IBM blockchain of European banks
nowadays, the mainstream digital currencies are basically developed based on blockchain technology. Blockchain is the underlying technology of digital currency. The domestic tea based digital currency Puyin is developed based on blockchain technology.
The most significant applications are
1. Think about using blockchain in enterprise applications to provide more flexible, safe and efficient business processes and distributed, independent markets. Blockchain allows asset owners to track and trade valuable things, such as outstanding invoices, on a transaction "chain" that is more secure, transparent, private and self-coordinating. This capability improves the speed and flexibility of cash and asset management. For example, you are afraid to buy fake things, because a manufacturer transfers proction to several middlemen, and then you buy through middlemen, not manufacturers. If all the data is distributed, point-to-point and transparent, you can buy and pay directly from the manufacturer
The automation market of other assets will be diversified. In essence, because the software itself is controlled and open architecture, and visible to all transaction participants, the transaction based on blockchain can rece the demand for third-party supervision. If the enterprise can publish the value information to multiple potential buyers, and for all buyers, the content can be trusted and visible, and the seller can't sell again, then an open and transparent competitive environment will be formed when purchasing, and the seller can get better prices3. Rece business transaction friction. Managing spending is a challenge for most organizations. However, blockchain enables enterprises to create self-management networks for suppliers and partners, realize contract automation, real-time payment, tracking of goods transportation, and visibility of the whole supply chain. For example, if a company uses refrigerated containers to transport perishable goods, when the container temperature exceeds a certain threshold, the IOT sensor on the truck may call the smart contract on the blockchain. This will cause the corresponding order to be cancelled, and it will also be able to automatically create a new order, so that a second batch of goods can be sent immediately. Trucks with faulty refrigeration equipment can also go to the repair Office for repair
This kind of network can rece transaction errors and information omission by recing or eliminating human-computer interaction. Moreover, by connecting buyers and sellers directly, transactions can become faster. Manage and secure decentralized private records. Its traditional instry practice is to rely on a third party, using firewalls and restricted access to protect their shared information database. And frequent data leakage events show that this approach is not very ideal. A fundamental advantage of blockchain is that each indivial data record or element is encrypted by the key of a blockchain member. Cybercrime may need to obtain each key of each member in order to access all the blockchain data. This is not to say that blockchain can guarantee 100% security of all data, which helps to rece the possibility of exposure of a large number of private records5. A reasonable application is the record of employees or students. Employers, ecational institutions and even instry certification bodies can add new qualifications, grades or work places when necessary. Imagine giving employees a key to access all their employee records as part of a secure blockchain containing human resources. Indivials can safely share their university transcripts or employment history with other companies or ecational institutions without relying on unreliable and easily falsified faxes. Trace the origin of procts and raw materials. Blockchain can help ensure proct quality and safety by simplifying the tracking and positioning of procts and raw materials in use. For example, if an automobile manufacturer forms a quality centered blockchain including parts suppliers, parts assemblers, quality control suppliers and public management organizations (such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). Then the recall process of defective parts will be faster. It makes sense to think that thousands of people die every year because of defective car parts
6. Verify identity, verify published information and data. Create a better user control mechanism. Nowadays, user information is easy to be manipulated, distributed to third parties, or even sold, so as to create revenue streams for owners of social media platforms, which will never be shared with users of information. Blockchain can disrupt all of these activities. It allows users to control their own information and its exact location. No platform can be accessed without permission. Users can decide who can access their information. They can deal directly with advertisers and third parties according to their choice, rather than like others. Moreover, users can choose to share their information with advertisers on any platform for a fee
to sum up, blockchain is a kind of chained data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order in a sequential way, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography. In a broad sense, blockchain technology uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access A new distributed infrastructure and computing method (reference network) for programming and operating data by using intelligent contract composed of automated script code
Application in finance
three major applications of blockchain technology
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Application of blockchain technology in asset securitization field
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in recent years, The domestic asset securitization (ABS) instry is developing rapidly. At the same time, the problems of asset cash flow management need to be improved, the transparency and efficiency of underlying asset supervision need to be improved, the efficiency of asset transaction settlement is low, and the cost of credit enhancement is high are graally exposed. In order to apply blockchain technology in ABS field, participants need to build ABS blockchain alliance, which is composed of asset side, pre ABS investor, SPV (trust), escrow bank, manager, intermediary, ABS investor and exchange. Its core business includes fund transaction reconciliation, transaction file management, data interaction interface, information release and sharing, underlying asset management, intelligent ABS workflow and so on. Blockchain application can at least empower ABS instry in the following five aspects
To improve the cash flow management of ABS< Second, it is concive to penetrating supervisionthirdly, it can improve the settlement efficiency of financial assets< (4) the efficiency and transparency of securities trading will be greatly enhanced
fifthly, it can rece the transfer cost of credit enhancement
2. Application of blockchain technology in insurance instry. However, with the tightening of regulatory policies on medium and short-term survival procts, the business scale of universal insurance has declined significantly. In the aspect of insurance proct design, blockchain is concive to promoting the breakthrough and rapid development of customized insurance categories, such as agricultural insurance and proct quality insurance
quality insurance can endorse the reputation of enterprises and protect the rights and interests of consumers. However, insurance companies need to make a comprehensive evaluation of enterprises and procts to underwrite quality insurance, but these data are often difficult to collect truly and effectively, which restricts the development of quality insurance. The establishment of proct traceability and anti-counterfeiting application platform based on the underlying technology of blockchain can help insurance companies easily trace the information of proct proction, processing, sales, purchase, complaints and other links through the platform, so as to effectively judge the incidence of quality defects of related procts, formulate insurance procts, and promote consumption upgrading and instrial upgrading
in insurance sales, the application of blockchain technology can simplify the sales process, save the sales cost and realize the traceability of insurance sales. From the perspective of insurance companies, when willing policyholders purchase insurance policies through channels, channel providers uniformly send policyholders' information to the blockchain platform. The platform judges whether willing policyholders are in the white list according to the distributed storage information. If they meet the standards, they will accept the purchase request, which saves the tedious process of manual transmission, acceptance, review and feedback. From the perspective of consumers, blockchain technology can realize the traceability of insurance sales behavior and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. The insurance sales market has been in chaos, and the phenomenon of false publicity of insurance procts through deception, concealment or incement has been repeatedly prohibited. Blockchain technology can link the key actions of each link of insurance sales, and realize the traceability of the whole process of sales actions, so as to standardize the insurance sales behavior and promote the sustained, healthy and stable development of the instry
in the insurance claim process, the application of blockchain technology can improve the claim efficiency and customer experience. Claim and loss handling process is an important process in insurance market. The complex claim process increases the cost, reces the claim efficiency and affects the customer experience. Smart contract technology can simplify the claim submission process, rece the need for manual review and shorten the processing cycle. At the same time, it is easier to identify suspicious behaviors through the historical claims and asset source records in the distributed ledger
in the field of insurance anti fraud, the application of blockchain technology can effectively prevent the occurrence of insurance fraud. Insurance fraud not only erodes the profits of insurance companies, but also damages the legitimate rights and interests of other insurance consumers. Although every insurance company has made a lot of efforts in anti fraud, the reality is still grim. Blockchain technology can at least help the insurance instry alleviate or even resolve this stubborn disease in the following two aspects. First, establish anti fraud sharing platform to rece fraud and strengthen evaluation through historical claim information; The second is to establish "unique and identifiable identity information" by using reliable data sources and coded business rules, so as to prevent false use of identity
3. The application of blockchain technology in the field of asset custody
in recent years, the global asset custody instry has entered the fast lane of rapid development, and the scale of Custody Assets and main custody procts have maintained rapid growth., However, there is still a certain gap between this scale and the international advanced peers, and there is still a large space for the development of China's asset custody instry
the application of intelligent contract technology in blockchain can effectively solve the operational risk in asset custody business. We can optimize the business process of asset custody from the following aspects: first, we realize the automation of the whole process, encapsulate the business instruction judgment and execution rules into the smart contract, use the smart contract execution and provide risk tips; The second is to improve the process efficiency, the real-time sharing of asset change, transaction details and other information among the asset consignor, manager, trustee and agent, eliminating the process of repeated verification and right confirmation; The third is to ensure the security of the performance and the authenticity of the transaction. By setting the key, the formal information of the participants, the limited visibility of the account information and the verifiability of the transaction are guaranteed; The fourth is to ensure that the information can not be tampered with, and put the compliance verification requirements of the investment plan on the blockchain to ensure that each transaction is completed on the basis of consensus
at present, bitcoin is the most closely related to blockchain. If you want to learn more about bitcoin blockchain, you can follow some new media. For example, Sohu, Baijia, mustard circle and so on. Foreign websites, such as CCN, coindesk, etc., all have huge applications
in September 2016, Weizhong bank and Shanghai Huarui bank put into trial operation the inter-bank joint loan clearing platform based on alliance blockchain technology to optimize the settlement and clearing of "micro loan" joint loans of the two banks. With the introction of the blockchain system, all the information is recorded on the blockchain network, which can not be tampered with. The transaction process is cleared at the same time, realizing real-time clearing, saving a lot of manpower and material resources
2. China UnionPay uses blockchain technology to realize inter-bank points exchange
in September 2016, China UnionPay and IBM tried out a shared points system based on blockchain technology. Using this blockchain system allows users to exchange bonus points across banks and platforms. In other words, the bonus points of one bank can be exchanged for bonus points of other banks, or even multiple airline mileage and supermarket awards. It greatly improves the use efficiency of bank points
3. Toyota uses blockchain technology to track auto parts
in October 2016, Toyota joined R3 alliance to store the proction, processing and use of each part in the blockchain through blockchain technology, so that when there is a problem with auto parts, the source of the parts can be easily and quickly found
4. Central bank's blockchain digital bill trading platform
in January 2017, the central bank's blockchain based digital bill trading platform was successfully tested. The introction of digital currency for settlement can realize the synchronous transfer of capital flow and information flow of digital bill transaction, so as to realize DVP bill settlement. At the same time, the blockchain digital identity solution solves the problem of repeated KYC authentication between different financial institutions. It not only solves the problem that the transaction amount of digital bills is confidential to the unrelated parties, but also ensures that the regulatory parties such as the exchange have the mechanism of seeing through when necessary
5. Ant financial services blockchain application
in August 2017, ant financial services blockchain technology tested water insurance and helped Xinmei mutual insurance company to launch the first love rescue account in the domestic insurance instry. Blockchain technology makes every capital flow open and transparent, the data of every capital flow can not be tampered with, and the whereabouts and uses of every capital can be traced. In November of the same year, ant chain was used in food safety traceability and traceability of genuine procts. At present, the milk powder proced in Australia and New Zealand and Moutai in China, users can only know if they are genuine procts by scanning Alipay.
there are many other successful cases at home and abroad, all of which indicate that the application of blockchain technology is graally promoted, and is favored by various instries. Accompanied by the emergence of many blockchain technology companies, they want to take a share in this field. However, after the people's Bank of China and other seven ministries and commissions issued the "notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance"), with the increasing difficulty of registration, there are more empty shell companies in the intermediary instry chain, and few companies have practical applications
in addition, the security technology of blockchain has always been concerned and controversial. Nowadays, blockchain mainly faces five security problems: the security of underlying code, cryptographic algorithm, consensus mechanism, smart contract and digital wallet.
the principle of blockchain can be more widely used in other innovative fields. For example, blockchain is expected to establish a points exchange and transaction system, which can be used for the exchange and transaction of various points, such as telecom telephone fee points, aviation mileage points, hotel accommodation points, etc. In the field of Internet of things, IBM has cooperated with Kouvola innovation in Finland to establish a trusted cargo view of the whole process of logistics in the technology of blockchain and Watson Internet of things
in fact, in the next few years, the Internet of things will become one of the most exciting and largest application fields of blockchain. Blockchain solves the trust problem and financial transactions between massive devices and nodes in the Internet of things. The Internet of things based on blockchain and e-money can enable smart appliances to automatically complete financial transactions such as paying electricity bills, while IBM Watson cognitive technology can automatically recommend a more reasonable level of electricity consumption by learning historical data, which can form a real smart grid from the perspective of the whole society
in May 2016, two Chinese blockchain enterprises announced to join the hyperledger super ledger project led by IBM and Linux foundation. Also in May, Ping An Insurance Group announced to join the international R3 alliance to jointly develop innovative business applications based on distributed shared ledger technology with other financial institutions
now, blockchain is not only as simple as having influence on Internet technology, but also to create a new decentralized next-generation business model, which is the real significance of the blockchain revolution< br />
digital currency: to improve the convenience of currency issuance and use, for example, the central bank plans to issue its own digital currency; Cross border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transaction and rece intermediate costs; Bill and supply chain financial business: rece human intervention, rece costs and operational risks; Securities issuance and Trading: realize quasi real-time asset transfer and accelerate the speed of transaction clearing (European crowdfunding is a typical model); Customer credit investigation and anti fraud: rece the cost of legal compliance and prevent financial crimes.
will blockchain and its related technologies be used to replicate the existing online monopoly market or make them truly open, so that all market participants can participate in a more democratic and open market
it is possible that the existing participants (banks, securities companies, exchanges, etc.) will try to turn the intermediary based business model into a privately licensed blockchain, which can exclude all the disallowed participants
new participants, such as t0.com, tried to use the digital token technology based on blockchain to shake the stock lending market, but initially encountered obstacles from established interest groups, such as pension, mutual funds and major brokers, which were difficult to overcome
although in theory, blockchain should make it easier for market participants without prior commercial relations to participate in trade, some legal differences, such as credit risk identification of counterparties, are not easy to be solved
the ability to provide financial security / leverage will not be directly affected by distributed billing technology (such as blockchain). Therefore, balance sheet and risk intermediary will still be valuable services provided by traditional banks
the democratization of interests
a more "frictionless" trading cycle is sure to exist. In the post transaction clearing / settlement environment, there is limited room for innovative technology to play, and it is more difficult to innovate in the transaction between the buyer and the seller. The Amendment Agreement helps to introce high frequency / algorithmic transactions worldwide, but this is limited to the trade execution phase
blockchain is just one of a variety of technological innovations. Technological innovations also include machine learning / artificial intelligence, multi-user cloud services and large-scale database platforms. These technologies are likely to liberate the market from the current participants and start a real, not only fantasy process, but also keep the generation of liquidity away from market makers and investment banks, And tend to the structure of the market itself
one of the main ancillary benefits is that the process of hedge funds and adopting distributed billing technology can significantly rece a series of expensive and time-consuming activities. For all authorized participants, blockchain based billing can provide constantly updated, secure and available services. This will eliminate the need for repeated and continuous exchange of data between hedge funds and counterparties, and subsequently rece the need for unlimited coordination of data and storage
investment banks (such as Goldman Sachs), emerging technology players (such as digital asset holdings), exchanges (such as NASDAQ LINQ) and market data providers (such as Markit) will seize the opportunity to position themselves, whether it is to change the traditional clearing / settlement cycle or to support non equity assets encountered in the process of price discovery / liquidity
it's just a connection in the broad chain
blockchain based technology only represents one aspect of the broader and more fundamental transformation in the global financial market foundation. As mentioned above, since the creation of Euroclear, the post trading cycle will still be a large area of free innovation
nowadays, many business rules promote the adoption of new technologies (such as blockchain), especially the impact on the regulatory capital gains of banks, especially for investment banks
instead of using their own balance sheet and trading skills as a competitive advantage, the new regulations will enable banks to turn into practical participants and achieve more stable and less volatile shareholder returns by paying more attention to new technologies. It's no surprise that Goldman wants to think of itself as a "technology company.". The advantage of being a utility enterprise is that you can find the "cash flow" and open up other opportunities to make money
disruptive technology is the future direction of development, and it is also an area that everyone in the market has been longing for for for a long time.