Can cross border transfer use blockchain technology

2. Introction to seven core technologies of blockchain operation on January 15, 2018
1. Blockchain links
as the name suggests, blockchain is a chain composed of blocks. Each block is divided into block head and block body (including transaction data). The block head includes the prevhash value (also known as hash value) of the previous block used to realize the block link and the random number (nonce) used to calculate the mining difficulty. The hash value of the previous block is actually the hash value of the head of the previous block, and the random number calculation rule determines which miner can obtain the right to record the block
2. Consensus mechanism
blockchain is accompanied by the birth of bitcoin, which is the basic technology architecture of bitcoin. Blockchain can be understood as an Internet-based decentralized accounting system. A decentralized digital currency system like bitcoin requires the consistency of accounting of honest nodes without a central node, which needs blockchain to complete. Therefore, the core of blockchain technology is a consensus mechanism to reach a consensus on the legitimacy of transactions between indivials without mutual trust without central control
there are four main types of consensus mechanisms in blockchain: pow, POS, dpos and distributed consistency algorithm
3. Unlocking script
script is an important technology to realize automatic verification and contract execution on blockchain. Every output of every transaction does not point to an address in the strict sense, but to a script. A script is like a set of rules that constrain how the receiver can spend the asset locked on the output
the validation of transactions also depends on scripts. At present, it depends on two kinds of scripts: Lock script and unlock script. Locking script is a condition added to the output transaction, which is realized by a script language and located in the output of the transaction. The unlocking script corresponds to the locking script. Only when the conditions required by the locking script are met can the assets corresponding to the script be spent, which is located in the input of the transaction. Many flexible conditions can be expressed by script language. Interpretation script is similar to the "virtual machine" in our programming field, which runs in every node of the blockchain network in a distributed way
4. Transaction rules
blockchain transaction is not only the basic unit of a block, but also the actual effective content recorded by the blockchain. A blockchain transaction can be a transfer, or the deployment of smart contracts and other transactions
as far as bitcoin is concerned, a transaction refers to a single payment transfer. The transaction rules are as follows:
1) the input and output of the transaction cannot be empty
2) for each input of a transaction, if its corresponding utxo output can be found in the current transaction pool, the transaction will be rejected. Because the current transaction pool is the transaction not recorded in the blockchain, and each input of the transaction should come from the confirmed utxo. If it is found in the current trading pool, it is Shuanghua trading
3) for each input in a transaction, the corresponding output must be utxo
4) each input unlocking script must verify the compliance of the transaction together with the corresponding output locking script
5. Transaction priority
the priority of blockchain transaction is determined by the blockchain protocol rules. For bitcoin, the priority of a transaction to be included in a block is determined by the time when the transaction is broadcast to the network and the amount of the transaction. With the increase of transaction broadcast time on the network and the increase of transaction chain age, the priority of transaction will be improved and eventually be included by the block. For Ethereum, the priority of the transaction is also related to the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay. The higher the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay, the higher the priority that the transaction is included in the block
6. Merkle proof
the original application of Merkle proof is bitcoin, which was described and created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Bitcoin blockchain uses Merkle proof to store transactions in each block. So that the transaction can not be tampered with, but also easy to verify whether the transaction is included in a specific block
7. RLP
RLP (recursive length prefix) is one of the main encoding methods of object serialization in Ethereum. Its purpose is to encode the sequence of arbitrary nested binary data.

3. The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation based on decentralized credit in a distributed system without mutual trust by means of data encryption, time stamp, distributed consensus and economic incentive, so as to solve the common high cost, low cost and low cost of centralized institutions Low efficiency and data storage insecurity provide solutions
the application fields of blockchain include digital currency, token, finance, anti-counterfeiting traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. with the popularity of blockchain and bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has a great impact on the domain name instry
taking the tourism instry as an example, blockchain applications mainly focus on tourism travel, tourism community reviews, digital identity management, credit consumption management, tracking pilot's professional certificate and qualification, loyalty plan of hotels and airlines, reservation management and consumption points management. In addition, blockchain also has applications in finance, games, entertainment and other fields.

4.

Why is the Internet era coming to an end and the blockchain era coming

Once the

blockchain develops, it will burst out more innovation. As the first proct of blockchain, bitcoin has proced many innovations since its birth. For example, small cross-border payment, recording transfer transactions between currencies, recording various stocks, registering housing property rights, recording program codes, etc.

the steam age liberates social proctivity, the electrical age enlivens social cooperation ability, the Internet age connects the world, and the blockchain era will let us truly realize freedom

6. There are two roles and four moles in the cross-border payment solution based on euz. The two main roles are the gateway and customer participating in the euz payment. They are as follows:
the first role is gateway, which can be bank, market maker, liquidity provider, etc. The main function of the gateway is to let the legal assets in reality enter the blockchain payment and settlement network
the second role is customers, which can be all kinds of international trade customers. Customers are the parties involved in the blockchain payment transaction, and jointly participate in the confirmation of transaction information. In the process of transaction, once either party does not confirm the transaction, the transaction cannot be formally effective. Through this common verification, the risk of information opacity is greatly avoided, and the risk of cross-border payment in international trade is reced
the four functional moles in blockchain payment and settlement are the core business logic moles in cross-border payment
the first function mole is network connector. It is a tool to help all kinds of institutions access blockchain payment network as gateway. Network connector is a "plug and play" function mole, which can be integrated with the existing international payment and settlement system, so that banks can process cross-border payment business through blockchain. The mole is connected with the remitting bank and the receiving bank to exchange personal information, expenses, delivery details, payment details, etc. After the system confirms the transaction information of both parties, the mole connects the blockchain payment ledger for settlement processing, and notifies all parties to confirm the transaction
the second function mole is blockchain payment ledger. Banks, market makers, etc. access blockchain payment books as nodes
the third function mole is the market maker client. The market maker submits digital assets to the blockchain payment account book, and the settlement platform can realize the function of market maker through internal exchange settlement or integration into the blockchain payment network through this mole
the fourth function mole is transaction client. Customers can directly operate blockchain payment settlement through the client.

7. Search the CE official website directly. If the official website has a certificate query entry, just go to the query directly.

8. The FCC coordinates domestic and international communications by controlling radio, television, telecommunications, satellites, and cables. The FCC Office of engineering and technology is responsible for the technical support of the Committee and equipment accreditation in order to ensure the safety of radio and wire communication procts related to life and property. Many radio application procts, communication procts and digital procts to enter the U.S. market, require FCC approval. The FCC Committee investigates and studies all stages of proct safety to find the best way to solve the problem. At the same time, the FCC also includes the detection of radio devices, aircraft and so on
according to the relevant part of the U.S. federal communication regulations (CFR 47), all electronic procts entering the U.S. are required to undergo EMC certification (except for some procts specified in the relevant provisions). There are three common certification methods: certification, DOC and verification. The certification methods and proceres of these three procts are quite different, and the optional certification methods for different procts are stipulated in FCC. The strict degree of its certification is decreasing. For these three kinds of certification, the FCC committee also has relevant requirements for each laboratory< At present, the United States has become China's second largest trading partner for several consecutive years, and the trade volume between China and the United States is increasing year by year, so the export to the United States should not be underestimated. The strictness of proct technical standards and import regulations of the United States is the first in the world. Understanding the market access rules of the United States will help our procts further open the U.S. market< The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) - regulates the import and use of radio frequency devices, including computers, fax machines, electronic devices, radio receiving and transmitting equipment, radio controlled toys, telephones, personal computers and other procts that may harm personal safety. If these procts want to be exported to the United States, they must be tested and approved by a government authorized laboratory according to FCC technical standards. Importers and customs agents are required to declare that each radio frequency device complies with the FCC standard, or FCC license< Self verification: manufacturers or importers ensure that their procts have undergone necessary tests to confirm that the procts comply with relevant technical standards and retain test reports. FCC has the right to require manufacturers to submit test data of equipment samples or procts. Devices suitable for self verification include commercial computers, TV and FM receivers, and instrial, scientific and medical devices used by non mass consumers of FCC rule Part 18
2. Declaration of conformity: the party in charge of the equipment (generally the manufacturer or importer) shall test the procts at the qualified testing agency designated by FCC to ensure that the equipment meets the relevant technical standards and keep the test report. FCC has the right to require the party in charge to submit the test data of the equipment samples or procts. The devices applicable to the declaration of conformity include home computers and peripherals, civil broadcast receivers, super regenerative receivers, other receivers of FCC rule Part 15, TV interface devices, cable system terminal devices and instrial, scientific research and medical devices used by the mass consumers of Part 18. The responsible party shall mark the equipment as follows:
3. ID authentication: FCC shall review the samples (or photos) and test data submitted by the applicant, and grant an FCC ID number to the equipment if it meets the requirements of FCC rules. Equipment suitable for certification include low power transmitters such as cordless phones, remote controls for automatic doors, radio controlled toys and safety alarm systems, equipment for intentionally transmitting radio frequency energy in part 15, instrial, scientific research and medical equipment for mass consumers in part 18, automatic frequency conversion receivers and super regenerative receivers, TV interface equipment, And home computers and peripherals. The responsible party shall mark the equipment with FCC ID:
note: if a certain equipment is suitable for two or three kinds of approved types, it shall be selected by the responsible party
FCC certification process
1. Declaration of conformity: the proct responsible party (manufacturer or importer) will test the proct in the qualified testing agency designated by FCC and make a test report. If the proct meets the FCC standard, the corresponding label will be pasted on the proct, the relevant compliance with FCC standard will be declared in the user manual, and the test report will be reserved for request by FCC
2. To apply for an ID, first apply for an FRN to fill in other forms. If the applicant is applying for FCC ID for the first time, it needs to apply for a permanent grant code. While waiting for FCC approval to distribute grant code to the applicant, the applicant should seize the time to test the equipment. When all the materials required by FCC are ready and the test report has been completed, the FCC should have approved the grant code. The applicant uses the code, test report and required materials to complete FCC form 731 and form 159 online. After FCC receives form 159 and remittance, it begins to accept the application for certification. The average time for FCC to accept ID application is 60 days. At the end of the processing, FCC will send the original grant of FCC ID to the applicant. The applicant can sell or export the corresponding procts after getting the certificate< Materials to be submitted for FCC certification
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2. A of the installation and operation manual of the certified proct to be provided to the user If there is no user manual for the proct, the draft of relevant contents can be provided)
3. Electrical schematic diagram and working principle description of the proct If the proct has grounding or antenna, it should be described)
4. Table of working oscillation frequency of relevant procts, in which the signal propagation path and corresponding oscillation frequency should be listed
5. Other proct features that need to be explained. Note
1. Relevant documents should be in both Chinese and English
2. In order to shorten the authentication cycle, the information provided should preferably be in the form of electronic documents
3. In the process of certification, in view of some special circumstances, enterprises may need to hand in additional relevant information
Shenzhen Lixun Proct Technology Service Co., Ltd. is specialized in instrial consumer proct safety certification, electromagnetic compatibility testing, chemical material testing and analysis services. At present, our testing and certification procts cover wireless communication equipment, mechanical equipment, household appliances, audio and video equipment, information technology equipment, toys, medical devices, building materials, personal protective equipment, etc

CE certification process

1. The manufacturer's relevant laboratory (hereinafter referred to as the laboratory) puts forward oral or written preliminary application
2. The applicant fills in the CE marking application form and sends the application form, proct instructions and technical documents to the laboratory (if necessary, the applicant company is required to provide a prototype)
3. The laboratory determines the test standards and test items, and makes a quotation
4. The applicant confirms the quotation and sends the samples and relevant technical documents to the laboratory
5. Technical documents provided by the applicant
6. The laboratory issues a charging notice to the applicant, and the applicant pays the certification fee according to the charging notice
7. The Laboratory concts proct testing and reviews technical documents
8. Review of technical documents includes:
A. whether the documents are perfect
B. whether the document is written in the official language of the European Community (English, German or French)
9. If the technical documents are incomplete or do not use the specified language, the laboratory will inform the applicant to improve
10. If the test fails, the laboratory will inform the applicant in time and allow the applicant to improve the proct. In this way, until the test is qualified. The applicant shall change the technical data in the original application so as to reflect the actual situation after the change
11. The laboratory will issue a supplementary charge notice to the applicant for the rectification costs involved in items 9 and 10 of this page
12. The applicant shall pay the rectification fee according to the supplementary fee notice
13. The laboratory provides the applicant with test report or technical document (TCF), CE certificate of conformity (COC) and CE mark
14. The applicant signs the CE guarantee self declaration and attaches the CE mark on the proct
if you have any questions about certification, please feel free to send a private message or Q, thank you!!