects, 863 major projects, Junkou 863 project, National Nuclear high-tech foundation project, aerospace fund, and a number of important engineering projects in aerospace field. He won more than 30 national invention patents and soft works, won the five-year achievement award of aviation fund in 2015, and won the second-class innovation achievement award of Instry University Research Institute in 2018.
6. Many relationships between people are based on trust, such as friend relationship, cooperation relationship, transaction relationship, etc
take trading activities as an example. In the past, the two sides who did not trust each other usually chose an intermediary to guarantee a transaction. In the mobile Internet era, we chose Taobao shopping because Alipay provided us with an intermediate guarantee. We chose to drop dripping because it provided us with information matching.
however, these intermediaries are centralized and have their own interests. Sometimes they are not so reliable and trustworthy. Theoretically, Alipay's centralization of accounting has been artificially falsified. Part of the reason for Didi's troubles is that they only think from their own standpoint
what blockchain does is the machine of trust, which replaces the role of trust intermediary with code, ensures the fairness and justice of the whole system through consensus mechanism and distributed accounting, and provides a trust without trust
for example, in the future, people can abandon the intermediate platform and realize point-to-point docking and free trading through blockchain. Shopping does not need to go through an intermediary, and taking a taxi does not need to go through Didi. In this way, we can really achieve "no middleman to earn the price difference" and rece the cost.
take trading activities as an example. In the past, the two sides who did not trust each other usually chose an intermediary to guarantee a transaction. In the mobile Internet era, we chose Taobao shopping because Alipay provided us with an intermediate guarantee. We chose to drop dripping because it provided us with information matching.
however, these intermediaries are centralized and have their own interests. Sometimes they are not so reliable and trustworthy. Theoretically, Alipay's centralization of accounting has been artificially falsified. Part of the reason for Didi's troubles is that they only think from their own standpoint
what blockchain does is the machine of trust, which replaces the role of trust intermediary with code, ensures the fairness and justice of the whole system through consensus mechanism and distributed accounting, and provides a trust without trust
for example, in the future, people can abandon the intermediate platform and realize point-to-point docking and free trading through blockchain. Shopping does not need to go through an intermediary, and taking a taxi does not need to go through Didi. In this way, we can really achieve "no middleman to earn the price difference" and rece the cost.
7. It is not recommended to have both. It will rece the age of the machine and cause troubles e to fever
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