Rules of blockchain horse racing

2.

Public chain, also known as "public chain", refers to the blockchain that anyone in the world can enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmatory transactions and compete for bookkeeping. The public chain is generally considered to be "completely decentralized", because no indivial or institution can control or tamper with the reading and writing of data in it. In terms of application, blockchain public chain mainly includes bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, most counterfeit currencies and smart contracts. The ancestor of blockchain public chain is bitcoin blockchain, which has the following characteristics:

1, open source code

upload the code to GitHub, and everyone can get complete blockchain data by downloading, Accept the test of the public

2, complete decentralization

anyone can become a node, each node is open, everyone can participate in the calculation of the blockchain, any node is not permanent, but phased, and any center is not mandatory for nodes. Anyone can read and send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed on the blockchain. Anyone can participate in the consensus process. The consensus process determines whether a block can be added to the blockchain and the exact current state. Everyone can get financial reward from it, which is proportional to their contribution to the consensus process. These public chains are generally considered to be "completely decentralized"

3. Developing decentralized applications

through this public chain, developers can easily develop centralized applications. Public chain can protect the rights and interests of users from the influence of program developers

3. Blockchain games mainly refer to the blockchain applications in DAPP, which belong to the game category and need to interact with various blockchain public chains to a certain extent. Blockchain Games began to emerge in November of 17, with a very short history. Compared with mature games, the current playing method is quite simple. In the view of the instry, many games are even just a capital disk wrapped in the game coat
according to the classification of cryptogames, hot potato, Collectible transaction, spinach and Ponzi are the main game playing methods among the online blockchain games. The most popular games are hot potato games, including two popular games recently - cryptocelebrities and cryptocountries. There are 35 collections and transactions, ranking second, mainly represented by cryptokitties. Spinach and Ponzi are 17, ranking third, with etherroll and etheremon as the star procts
blockchain games also use a variety of themes, from cats, dogs, dragons, pigs and other animals to people, cars, countries, teams and so on
blockchain game 1.0 era
time: November to December 2017
main playing method: Collection + transaction
representative works: cryptokitties, cryptopunks
blockchain technology gives uniqueness to players' digital assets. This graally leads to the concept of NFT (non fungible tokens). The uniqueness and scarcity of people's assets in blockchain games will not change with the game itself. The concept was first applied by cryptopunks, which was launched by larva labs in June of 17. The system randomly generates 10000 punk avatars, which are put on Ethereum through smart contracts and distributed to players for free for trading
when axiom Zen studio added attributes, reproction and auction functions to NFT, cryptokitties was born. People can buy kittens with different attributes, breed with other cats, or sell their own cats through Dutch auction. Kittens with rare and unique genes are wildly sought after by people, and they get a high premium
people continue to develop on the basis of cryptokitties, adding accessories and combat functions, as well as gold digging, feeding, and looting
blockchain game 2.0 era
time: December 2017 to January 2018
main play method: Ponzi like
masterpiece: etheremon
at the beginning, etheremon's play method was very simple and crude. After a player bought a pet, as long as someone bought the same pet, the player could get a small part of eth reward. The game team quickly made a profit of about 2000 eth in a week. Then completely change the way of play, successfully transformed into a collection + combat game. This kind of Ponzi like game was quickly imitated by other manufacturers, and many imitators such as ethertanks and ethertanks appeared<
blockchain game 3.0 era
time: January 2018
main play method: fixed price, forced price hot potato mode
representative works: cryptocelebrities, cryptocountries
players buy encryption celebrities (Nakamoto, musk, etc.) and encryption countries (Japan, the United States, etc.), e to the uniqueness of assets, Subsequent players can only buy from asset owners at a higher price. The price is forced to rise, and the platform earns part of the price difference. At present, the country with the highest price is Japan, about 700 eth, and the most expensive celebrity is Elon Musk, who is worth about 200 eth
blockchain game 4.0 era
time: February 2018
main playing methods: combination of multiple mechanisms
representative works: world.mycollect, cryptocities
in the game, multi-level sales and sharing, player exploration (randomness), lottery, resource uniqueness and other playing methods are adopted. In cryptocities, for example, players can buy countries, continents and the world to "conquer.". The player who conquers the world can get 1% of the transaction volume of the continent and the country, and the player who conquers the continent can get 1% of the transaction volume of the country. In the future, players who conquer the country can get 1% of the transaction value of their subordinate cities. When exploring a new city, players have a chance to explore gems and get eth rewards
at the same time, spinach games also emerged. The high transparency of blockchains makes it easier for them to gain the trust of investors. The more famous ones are etheroll and vdice. They play simply and rudely. Players spend a certain amount of eth to bet on a certain number. When the number randomly generated by the system is less than that number, they can get profits
in addition, there are RPG (ethercraft), battle games (etherbots) and binary (ethermeng king), etc
2
advantages and disadvantages of blockchain games
throughout these successful cases, we find that blockchain games do have unique advantages:
high degree of trust: trust is quickly established through open source contracts, the use process is completely transparent, and the information is completely symmetrical. Fairness: data can not be tampered with and rules will never change. Assets belong to indivial players: Players' assets will not be lost with the decline of the game. Strong community attribute: blockchain itself has strong transaction and community attributes
of course, the current blockchain game is also in its infancy, with obvious disadvantages:
unable to interact in time: there are uncertain waiting time and congestion in blockchain transactions, so it is difficult to form timely interaction between players. The cost of sending instructions is high: every time the instructions are sent, gas will be consumed, while the price of eth still makes the cost of gas relatively high. Immature development environment: at present, Ethereum's virtual machine and programming language solidness are the most mature development environment in many public chains. But compared with other popular languages, it is still very immature
3
Gamification will boost the implementation of blockchain
in traditional desktop online games, manufacturers constantly encourage new players, leading to inflation, and the real value of all assets of a game account is often far lower than the players' investment. After the emergence of mobile games, the mode of props binding account and account binding ID card soon became popular. This also makes once the player decides to leave a game, he must give up all the virtual assets in the game. The emergence and continuous maturity of blockchain technology will make the decentralized formulation of game rules and decentralized storage of virtual assets technically feasible. The convenience of virtual assets on the chain also makes the blockchain easier to land in the game scene
cryptogames believes that the development direction of blockchain games, or the development direction of classic games (like basketball, football and chess, once the rules are determined, they will last forever), It must be "decentralized":
the rules are determined by the players through negotiation, and the players supervise each other to ensure that the game is carried out according to the rules. All the props used in the game are owned by the players themselves. If someone breaks the rules or is not happy with the game, they can go away directly. There is no centralized organizer in the game itself.
the popularity of cryptokitties has greatly promoted private wallet, Blockchain game, as an early application of blockchain, has rapidly promoted the popularity of blockchain. Similarly, the use of game development experience and game design concept to develop a game

4. At present, there are four main types of consensus mechanisms: pow, POS, dpos, pool
1. POW workload proof, which is familiar with mining, calculates a random number that meets the rules through and or operation, that is, obtains the bookkeeping right, sends out the data that needs to be recorded in this round, and stores it together with other nodes in the whole network after verification
advantages: complete decentralization, free access of nodes
disadvantages: bitcoin has attracted most of the computing power in the world, and other blockchain applications using POW consensus mechanism are difficult to obtain the same computing power to ensure their own security; Mining causes a lot of waste of resources; The period of reaching consensus is long, which is not suitable for commercial application.

2. Proof of rights and interests of POS, a mechanism of upgrading consensus of pow; According to the token proportion and time of each node; It can rece the difficulty of mining in equal proportion, so as to speed up the speed of finding random numbers< Advantages: to a certain extent, it shortens the time to reach a consensus
disadvantages: mining is still needed, which does not solve the pain point of commercial application in essence

3. Dpos share authorization certification mechanism is similar to the voting of the board of directors, in which the coin holders cast a certain number of nodes to verify and account on their behalf
advantages: greatly rece the number of participating verification and accounting nodes, which can achieve second level consensus verification
disadvantages: the whole consensus mechanism still depends on token, and many commercial applications do not need token to exist

4. Pool verification pool, which is based on traditional distributed consistency technology and data verification mechanism; It is a consensus mechanism widely used in the instry chain at present.
advantages: it can work without token, and realizes second level consensus verification on the basis of mature distributed consistency algorithms (pasox and raft)
disadvantages: the degree of decentralization is not as good as that of bictin; The multi center business model is more suitable for multi-party participation

it has great advantages in using consensus mechanism to ensure data consistency (the consensus mechanism is first proposed by ripple, and the network transaction synchronization mechanism with data correctness priority. In the consensus network, no matter how the software code changes, if you can't reach a consensus, you can't enter the network, let alone fork)
- - - - - - - -
PS: a little black, although the consensus mechanism can absolutely ensure that there will be no hard bifurcation at any time. However, the disadvantage of this mechanism is obvious, that is, it is much longer than the current bitcoin network to reach a consensus with other nodes. In extreme cases, the consequences of disconnection in ripple consensus mechanism network are also very terrible

it is possible that one day after the power failure in your home, the whole system will no longer be able to reach a consensus with other rippled nodes (in fact, the consensus mechanism requires more than 80% of the nodes to acknowledge your data before your submission will be accepted by other nodes, otherwise it will be rejected by exclusive nodes), Even you can only empty all your 500 GB data and resynchronize to connect to other ripple nodes

so at present, the existing rippled end is not suitable for civil use (if it is commercial, the impact is relatively small. For example, RL's own rippled node is hosted in Amazon cloud data center. If it has no response for a long time, it can make high claims, and there is almost no break in that place except for large disasters). This is one of the aspects RL has always wanted to improve.

5. Give you an easy to understand example, you can quickly understand what blockchain is:
in a village, a spent 3000 yuan to buy a cow of B, how to record this account
so a and B found a mutual trusted C to record the account, but later a and C colluded and did not admit that a had bought B's cattle, so the deal became rough and disputes continued
later, B had another cow. Of course, B didn't sell it to a this time, because a had no credit, so he gave it to d. This time, instead of looking for witnesses, they went to the whole village to roar after the transaction. B said Wang Erhua paid 3000 yuan to buy a cow from me, d also went to the whole village to shout that I paid 3000 yuan to buy a cow from B, so there were many people in the village to record the transaction. In this way, there will be no bad debts, which is called decentralized and distributed accounting
here comes the problem
when you yell, are the villagers willing to charge for you, just because you have a big face
therefore, the first person to record accurately will get some bitcoin rewards
someone asked, what if two people finish the first record at the same time
in order to avoid this problem, it is necessary to set rules, for example, to answer a question first, or to record with feet, and it must be written in block letters. If you set a series of rules, there will not be many firsts
in the network, there are a lot of transactions going on every day, and there are also many people recording, and finally they get the reward of bitcoin. This process is the legendary mining
Mining requires a lot of equipment. We call these computer equipment mining machines
in this way, all the processes are in one system. The system will encapsulate the data every 10 minutes to form a box full of data, which we call blocks
with the continuous generation of blocks, they are linked together to form a blockchain.

6. Do you know IAC? Now it's super hot, and ether clown is also a new game launched by lac. With its strong membership base, it will be very popular as soon as it goes online, and this game is also magical
ether clown is a blockchain game pet, which can be used to breed, trade, work, earn money, and sell to other players. It's a Sims game, Etheric clown, full name cryptotown. It is a digital and collectable blockchain game based on Ethereum blockchain. It is a real blockchain pet cultivation game. Pets loved by everyone will act coquetry with their owners; If you have enough to eat, you will work to earn money. If you eat less, you will earn more. You must try. You will know how to do magic after you try

7.

Let's suppose villagers Lao Wang and Xiao Li. Lao Wang borrowed some money from Xiao Li, who wrote it in an IOU signed by both parties. A few days later, Lao Wang denied the existence of borrowing money and claimed that Xiao Li forged the paper. Xiao Li can't argue because he finds it difficult to prove that Lao Wang actually owes him money

in this example, Lao Wang and Xiao Li are two nodes

now assuming the same scenario, there are many pairs of people trading with each other in the village. The only evidence for each pair is the IOU. If one party fails, it will be difficult to do so. Seeing this scene, the village head came up with a solution. He suggested using a common notebook for the whole village to record all the transactions. Due to the high prestige of the village head, the villagers unanimously decided to let the village head keep this important transaction book. Each transaction, the villagers go to the village head's home, let the village head witness and record, each transaction is written into a notebook, and then safely saved. That notebook can be called a database

because this notebook is very important, the village head locked it in the safe. However, there are always some problems. Sometimes, the village head will accidentally sprinkle ink on the paper, making some transaction records illegible. This is called a single point of failure. The thief knows that there is an important notebook in the safe of the village head's house. He tries his best to steal it. This is called hacking

until one day, the village head's son owed others a lot of money, so the village head secretly deleted his son's debt entry. In this way, the village head's son "does not owe money."

when the villagers knew this, they began to question the fairness and authority of the village head. So some people put forward a new idea:

abolish the power of the village head, which is called decentralization. Let all villagers keep a notebook, and the transaction records are copied and distributed, which is called distributed database. Therefore, if there are n people in the village, there are n notebooks, that is, n nodes. Every time there is a trade between any two people, all the people in the village get together and record it in their notebooks. And no one can cover the sky. This is called decentralization

they also decided that they would never delete the mentioned transactions from their notebooks, which is irreversible. For example, Lao Wang borrowed a sum of money from Xiao Li before, but in the twinkling of an eye, he wants to return the money. Then the transaction book will not delete the previous borrowing record, but write a new repayment record, so there are two records

next, let's try to break this rule. What if we bribe Lao Wang to change his notebook? It's not feasible, because the next time the villagers meet, they find that Lao Wang's notebook is different from everyone else's, so the villagers notice that Lao Wang may be engaged in an indescribable transaction, and decide to abolish Lao Wang's transaction record and kick Lao Wang out of the organization

What if you try to bribe all the villagers? It's too expensive

the characteristic of this model is that greedy people need to pay a lot to attack the rules. He will find it more profitable to follow the rules

a smart child in the village suggested that each transaction data be called "block" and linked into a "chain" in chronological order, which is called blockchain