Blockchain blueprint dangdangcom
blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
extended data
according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:
1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain
2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain
3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain
alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain
blockchain features
1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes
5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously
< Introction to cognition & gt
publication time: 2016
recommendation: this book is mainly for programmers. Combined with API programming, we can tell you the principle and usage of cryptocurrency, as well as how to develop related software. For non programmer readers, the first few chapters of this book are still applicable as in-depth introction of bitcoin Book pdf download: https://quant.la/Download
< Introction to cognition & gt Download link is attached at the end of the article)
new economy blueprint and guide
publication time: 2016
recommendation: this book is mainly for programmers. Combined with API programming, we can tell you the principle and usage of cryptocurrency, as well as how to develop related software. For non programmer readers, the first few chapters of this book are still applicable as in-depth introction of bitcoin. Book download
what is blockchain technology? Blockchain is a kind of distributed shared accounting technology. What it needs to do is to enable all parties involved to establish a trust relationship at the technical level. Blockchain can be roughly divided into two levels, one is to do the underlying technology of blockchain; The second is to do the upper application of blockchain, that is, the transformation, optimization or innovative application based on blockchain. What is the core meaning of the blockchain? Our understanding is that the core meaning of the blockchain is to establish data credit between the participants, create unilateral ecology under clear provisions through unilateral confrontation, and jointly guarantee complete opportunities. This is a system, and this kind of construction can end the problems before the blockchain, When data is shared, it is impossible to achieve new sharing. Even if you do orientation, it only gives you an interface. After the blockchain is established, the participants can realize credit sharing
blockchain has been applied in several fields. In the first field of digital assets, in addition to some points and check-in cards we have seen, it also includes various other assets, which have the process of asset digitization
the second area is trade finance, because trade finance is originally a way of multi link participation and multi-party participation, blockchain can greatly improve the efficiency of the middle, making many of the original procts achieve the effect of substitutes
the third area uses equity, which is the company's equity. Like some regional equity trading centers, the purpose is to solve the convenience between equity and trading, and to make a relatively convenient circulation. At present, the multi center blockchain system can indeed improve efficiency and rece costs
Introction to Bubi blockchain
Bubi blockchain is mainly positioned to provide commercial level blockchain infrastructure services, mainly including building a blockchain system and building a supporting system with high scalability on the blockchain system. And the support system above is the application of all walks of life. Bubi focuses more on the underlying technology of the blockchain. In the past three years or so, almost all the energy of the team of more than a dozen people has been devoted to the research and development of the underlying technology. The reason why Bubi blockchain chooses points has something to do with the promotion method of the market. As we all know, blockchain is a very suitable technology for digital asset issuance and trading. Integral is a kind of natural legal and compliant digital asset, which has little impact because of its small amount. So it's a very suitable choice to take points as the first attempt of digital asset issuance. Issuing points based on blockchain can also bring great help to the circulation and exchange of points
blockchain has many entry points in improving the financial system. Which link is the easiest to break through in different links
it is difficult to find a particularly good answer to which link is the easiest to cut in. But generally speaking, clearing and settlement, equity, various digital assets and other links are definitely the scope of application of blockchain. Every field is cutting in at the same time. At present, a realistic entry path is to graally evolve from incremental and peripheral to core components, and it is unlikely to enter the core at the beginning
the so-called peripheral, take clearing and settlement as an example, it is impossible to replace clearing and settlement system immediately at the beginning, but we can take some partial clearing and settlement business as a proof of concept, and graally we can replace and upgrade some large systems. This may be a relatively long process. Now it is difficult to give a time point for blockchain to be applied to clearing and settlement system on a large scale, It depends on the development trend
blockchain does not necessarily have no center. The so-called decentralization is more about establishing a multi center system to better overcome the original decentralized structure of each center
in fact, most of the links in the current financial system have their own centers, and it is almost impossible to share data with trust between each other - although it can connect systems and APIs, it is impossible to share data with trust. Blockchain can help these participants to set up multiple centers, realize joint trust, improve efficiency and rece costs. Therefore, the decentralization of the blockchain is by no means without a center or anti center. It is more multi center or sub center, and the decentralized center is the participants of each business. This is the next step that blockchain will change the financial system the most, and truly build a trusted multi center system
what is blockchain technology? After a certain application analysis, we will go back to the starting point. The definition of blockchain technology will become more and more abundant with the development of application. People will find more mysteries of blockchain technology.
Dahua blockchain is a book published by Tsinghua University Press in September 2019, written by Zhang Yingping. This book is a blockchain book that comprehensively explains bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger and EOS, a blockchain development guide from engineer basic skills, development language to smart contract development, and a blockchain engineer guide from technology, project to career development planning
"Dahua blockchain"
"Dahua blockchain" is a blockchain book that pays equal attention to theory and practice, easy to understand and professional. The blockchain technology guide (the first three chapters) mainly explains the concept of blockchain, blockchain applications, bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, EOS and other mainstream blockchain technologies. Through learning, each reader can fully understand the implementation principles of mainstream blockchain technologies and understand the future development trend of blockchain. The practical part of development (the last two chapters) starts from the basic skills of blockchain, simulates the development of real blockchain projects, and explains in detail the design, development and deployment of smart contract and DAPP. Through learning, every reader can master the development of blockchain
2 FORTRAN 95 programming, written by Peng Guolun
3 Introction to FORTRAN 77 and 90 / 95 programming, written by Ding Zejun
4. Out of control: the new biology of machines, society and economy
5. Necessity, written by Kevin Kelly, mentions 12 inevitable trends in the next 20 years
6. Master bitcoin, this book will provide you with the necessary knowledge to guide you into the bitcoin world
7. Blockchain revolution, written by don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott, tells how the underlying technology of bitcoin has changed money, business and the world
8. Blueprint and guide of blockchain new economy, written by Melanie Swann
9. Blockchain: the concept of quantum wealth, written by Han Feng / Zhang Xiaomei
10. Logic of finance, The author is Chen Zhiwu. The work starts from the cultural and institutional genes of wealth in simple terms, so as to tell readers what the logic of finance is
related books include principles of economics, blockchain: technology driven finance, blockchain Revolution: how bitcoin's underlying technology can change money Business and the world, blockchain technology guide, illustrated blockchain, how blockchain will redefine the world, digital currency: bitcoin data reporting and operation guide, blockchain: from digital currency to credit society, intelligent age, etc. to be honest, blockchain is still a hot resource. It's mainly about judgment (whether it's valuable) and action (to get in early)
recommends a block chain related APP, called golden finance, recommends a public official account, called "Xiao Ke online". The article is rich in materials;
If you want to understand the application of blockchain, you can refer to many books and opinions, such as illustrated blockchain, blockchain: reshaping the economy and the world, blueprint and guide of new economy, and articles of coin'an community, including a detailed understanding of the platform of coin'an community, with great strength
As the name suggests, blockchain is composed of block and chain. It is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. It is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in order according to the time sequence, and it is a secure and reliable distributed account book that can not be tampered with and forged by means of cryptographyin 2008, in his paper bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system published by Nakamoto, he first proposed the idea of blockchain and encrypted digital currency. Starting from bitcoin, blockchain has become the underlying technology of various digital currencies
2. Working principle of blockchain:
1. Basic concepts include:
(1) transaction: one operation will change the account status once, such as adding a record
(2) block: records the transaction and status data within a specified time, which is a consensus and preservation of the current account status
(3) chain: it is composed of a series of blocks in chronological order, which is the log record of the whole state change
if you understand the working concept of blockchain, it is not difficult to understand its working principle. Suppose there is a distributed data logbook, which can only be added, deleted or changed. Its structure is a linear chain formed by a series of "blocks" (which is also the source of the name of "blockchain"), and new data needs to be added, It must be put into a new block. The maintenance node can propose a new block, but it must go through a certain consensus mechanism to reach an agreement on the final selected block
2. Take bitcoin as an example to see the working principle of blockchain
the block of bitcoin is divided into block head and block body< The core advantages and characteristics of blockchain are as follows:
3.
1. The verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of blockchain data are all based on the distributed system structure. There is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal, The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system
2. Open and transparent
the system is open, in addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all, and anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Security
blockchain adopts consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work
4. Information cannot be tampered with
once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% (almost impossible) nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high
5. Anonymity
because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, their data interaction does not need trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective by themselves), so the counterparties do not need to let the counterparties generate trust by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for credit accumulation
1. Public chain: anyone can participate in the use and maintenance, and can obtain the effective confirmation of the blockchain. Public chain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain at present, such as bitcoin blockchain. The information is completely public
if the licensing mechanism is introced, it includes private chain and alliance chain
2. Private chain: a company or indivial only uses the blockchain technology and enjoys the write permission of the blockchain, and the information is not disclosed. At present, conservative giants (traditional finance) want to experiment with private blockchain, and the application procts of private blockchain are still groping
3. Alliance chain: it is a blockchain controlled by multiple organizations, which is between the public chain and the existing chain. The use of the chain is managed with authority, which can be controlled by the manager, and also open to others according to the manager's wishes
in addition, according to the different use scenarios and purposes of blockchain, it can be divided into currency chain for the purpose of digital currency, property chain for the purpose of recording property rights, and crowdfunding chain for the purpose of crowdfunding
take Maotai liquor as an example:
distillery address, proction workshop, operation staff, inspector, delivery time, transportation vehicle information and driver information,
liquor year, raw material source, raw material supplier, storage warehouse number, raw material transportation vehicle and driver information,
all information can be accurately traced, permanently recorded and tampered with
the above information can be easily verified
2. Food safety issues as early as last November, Wal Mart has cooperated with IBM to track the source of food by using blockchain technology, so as to ensure the safety of food and increase the circulation of food to rece costs. For Wal Mart and other large supermarkets, it took a few days to investigate the source of problem food, After using this technology, only one item of proct information is needed to achieve accurate traceability, and important information such as food origin, inspector, supplier, logistics and transportation can quickly find problems in a few minutes. Currently, procts tracked by blockchain include packaging procts from the United States and pork from China
3. Information security
blockchain technology is promoting an information security technology revolution. (1) identity protection PKI is a common public key encryption technology in e-mail, message application, website and other communication applications. However, since the implementation of most PKI, the centralized trusted third party certification authority (CA) is used to issue, activate and store user certificates. Hackers can attack PKI to fake user identity or crack encrypted information
certcoin is the first PKI implementation of blockchain, which comes from MIT, removes the centralized authentication center, and uses blockchain as a distributed ledger for domain name and public key
pomcor company: blockchain PKI implementation path: keep the authentication center, and use blockchain to store the hash value of issued and activated certificates. Users can verify the authenticity of certificates through decentralized and transparent sources, and can also improve the network access performance through local authentication of secret key and signature based on blockchain
(2) data integrity protection
guardtime developed a secret key free signature architecture (Ksi) based on blockchain technology to replace the secret key based data authentication technology. Ksi stores the hash table of the original data and files on the blockchain, runs the hash algorithm to verify other copies, and compares the results with the data stored in the blockchain. Any data tampering will be found quickly because the original hash table is stored in millions of nodes
(3) key infrastructure protection
the "Achilles heel" of the Internet, DDoS has entered the TB era, DDoS is still the simplest weapon for hackers to bring down the big target with low cost, DNS service is the primary target for hackers to carry out large-scale destruction, but blockchain technology is expected to fundamentally solve the problem
The distributed storage ofblockchain makes hacker attacks lose focus. Nebulis is developing a distributed DNS system, which uses Ethereum blockchain and interstellar Internet file system (IPFs, the distributed substitute of HTTP) to register and resolve domain names. The biggest weakness of DNS is caching, which makes DDoS attacks possible. It is also the bane of the centralized government's censorship of social networks and manipulation of DNS registration. A highly transparent and distributed DNS system can effectively prevent any entity, including the government, from arbitrarily manipulating records
(1) digital currency: improve the convenience of currency issuance and use, such as bitcoin and Ethernet in foreign countries, and guorenbao in Chinafrom the use of physical transactions, to physical currency and credit currency, and then to the rise of bitcoin network, more and more people are aware of the distributed ledger blockchain technology behind it, and graally apply it in many scenarios other than digital currency
(2) cross border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transaction, rece intermediate fees
transfer and payment. At present, the most mature application of blockchain technology is payment and transfer. Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems, save the process of inter-bank reconciliation and review, and accelerate the settlement speed; Virtual currency can rece transaction costs without the intervention of clearing house. Different countries have different clearing proceres. It takes two or three days for a single remittance to arrive, which is inefficient and accounts for a large proportion of funds in transit. No longer through the third party, through the blockchain technology to form point-to-point payment. By eliminating the link of the third-party institutions, we can make full day payment, real-time payment, withdraw cash quickly and rece the hidden cost, which helps to avoid the capital risk. It is timely and convenient
(3) bills and supply chain financial business: rece human intervention, rece costs and operational risksvalue transfer between point-to-point, control and verify physical bills or central system; Intermediaries will be eliminated and human intervention reced. With the improvement of efficiency, financing channels are more unblocked, risks are lower, and multiple parties benefit
(4) securities issuance and Trading: realize quasi real-time asset transfer, accelerate the speed of transaction clearing
the application of blockchain technology can make the process of securities trading more concise, transparent and fast, rece the plication of IT system, and improve the efficiency of market operation. For stocks, blockchain can eliminate paper and pen or electronic form records, rece human errors in trading, and improve the transparency and traceability of trading platform. Citigroup and Nasdaq cooperate to promote blockchain applications
(5) customer credit investigation and anti fraud: rece the cost of legal compliance, prevent financial crimes
the customer information and transaction records recorded in the blockchain help banks identify abnormal transactions and effectively prevent fraud. The technical characteristics of blockchain can change the existing credit reference system, which can be implemented in banks
in the bitcoin system, the number of bitcoins issued by each block decreases with time. Each block from Genesis block will issue 50 bitcoins to the bookkeeper of the block, and then the number of bitcoins issued by each block will be reced by half every four years (210000 blocks), and so on, until the number of bitcoins is stable at the upper limit of 21 million [19]. There will be a service charge in the process of bitcoin transaction. At present, the default service charge is one in ten thousand bitcoins, which will also be recorded in the block and rewarded to bookkeepers
with the soaring price of bitcoin, more and more people join the bitcoin mining instry. How long does it take to dig a bitcoin? How amazing is the power consumption of bitcoin mining machine? First of all, let's take a look at the "blockchain". The core principle of bitcoin is "blockchain". Each block corresponds to a bill. Linking all blocks is a blockchain. Any transaction information and transfer records are recorded in the blockchain. It should be noted that the blockchain exists in the whole Internet, so no bitcoin holder is worried about the loss of bitcoin
blockchain is probably such a structure. Let's explain it briefly. Taking the bitcoin blockchain as an example, the blockchain is not only bitcoin blockchain. As early as 2009, there was only one blockchain, bitcoin blockchain. In recent years, there have been other blockchains. In a moment, I will also introce the blockchain of Ethereum, or bitstock, as well as various blockchains. After the development of blockchain, Now it has entered the public chain and private chain. Just like bitcoin, the public chain is an account in the world. Bitcoin has only one blockchain in the world, which is owned in the world. Later, it developed to some financial institutions, which want to use blockchain to do things. It can't do things on a blockchain without national boundaries. Bitcoin blockchain is global, There is no sovereignty to manage it, no central organization to manage it, and almost no one can harm it. Not only hackers can't harm bitcoin blockchain, but also the government can't harm bitcoin blockchain.