10 minutes to let you know blockchain
Blockchain is a kind of technology, which solves the core "trust" problem in the market economy and reces the trust cost between strangers to a very low level
there is one crucial thing in the market economy, which is "trust". Without trust, no deal can be established. When you go to LAICHANG to buy vegetables, if you don't believe that the pesticide content in vegetable is up to the standard, you won't trade with that dealer; If you buy a bottle of water in a small shop, the clerk will not sell you the water if he doesn't believe that the money you give is real
the traditional small-scale peasant economy is acquaintance economy, and the transaction scale is limited to people who are familiar with each other nearby. If an acquaintance deceives you, he will lose your social relationship and damage his reputation in the whole circle of acquaintances. We believe that acquaintances are less likely to cheat us than strangers
therefore, once we are beyond the scope of acquaintances, we need to use a high cost to identify whether a stranger will cheat me and how to avoid the risk of being cheated. This situation will hinder the transaction and restrict the transaction
in addition, different races, nationalities, cultures, religious beliefs and so on will naturally have this kind of trust problem
in the market economy, why can there be so many transactions between strangers? Because of the birth of a new mechanism to solve the problem of trust in strangers
so far, the most important mechanism to solve the trust problem is the "trust intermediary" organization and mode
as long as you and strangers trust a third-party organization, the trust problem between you can be solved through this third-party organization
this third-party organization, we call it trust intermediary. Both the government and the bank are trust intermediaries
you can sell the goods you have worked hard to proce to a stranger in exchange for a stack of RMB banknotes. It's because the credit of the note issuing bank and the guarantee of the authority of the government guarantee the currency value and effectiveness of the banknotes. Otherwise, sell things, in exchange for a few ordinary paper, who would like to
in the era of global village and Internet, the people who buy your things may be strangers who will not meet and thousands of miles away. Trust is lower, so Alipay assumes the role of trust intermediation. Buyers first pay the goods to Alipay's account. When they receive the goods, they confirm that they are OK, then they agree to sell the goods to the seller. Taobao and other e-commerce have been booming rapidly in just over ten years
trust intermediary is in a central position in the transaction system. All transactions should solve the trust problem through it
However, the cost of trust intermediary itself is often hugeas a trust intermediary, how much transaction tax does the government charge each year? What is the most profitable instry? Financial services. The annual profits of Alipay's ant suit are over ten billion. p> What does this mean? Both sides of the market actually pay a huge trust cost
if there is any way to cancel or greatly rece the trust cost, the transaction cost of the general public can be reced, and the profits can be greatly increased
so in the Internet era, blockchain technology is on the stage
it allows the trading party to get rid of the intermediary, solve the problem of trust among strangers, and greatly rece the cost of trust
the blockchain can be expanded on a large scale, the data is open and transparent, the data of each client is consistent, and even if some clients are destroyed, the data security will not be affected. These highly reliable technical features can solve the trust problem of strangers with low cost
this technology can be extended to all fields that can be digitized, such as digital currency, payment and clearing, digital bills, proof of rights and interests, credit reference, government services, medical records, etc
in the medium and long term, blockchain will be a revolutionary technology, which will bring about great social changes like the existing Internet, and has great investment value and money making opportunities
in the future, the companies that can combine blockchain with different scenarios to promote applications may be the next group of bat, the next Google, Microsoft and apple
as the first practical application of blockchain technology, bitcoin has been widely accepted and used all over the world. Millions of users and tens of thousands of merchants have accepted the payment of bitcoin as a digital currency, and the exchange value of bitcoin as a currency is growing. Even e to the consensus that the total amount is fixed and the long-term value is bullish, bitcoin has become a hedge asset similar to gold, and the price has skyrocketed
in the future, blockchain will be applied in any field and bring great impact on human life. Blockchain technology is regarded as one of the main protocols of the next generation of value Internet. Blockchain technology will be useful in any field of proction and life that lacks trust. From digital currency to securities and financial contracts, health care, games, artificial intelligence, intelligent contracts, Internet of things, identity authentication, asset trading, e-commerce, social communication, file storage and other fields can be widely used
in the aspect of medical treatment
when the blockchain technology is used to save the personal medical records, there will be the historical data of personal medical treatment, which can be understood as the electronic medical records on the blockchain. In the future, there will be data for medical treatment or health planning, and the real master of this data is the patient himself, not the hospital or a third-party organization. In addition, these data have strong privacy, and the use of blockchain technology also helps to protect the privacy of patients
payment system
compared with the existing traditional payment system, blockchain technology can avoid the complex system, directly between the two sides of the transaction, does not involve intermediary institutions, even if part of the network is paralyzed, it will not affect the operation of the whole system. This method has the characteristics of low price, fast speed, and no intermediate fees
banking
as a digital, secure and anti-interference account, blockchain realizes the core function of Banking: the safe storage and transfer center of value. Some banks with keen sense of smell in the world have begun to actively plan to join the army of blockchain research and application in order to gain the initiative in the fierce competition in the future
identity authentication of blockchain
blockchain has the feature of being accessible to everyone. Everyone can query the block information in any place with network. The high transparency also makes blockchain full of charm. In the future, ID card and account book are basically not needed, because every identity information can be written into the blockchain. When you need to verify the information, you only need to look it up to find it
election
based on the voting transaction on the blockchain, it can be confirmed that no vote has been modified or deleted, and there will be no improper voting
Real Estate
blockchain technology can change the operation mode of the real estate market. It can combine many complex processes and cases that real estate companies usually deal with, speed up the transaction process, rece fraud, and provide more transparent and secure transactions for each participant. Provides a way to achieve paperless and fast trading needs
the probability of various kinds of errors in securities issuance and trading, such as general stocks, is too high, which requires manual correction, thus prolonging the time required for transaction settlement. Through the transaction of distributed ledger, the automation of the whole process can be realized, and the security and efficiency can be improved. The identity and transaction volume of the trading party are recorded on the blockchain in real time, with an open, transparent and traceable system. It is concive to the market maintenance of securities issuers and regulatory authorities, and can rece the occurrence of black box operation and insider trading
in the scenario of relatively closed, multi-party trust problems and carrying value transmission, blockchain has unique technical advantages and also shows unique charm, which has great application imagination space. At the current stage, blockchain is worth exploring in some scenarios.
in a village, a spent 3000 yuan to buy a cow of B, how to record this account
so a and B found a mutual trusted C to record the account, but later a and C colluded and did not admit that a had bought B's cattle, so the deal became rough and disputes continued
later, B had another cow. Of course, B didn't sell it to a this time, because a had no credit, so he gave it to d. This time, instead of looking for witnesses, they went to the whole village to roar after the transaction. B said Wang Erhua paid 3000 yuan to buy a cow from me, d also went to the whole village to shout that I paid 3000 yuan to buy a cow from B, so there were many people in the village to record the transaction. In this way, there will be no bad debts, which is called decentralized and distributed accounting
here comes the problem
when you yell, are the villagers willing to charge for you, just because you have a big face
therefore, the first person to record accurately will get some bitcoin rewards
someone asked, what if two people finish the first record at the same time
in order to avoid this problem, it is necessary to set rules, for example, to answer a question first, or to record with feet, and it must be written in block letters. If you set a series of rules, there will not be many firsts
in the network, there are a lot of transactions going on every day, and there are also many people recording, and finally they get the reward of bitcoin. This process is the legendary mining
Mining requires a lot of equipment. We call these computer equipment mining machines
in this way, all the processes are in one system. The system will encapsulate the data every 10 minutes to form a box full of data, which we call blocks
with the continuous generation of blocks, they are linked together to form a blockchain.
1、 Blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a disintermediated database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
2. Application
1. Art instry
ascribe enables artists to declare ownership by using blockchain technology, issue numbered and limited edition works, and target at any type of digital form of art. It even includes a trading market where artists can buy and sell through their websites without any intermediary services
In recent years, bitproof is the most advanced application in many document time stamp applications, which will make the traditional notarization method become the past. Bitproof offers more services than free versions including blocksgin and originstaemp, including one for intellectual property. Interestingly, bitproof recently cooperated with an it school in San Francisco to put their students' academic certificates on the blockchain, completely redefining how to handle and use diplomas and student certificates Development instry colu is the first enterprise to allow other enterprises to issue digital assets. They can "token" all kinds of assets to impress many people. Although the free bitcoin wallet couperparty also allows simple tokens to be issued and traded among other wallet holders, the tokens of colu can be set with various states and types, can be detached from or returned to the system, and can be stored on BitTorrent's network when the data stored on the blockchain is too large4. Real estate instry
they plan to make the whole instry chain process more modern and solve various problems faced by everyone when participating in real estate, including naming process, land registration, agency, etc
5, Internet of things
a possible application scenario is: generate corresponding behavior through transaction, assign address to each device, inject a certain fee into the address, and perform relevant actions, so as to achieve the application of Internet of things. Similar to: PM2.5 monitoring point data acquisition, server leasing, webcam data call, DNS server, etc
6. Insurance instry in the past two years, the hottest topic in the field of science and technology can not be separated from blockchain technology. This underlying technology, born out of bitcoin, has proved its highly secure and reliable architecture and algorithm design with more than seven years of stable operation. At the same time, with innovative technologies such as distributed ledger and smart contract, it has opened up a huge imagination space for instrial upgrading of many instries. Some instry experts even predict that blockchain technology will set off the second Internet revolution
extended materials:
in 2008, Nakamoto proposed the concept of "blockchain" in the white paper on bitcoin, and established bitcoin network in 2009, developing the first block, namely "Genesis block"
the shared value system of blockchain was first imitated by many cryptocurrencies, and improved in workload proof and algorithm, such as equity proof and scrypt algorithm. Subsequently, the blockchain ecosystem has been evolving all over the world, with the emergence of ICO for the first token sale, Ethereum for smart contract blockchain, "asset token sharing economy with light ownership and heavy right to use" and blockchain countries
at present, people are using this shared value system to develop decentralized applications (DAPP) in all walks of life, and build decentralized autonomous organizations and decentralized autonomous communities (DAS) around the world
The way in which people keep accounts together is also known as "distributed" or "decentralized", because everyone keeps accounts, and the accuracy of the account book is determined by the program algorithm, not by an authoritative organization
this is the blockchain, the core is finished, blockchain is so simple, a common account book
six core algorithms of blockchain Technology:
blockchain core algorithm 1: Byzantine agreement
the story of Byzantine is like this: the Byzantine Empire has great wealth, and the surrounding 10 neighbors have been around for a long time, but the Byzantine walls stand tall and firm, No single neighbor has been able to successfully invade. Any single neighbor's invasion will fail, and at the same time, it may be invaded by other nine neighbors. Byzantine Empire's defense ability is so strong that at least more than half of its ten neighbors attack at the same time before it can be broken. However, if one or several of the neighbors agree to attack together, but betray in the actual process, then the invaders may be annihilated. So each side was careful and could not easily trust its neighbors. This is the question of Byzantine Generals
blockchain core algorithm 2: asymmetric encryption technology
in the above Byzantine agreement, if several of the 10 generals send messages at the same time, it is bound to cause confusion in the system, resulting in different attack time schemes and inconsistent actions. Anyone can send the message of attack, but who will send it? In fact, it only needs to add a cost, that is, only one node can spread information in a period of time. When a node sends a unified attack message, each node must sign and seal to confirm its identity when receiving the message from the initiator
blockchain core algorithm 3: fault tolerance problem
we assume that in this network, messages may be lost, damaged, delayed and sent repeatedly, and the order of receiving is inconsistent with the order of sending. In addition, the behavior of nodes can be arbitrary: they can join or exit the network at any time, they can discard messages, forge messages, stop working and so on, and they may also have all kinds of human or non-human failures. Our algorithm provides fault tolerance for consensus system composed of consensus nodes, which includes both security and availability, and is suitable for any network environment
blockchain core algorithm 4: Paxos algorithm (consistency algorithm)
the problem solved by Paxos algorithm is how a distributed system can reach an agreement on a certain value (decision). A typical scenario is that in a distributed database system, if the initial state of each node is consistent, and each node performs the same operation sequence, then they can finally get a consistent state. In order to ensure that each node executes the same command sequence, it is necessary to execute a "consistency algorithm" on each instruction to ensure that the instructions seen by each node are consistent. A general consistency algorithm can be applied in many scenarios, which is an important problem in distributed computing. There are two models of node communication: shared memory and message passing. Paxos algorithm is a consistency algorithm based on message passing model
blockchain core algorithm 5: consensus mechanism
blockchain consensus algorithm is mainly workload proof and equity proof. Take bitcoin as an example. In fact, from a technical point of view, POW can be regarded as a reusable hashcash, and the generation workload proves to be a random process in probability. When mining a new secret currency and generating a block, the consent of all participants must be obtained, and the miner must obtain the pow work proof of all data in the block. At the same time, miners have to constantly observe and adjust the difficulty of this work, because the requirement for the network is to generate a block every 10 minutes on average
blockchain core algorithm 6: distributed storage is a kind of data storage technology, which uses the disk space of each machine through the network, and forms a virtual storage device with these scattered storage resources, and the data is stored in every corner of the network. Therefore, distributed storage technology does not store complete data in each computer, but stores the data in different computers after cutting. It's like storing 100 eggs, not in the same basket, but separately in different places. The total number is 100. Want to learn more, you can make more use of network search, network search results - small knowledge
At present, with the rapid development of science and technology, the situation is surging. If you and I are a little lazy, we may be out. No, the new blockchain is coming. Since the beginning of this year, blockchain has become one of the hottest knowledge points in the field of science and technology, and has become increasingly prominent in the fields of digital finance, Internet Governance and big data computing
blockchain technology also has broad application prospects in the military field, which is very likely to quietly subvert the future war
this is not Xiaole's boasting“ There is nothing more important about the three armed forces than secrecy. " We should know that in the future information battlefield, confidentiality is the key to win or lose the war. Because the blockchain system has many characteristics such as information independence, confidentiality and integrity, it can realize the perfect combination of data storage and data encryption. After being attacked, it also has strong recovery ability, and can protect highly sensitive data, which is of great help to win the war
according to the information collected by Xiaole, some countries are planning to build blockchain information platform and begin to study the application potential of blockchain in several scenarios such as military satellites and nuclear weapons; An international organization is currently evaluating the performance of blockchain technology in military logistics, Internet of things and other fields
if bitcoin and other digital currencies are blockchain 1.0 applications, blockchain 2.0 is the "smart contract" that provides a strong guarantee for network transaction data security. There will be 3.0 in the future, from Dao (blockchain self consistent organization), DAC (blockchain self consistent company) to blockchain society
"cultivate new kinetic energy with informatization, promote new development with new kinetic energy, and create new brilliance with new development." I believe that blockchain, the "new kinetic energy" of science and technology, will bring us more surprises: "one machine in hand, I have it in the world", "trade autonomy", more extensive sharing, and the optimal life mode... Blockchain technology will create a more honest, convenient, and efficient Era of big data
content source: Liberation Army Daily