Block chain public resource trading collusion
the confirmation times of bitcoin are different from that of Ruitai coin, Laite coin and doggy coin.
blockchain is the core supporting technology of digital cryptocurrency system represented by bitcoin. The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation based on decentralized credit in a distributed system without mutual trust by means of data encryption, time stamp, distributed consensus and economic incentive, so as to solve the common high cost, low cost and low cost of centralized institutions Low efficiency and data storage insecurity provide solutions
the application fields of blockchain include digital currency, token, finance, anti-counterfeiting traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. with the popularity of blockchain and bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has a great impact on the domain name instry.
The global well-known blockchain trading platform can refer to the following figure:
there are many similar platforms, which can be viewed on non small platforms. The market of digital assets fluctuates a lot, and no one can say for sure. Compared with the previous boom, the current market is in the cooling stage
blockchain is the core supporting technology of digital cryptocurrency system represented by bitcoin. The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation based on decentralized credit in a distributed system without mutual trust by means of data encryption, time stamp, distributed consensus and economic incentive, so as to solve the common high cost, low cost and low cost of centralized institutions Low efficiency and data storage insecurity provide solutions
the application fields of blockchain include digital currency, token, finance, anti-counterfeiting traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. with the popularity of blockchain and bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has a great impact on the domain name instry
Let's suppose villagers Lao Wang and Xiao Li. Lao Wang borrowed some money from Xiao Li, who wrote it in an IOU signed by both parties. A few days later, Lao Wang denied the existence of borrowing money and claimed that Xiao Li forged the paper. Xiao Li can't argue because he finds it difficult to prove that Lao Wang actually owes him money
in this example, Lao Wang and Xiao Li are two nodes
now assuming the same scenario, there are many pairs of people trading with each other in the village. The only evidence for each pair is the IOU. If one party fails, it will be difficult to do so. Seeing this scene, the village head came up with a solution. He suggested using a common notebook for the whole village to record all the transactions. Due to the high prestige of the village head, the villagers unanimously decided to let the village head keep this important transaction book. Each transaction, the villagers go to the village head's home, let the village head witness and record, each transaction is written into a notebook, and then safely saved. That notebook can be called a database
because this notebook is very important, the village head locked it in the safe. However, there are always some problems. Sometimes, the village head will accidentally sprinkle ink on the paper, making some transaction records illegible. This is called a single point of failure. The thief knows that there is an important notebook in the safe of the village head's house. He tries his best to steal it. This is called hacking
until one day, the village head's son owed others a lot of money, so the village head secretly deleted his son's debt entry. In this way, the village head's son "does not owe money."
when the villagers knew this, they began to question the fairness and authority of the village head. So some people put forward a new idea:
abolish the power of the village head, which is called decentralization. Let all villagers keep a notebook, and the transaction records are copied and distributed, which is called distributed database. Therefore, if there are n people in the village, there are n notebooks, that is, n nodes. Every time there is a trade between any two people, all the people in the village get together and record it in their notebooks. And no one can cover the sky. This is called decentralization
they also decided that they would never delete the mentioned transactions from their notebooks, which is irreversible. For example, Lao Wang borrowed a sum of money from Xiao Li before, but in the twinkling of an eye, he wants to return the money. Then the transaction book will not delete the previous borrowing record, but write a new repayment record, so there are two records
next, let's try to break this rule. What if we bribe Lao Wang to change his notebook? It's not feasible, because the next time the villagers meet, they find that Lao Wang's notebook is different from everyone else's, so the villagers notice that Lao Wang may be engaged in an indescribable transaction, and decide to abolish Lao Wang's transaction record and kick Lao Wang out of the organization
What if you try to bribe all the villagers? It's too expensive
the characteristic of this model is that greedy people need to pay a lot to attack the rules. He will find it more profitable to follow the rules
a smart child in the village suggested that each transaction data be called "block" and linked into a "chain" in chronological order, which is called blockchain
John Clayton, chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, criticized ICOS that want to evade regulation, saying: "a lot of ICOS are concted under illegal circumstances. The sponsors and other participants of these ICOS have not complied with our securities laws. Some people say this is because the law is not perfect. But I don't think so at the moment. "
according to Clayton, up to now, no ICO has been registered with the sec. In 2017, all the ICOS raised about US $4 billion. "A lot of people think that ICO is a new thing and deny that ICO is a kind of security, but another way of financing," Clayton said. I don't think regulators have done a good job in this area. "<
Giancarlo of CFTC also thinks that virtual currency should be more strictly regulated. "I'm surprised by the enthusiasm of young people for virtual currency, and we should respect them."
the two presidents of the US regulatory agencies believe that decentralized blockchain technology has great potential, but whether it can bring benefits to the public is still unknown
although the relevant agencies have concted dialogues at the congressional hearings, it will take a long time to formulate specific policies.
Ethereum's "infatuated cat" mobile games will be launched in China, supporting the wallet function
J. Christopher Giancarlo, chairman of the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), today submitted a written testimony to the US Senate Banking Committee, suggesting that the distributed ledger Technology (blockchain), the Virtual currency companies and related start-ups adopt a "no harm" registration process. "Virtual currency marks a paradigm shift in our view of payments, traditional financial processes and participation in economic activities," he said. Ignoring these developments will not only keep them out of sight, nor is it a responsible response from a regulatory authority. " At 23 o'clock tonight, the US Senate will hold a thematic hearing on virtual currency regulation, which will be attended by SEC chairman Jay Clayton and CFTC chairman J. Christopher Giancarlo Source: Babbitt)
interesting comments: at present, the hearing has been completed, and the future finance and economics also read the PDF file of the public meeting report. The screenshot above shows the conclusion of the hearing: blockchain and other emerging technologies have the potential to further develop, and influence and improve the capital market and financial services enterprises, whether in the United States or abroad, history has proved this. On the whole, it's good for us. In short, we should embrace the pursuit of technology
that is to say, despite a lot of chaos in the blockchain market, the hearing held by the United States on the supervision of virtual currency still holds an inclusive and open attitude towards blockchain technology. In fact, China is also receptive and open to blockchain, but the supervision in the virtual currency trading market has been strengthened. Anyway, it's good news
facing the sudden attack of the new crown pneumonia epidemic situation, Zhangjiakou public resource trading center, with the support of network technology and the advantage of the third party trading platform, has quickly organized the online trading platform of "not meeting the opening bid" on the Internet. The platform of />
"bid opening without meeting on the Internet" realizes "more data running and no bidder running", and reces the cost of resumption of work and proction of enterprises. At the same time, in the process of transaction, there is no meeting between bidders, between bidders and bid evaluation experts, between bidders and bidders, creating an open, fair and just trading environment. Up to now, the whole city has completed the bidding work of 137 trading projects by means of "online bid opening without meeting"
the afforestation construction supervision project in Bashang area, Chengde City, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province in 2019 successfully completed the bidding work ring the epidemic period through the way of "online bid opening without meeting". The project has 25 bid sections, with a budget of 73 million yuan and more than 100 bidders. Because it is a afforestation project, it is greatly affected by seasonal planting, and the work time is tight and the task is heavy. If the traditional on-site bid opening is not concive to epidemic prevention, and according to the requirement of isolation for 14 days in cross regional areas, especially in areas with serious epidemic situation, these personnel will not be able to participate in the on-site bid opening
through the "online bid opening without meeting", each bidder of the project logs in to the online bid opening hall at the time specified in the announcement, and performs remote check-in, online decryption of bidding documents, and remote bid singing, so as to realize the whole process of bidding and bid opening without leaving home.
on May 19, 2019, the general office of the State Council transmitted the guidance on deepening the integration and sharing of public resources trading platform issued by the national development and Reform Commission, One of its main goals is to "fully implement the electronization of public resources and realize the online real-time supervision of the whole process of public resources transactions" by 2020....
on May 30, 2019, the decision of the Standing Committee of Hebei Provincial People's Congress on strengthening the supervision and management of the construction market was deliberated and adopted by the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th Hebei Provincial People's Congress and implemented on June 1, On June 15, 2019, the general office of Guangzhou Municipal People's government officially printed and issued the implementation plan for deepening the reform of the bidding system of construction projects in Guangzhou (hereinafter referred to as the plan), and proposed nine reform measures in view of the new situation and new problems in the current bidding work, To further deepen the reform of the bidding and tendering in Guangzhou construction project, China's tendering and bidding public service platform in from July 18th to 19th
2019 held a two day collaborative promotion of Internet plus bidding technology innovation achievements in Beijing. The conference mainly focused on the three themes of "CA code scanning mutual recognition and sharing", "system network, big data, security" and "blockchain", CFCA mobile electronic authentication: to build the whole process security guarantee of handheld electronic bidding....
on July 24, 2019, the first anniversary of the whole process electronic bidding in Hengshui, Hebei Province....
the above electronic bidding pilot and policy promotion have made the electronic bidding develop rapidly in the whole country, and become an important platform for engineering construction, government procurement, information technology and so on Mineral trading and other fields of the mainstream bidding mode. Electronic bidding is closely related to the development of information technology all over the world. With the rise and development of e-government, commerce and project management, electronic bidding has become the main means of bidding, which is an inevitable development trend
looking forward to the future, how will electronic bidding develop
Future Prospects: the government, large state-owned enterprises and third-party institutions will work together to build a benign ecological environment for electronic bidding
(1) as the main three parties involved in the E-bidding market, the government, large state-owned enterprises and the third-party E-bidding institutions can only build a benign ecological environment of the instry and build an efficient, open, fair and just bidding instry pattern through win-win cooperation
(2) as the main body of the public resources trading center, the government must perform the supervision and management responsibilities, accelerate the reform of the separation of the three networks, separate the administrative supervision platform, public service platform and electronic bidding trading platform, distribute different functions to the most professional people, and guide the market capital to actively participate in, which can effectively prevent insider trading, Improve the overall efficiency and transparency of the instry
electronic bidding is a bidding activity completed in the form of data message. Generally speaking, it means that some or all of the paper documents are discarded, and the business processes such as bidding, bidding, bid evaluation, contract signing, and even the whole process are electronically realized by means of computer and communication technology
there is a special definition of bidding in China, and bidding activities are subject to the bidding law and its implementation regulations. For electronic bidding, the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of instry and information technology, the Ministry of supervision, the Ministry of housing and urban rural development, the Ministry of transportation, the Ministry of railways, the Ministry of water resources and the Ministry of Commerce jointly formulated the "electronic bidding method" and its annex "technical specification for bidding system" The promulgation of the measures for electronic tendering and bidding will provide unified standards and legal basis for the practice of electronic tendering and bidding in various regions and departments, and make it develop in a more standardized and unified direction
it should be pointed out that the online bidding operation of each trading platform will be slightly different. In actual operation, we also need to understand the specific process of a specific trading platform. Do specific analysis of specific problems
on the issue of E-bidding, what are the advantages of E-bidding
e to the existence of E-bidding, the traditional bidding methods are suffering from the test of the times, and the future prospects become uncertain and unpredictable. With the strong support of national policies for E-bidding, E-bidding has been widely used in engineering bidding, e-procurement, government procurement and other instries. Following the pace of China Bidding network to analyze the advantages of electronic bidding
combined with the views of experts and instry insiders, several advantages are summarized:
1. The bidding instry is full of corruption, and transparency is more important. All information of bidding projects, including procurement, bidding notice, bid winning announcement, etc., are publicly released on the electronic bidding system to realize the open, fair and just principles of bidding activities
2. Rece the cost and improve the efficiency
using the electronic bidding system, the cost is lower. Save manpower and material costs
3. Detailed analysis of bidding documents and locking of illegal clues
the system automatically records the user's hardware characteristic code, tool software, pricing software identity code, etc., binds the information with the bidding documents, and concts identification, comparison and detailed analysis of these information that should not be the same ring bid evaluation, which can effectively lock the illegal clues< In the traditional bidding activities, the bidding data can only be managed by manual registration or re entry, which not only wastes manpower e to repeated labor, but also provides effective data support for government regulatory departments to grasp the instry development status and trend in real time and make scientific macroeconomic decisions, Moreover, because the data update is not synchronized, the data association is poor, resulting in the disconnection between business and management. The electronic bidding platform directly collects relevant information and data in the business process, which is closely related and has strong linkage effect. The preciseness of the bidding process ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data information. Through the accumulation of a certain period of time, the formation of the bidding resource information database is concive to the analysis and summary of the bidding and procurement work of the bidding agencies, and improve the level of business management. At the same time, it provides effective data support for the government regulatory departments to grasp the current situation and trend of the instry development in real time and make scientific macroeconomic decisions
5. Keep the bidding information confidential, increase the difficulty of breaking the rules, and detect and curb the bidding collusion
through the application of online downloading bidding announcement, online bidding registration, online downloading bidding documents, online answering questions, online payment and other functions, the handling situation of each node can be quickly fed back through the SMS platform. In this way, the information of bidders is in a highly confidential state before the deadline of bidding, which makes it difficult for those who intend to collude with each other to master the relevant information
6. Set up multiple rounds of inspection to curb the directional rejection of bids
conct comprehensive proofreading and inspection on the integrity, conformity and accuracy of the contents of the bid documents in multiple links such as bid preparation, upload and evaluation, so as to prevent the judges from choosing the directional rejection of bids with the intention of bid evaluation, so as to cut off the interest relationship between the judges and some bidders< (1) the online bidding system is supported by the enterprise credit database. Once confirmed, the fraulent enterprises will be listed in the blacklist database and publicized online. The system will automatically close their information channels, and they will not be eligible for online registration in future bidding activities. This undoubtedly increases the illegal cost of bidding enterprises, Make bidding enterprises cherish bidding credit record more
(2) through the information feedback from the bidding units to the construction units, the malicious default of the construction funds of the construction units can be effectively curbed, which helps to improve the integrity construction of the construction units; Improving the evaluation system of judges is concive to supervising the professional ability and professional ethics of judges
the Internet has profoundly changed people's way of work and life, and has become a new form of business. Electronic bidding is the core application of "Internet plus bidding", and will graally become the mainstream mode of China's bidding field.