Want to do blockchain
We need to establish data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
1. The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and time stamp
2. The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data transmission mechanism and data verification mechanism
The consensus layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of consensus algorithms of network nodes The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuing mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives5. The contract layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain
6. The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain
, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, stressed in the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". <
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the forward-looking judgment of the CPC Central Committee has brought the "blockchain" into the public view and become the common focus of financial capital, real economy and public opinion
from network power to big data, from media integration to blockchain, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee has collectively studied and aimed at the forefront of technological change, showing the direction, foresight and foresight of the CPC Central Committee, leading the pace of China's instrial change and economic transformation. This collective study of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC, with special emphasis on "blockchain", has opened up an imaginary space for the development and application of blockchain
from the perspective of science and technology, blockchain involves many scientific and technological issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming. From the perspective of application, in short, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which is decentralized, tamper proof, traceable, collective maintenance, open and transparent
these features ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain, and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically based on the fact that blockchain can solve the problem of information asymmetry, and realize the cooperative trust and concerted action among multiple agents
At present, blockchain is not only applied in the financial instry, but also in the following instries, such as banking, payment and cash transaction, network security, academic records and academia, election, network and Internet of things, prediction, right and so on. There are still many areas that need blockchain technology. It can be imagined that the Internet + we mentioned before will become a blockchain + situation in the future
from the demand side, finance, health care, notarization, communication, supply chain, domain name, voting and other fields are beginning to realize the importance of blockchain and try to connect technology with the real society
from the perspective of the investment side, the supply of investment funds for blockchain is graally rising, the investment enthusiasm of venture capital is also rising, and the investment density is increasing. The supply of funds at the supply side is expected to promote the further development of technology
from the perspective of market application, blockchain can become a market tool to help the society rece the cost of the platform and make the intermediary institutions become the past; Blockchain will promote the shift of the focus of the company's existing business model, which is expected to accelerate the development of the company
from the perspective of underlying technology, blockchain is expected to promote the transformation of data recording, data dissemination and data storage management; Blockchain itself is more like an open source protocol at the bottom of the Internet, which will touch or even completely replace the underlying basic protocol of the existing Internet in the near future
from the perspective of social structure, blockchain technology is expected to integrate law and economy and completely subvert the original social supervision mode; Organizational form will change because of it, and blockchain may eventually lead people to a distributed and autonomous society
Where should we start to learn blockchain
first of all, we need to have a comprehensive understanding of the source and cognition of blockchain from a macro perspective. Why do we need to do this? Because if we don't understand, we will have no voice. We don't know how to judge that the next outlet is blockchain. Even if people follow suit, we also need our own learning solution as support. So, what do we need to know? I have listed the contents, For your reference only, if you already know something about it, you can skip this step:
1), basic theory of blockchain
2), basic programming (computer software and hardware foundation, character set and character encoding, HTML5 + CSS3 and other front-end technologies, ECMAScript + BOM + DOM, jQuery, node.js, Ajax and express framework)
3) Go programming language and database operation
4), blockchain 1.0 programming - bitcoin
5), blockchain 2.0 - Ethereum
6), Star Cloud chain and EOS development practice
7), blockchain 3.0 - fabric of super ledger
to you who are still struggling in the tuyere of blockchain: there is a market when there is demand, and the society never lacks excellent technical talents, After a good understanding (you can refer to Qianfeng's blockchain video tutorial), you must be firm and accurate
1. The underlying chain platform providers, such as ant / network, usually only provide chain and development tools, but the specific instry / scenario solutions and development delivery capabilities are limited, which is not their focus. They want to use blockchain to package and sell more cloud services
2. Blockchain solution companies usually provide blockchain solutions in their own familiar fields, but most of them are small and medium-sized teams or start-up teams. Most of them have little difference in blockchain technology capabilities and have a deep understanding in their respective fields
however, the biggest problem of such companies is that because the blockchain instry is still in its early stage, and there is no mature business model or profit model, most of them need external investment to continue their life, which leads to the difficulty in guaranteeing their service ability or continuous performance ability, and frankly speaking, their business is unstable
on the other hand, because it is not a professional end-to-end delivery or professional outsourcing, it does not have mature methods, team and project management to ensure the efficient and complete delivery of a blockchain solution. So for buyers, it is easy to get out of control in the process of project development, or it is difficult to get satisfactory delivery results in the end
there is also a common problem, that is, most customers do not know what to do with blockchain and how to combine their business to do a valuable and meaningful blockchain project. Under this kind of cognition, I blindly find a company to directly develop on the scheme, and it's easy to regret or even give up halfway after doing it. I see too many such projects, I can't figure out the situation, and I don't know what I want to do. It's easy to set up a blockchain. This kind of company usually does not have the ability of pre-sale business consulting, business analysis and planning, in other words, the ability to help you understand the situation. In a word, if you know what you want, it may be OK to find them. If you don't know, it's better to find a professional consulting company honestly
3. IT consulting and delivery companies, which are usually specialized in serving large customers in various instries, have a set of consulting and end-to-end delivery methods and team support. Well, there are not many blockchain businesses in these companies, because they are not limited to the narrow business of blockchain, such as Accenture or some domestic companies. However, ThoughtWorks is slightly different. It has a blockchain division, pre-sales consulting / business analysis services, and delivery services. Then it has blockchain projects in its own major customers in various instries. Automobile, finance, retail, energy, agriculture and so on
virtual currency is simply a kind of digital currency using cryptographic algorithm, and virtual currency is invisible
the media of the central bank also said that private digital currency transactions will not be opened after the situation is stable
Internet financial access threshold is low, only with a computer, a set of 200 yuan to purchase the source code can build a P2P network loan platform, so inevitably there are some swindlers using P2P network loan platform malicious fraud run events, causing huge losses to investors. Using the Internet to carry out illegal activities may involve the following crimes:
1. Article 176 of the criminal law [crime of illegally absorbing public deposits]
Whoever illegally absorbs public deposits or absorbs public deposits in disguised form, thus disrupting the financial order, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than 20000 yuan but not more than 200000 yuan; If the amount is huge or if there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than 50000 yuan but not more than 500000 yuan. Where a unit commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph< Article 192 of the criminal law [crime of fraud in fund raising]
Whoever illegally raises funds by means of fraud for the purpose of illegal possession, if the amount is relatively large, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined not less than 20000 yuan but not more than 200000 yuan; If the amount is huge or if there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than 50000 yuan but not more than 500000 yuan; If the amount is especially huge or if there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment and shall also be fined not less than 50000 yuan but not more than 500000 yuan or be sentenced to confiscation of property< On June 4, 2010, the people's Bank of China issued the administrative measures for payment services of non-financial institutions (No.2 [2010]). Article 1 of the measures stipulates that the purpose of the measures is to promote the healthy development of the payment service market and regulate the payment service behavior of non-financial institutions, To prevent payment risks and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the parties
Article 2 of the measures specifies that the term "non-financial institution payment service" as mentioned in the measures means that non-financial institutions, as intermediaries, provide some or all of the following monetary fund transfer services: (1) online payment 2 Issuance and acceptance of prepaid card 3 Bank card receipt 4 Other payment services determined by the people's Bank of China. The term "network payment" as mentioned in the Measures refers to the behavior of transferring monetary funds between payees and payers relying on public network or private network, including currency exchange, Internet payment, mobile phone payment, fixed phone payment, digital TV payment, etc. The term "prepaid card" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the prepaid value of goods or services issued for profit and purchased outside the issuing institution, including prepaid cards issued in the form of cards, passwords, etc. by adopting magnetic stripe, chip and other technologies. The bank card acquiring as mentioned in the Measures refers to the behavior of collecting monetary funds for special merchants of bank cards through point of sale (POS) terminals The administrative measures for payment services of non-financial institutions is an important regulatory regulation for third-party payment
[editor's note] since then, although the measures for the management of prepaid card business of Payment institutions, the measures for the deposit and management of customer provisions of Payment institutions, the measures for the management of bank card acquiring business of Payment institutions, and the measures for the management of Internet payment business of Payment institutions have been promulgated successively "Guidance on the development of mobile payment business" and other specific payment business management provisions, but the relevant provisions are based on the management measures in 2010, and the institutional framework of third-party payment has not changed fundamentally< On August 23, 2011, China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) issued the notice on risk warning of Renren loan (No.254, 2011), which pointed out that under the current situation of tight bank credit, the credit service intermediary companies of Renren loan (P2P) are developing rapidly. This kind of intermediary company collects information of borrowers and lenders, evaluates borrowers' collateral, such as real estate, automobile, equipment, etc., and then matches them, and charges intermediary service fees. The media have made a lot of reports on the operation and influence of such intermediary companies, which has aroused much attention. In this regard, the CBRC organized a special investigation, found a large number of potential risks and gave tips. Thus, the notice is only a risk warning document for Renren loan
at the inter ministerial joint meeting of nine ministries and commissions on the disposal of illegal fund-raising held on November 25, 2013, the central bank clearly defined the illegal fund-raising behavior of P2P online lending instry, which mainly includes three types of situations: fund pool mode; fund pool mode; fund pool mode; The risk of illegal fund-raising caused by unqualified borrowers and Ponzi scheme< The securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently approved the draft regulation on crowdfunding. Crowdfunding for the public was approved by the "jumpstart
our business startups act" (jobs act) in early 2012, that is to say, crowdfunding for all kinds of projects on the Internet The fund-raising of enterprises and even companies is confirmed by law. This is an important measure taken by the US government to regulate crowdfunding< On September 16, 2013, China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) announced that some companies on taobao.com were suspected of issuing stocks without authorization and called a halt. The suspension is based on the notice of the general office of the State Council on severely cracking down on issues related to illegal issuance of shares and illegal operation of securities business (GBF [2006] No. 99), which stipulates that "any shareholder of a company is strictly prohibited from transferring shares to the public by himself or by entrusting others in an open manner". So far, it is known as Chinese style "crowdfunding", that is, the behavior of issuing shares to the public by using the network platform is defined as "illegal securities activities" for the first time. Although the crowdfunding model is concive to solving the financing problem of small and medium-sized micro enterprises, considering the current legal framework, domestic crowdfunding websites can not simply the American model, and must find a crowdfunding road suitable for China's national conditions
according to the interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the specific application of law in the trial of criminal cases of illegal fund-raising, crowdfunding mode is almost easy to press the red line of violation in form, that is, without permission, through the website public recommendation, promise a certain return, and absorb funds from non-specific objects, which constitutes illegal fund-raising. The United States legislates for crowdfunding. We can learn from the jobs act of the United States to regulate the crowdfunding model, but it still needs a graal process<
[editor's note: on March 31, 2014, the Supreme People's court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the opinions on Several Issues concerning the application of laws in handling criminal cases of illegal fund-raising, which should also be paid attention to]
4. Regulations on virtual currency
June 4, 2009, The Ministry of culture and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the notice on strengthening the management of online game virtual currency (Wen Shi Fa [2009] No. 20), which stipulates that the market access should be strictly enforced and the management of the issuers of online game virtual currency and the providers of online game virtual currency trading services should be strengthened. Engaging in "online game virtual currency trading service" business must comply with the relevant provisions of the competent department of Commerce on e-commerce (platform) services. In addition to legal currency purchase, online game operation enterprises shall not provide online game virtual currency to users in any other way. On July 20, 2009, the Ministry of Culture issued the declaration guide for "online game virtual currency issuing enterprises" and "online game virtual currency trading enterprises", which provides operational guidance rules for the declaration and approval work of operating Internet cultural units applying for "online game virtual currency issuing services"< On September 28, 2008, the State Administration of Taxation issued the official reply on the issue of personal income tax on the income of indivials from buying and selling virtual currency through the Internet (Guo Shui Han [2008] No. 818), which clarified the tax treatment of virtual currency, that is, the income obtained by indivials from purchasing players' virtual currency through the Internet and selling it to others after price increase belongs to the taxable income of indivial income tax, The indivial income tax shall be calculated and paid according to the item of "income from property transfer"
in short, the introction of a series of regulatory measures makes the regulation of virtual currency further clear, but the regulatory measures are only limited to the virtual currency in the game<
[editor's note: for the current popular bitcoin, the notice of the people's Bank of China, the Ministry of instry and information technology, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on preventing bitcoin risks (Yin Fa [2013] No. 289) specifies: at this stage, the, All financial institutions and Payment institutions shall not price procts or services with bitcoin, buy or sell bitcoin or act as central counterparties, underwrite insurance business related to bitcoin or include bitcoin into the scope of insurance liability, and directly or indirectly provide customers with other services related to bitcoin, including bitcoin registration, trading, clearing, etc Settlement and other services; Accept bitcoin or use bitcoin as a payment and settlement tool; Carry out bitcoin and RMB and foreign currency exchange services; Carry out bitcoin storage, custody, mortgage and other services; Issuing financial procts related to bitcoin; Take bitcoin as the investment target of trust, fund, etc.]< On June 29, 2001, the people's Bank of China issued the Interim Measures for the management of online banking business, but it was abolished in 2007. On January 26, 2006, the CBRC promulgated the measures for the administration of e-banking business (Order No. 5 of 2006 of the CBRC). The e-banking business mentioned in the Measures refers to the use of communication channels or open public networks open to the public by commercial banks and other banking financial institutions, as well as the private networks established by banks for specific self-service facilities or customers, Banking services to customers. E-banking business includes banking business carried out by computer and Internet (hereinafter referred to as Internet banking business), banking business carried out by voice communication equipment such as telephone and telecommunication network (hereinafter referred to as telephone banking business), banking business carried out by mobile phone and wireless network (hereinafter referred to as mobile banking business), As well as other use of electronic service equipment and network, by the customer through self-service way to complete financial transactions of banking business The measures for the administration of e-banking is an important regulatory regulation for Internet banking<
[editor's note: China Banking Regulatory Commission, people's Bank of China: Notice on strengthening the management of cooperative business between commercial banks and third-party payment institutions (No. 10 [2014] of China Banking Regulatory Commission) puts forward specific requirements for cooperative business between commercial banks and third-party payment institutions]
6. Regulations on Internet insurance
September 20, 2011, China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC) issued the "Notice of China Insurance Regulatory Commission on printing and distributing & lt& lt;/ SPAN> Measures for the supervision of Internet insurance business of insurance agents and brokers (for Trial Implementation); The purpose of the measures is to promote the standardized, healthy and orderly development of Internet insurance business of insurance agents and brokerage companies, and to effectively protect the investment risk
Shengshi Huacai
blockchain development is very good. It has been done for more than ten years and is quite professional, which is worth recommending
basically, all digital currencies in the market can be called blockchain projects. Blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin. In addition to bitcoin, bitcoin cash, Ethereum and other old digital currencies, wikilink, Neo and other public chains are also very popular.