Blockchain quantum computer
1. Most people don't know what a blockchain is
compared with traditional stocks, real estate, bonds, gold, etc., blockchain assets are a very abstract and virtual form of assets. Blockchain assets represented by bitcoin are a very specialized computer language and program running mode, There is no credit endorsement from any country behind it, nor does any enterprise give it securitization income, which completely depends on the mutual consensus trust between strangers. In this case, although the operation logic of decentralization has been completed, its experiment is only in the initial stage and development stage, and participating in relevant investment is actually a kind of brave adventurer behavior
2. The price of blockchain assets fluctuates violently
because there is not much support from the use level of entities, many blockchain projects are completely dependent on community operation and market speculation, so it is difficult for investors to hold blockchain assets from the perspective of value investment, which leads to frequent capital flow, and the situation of price fluctuations has become a normal. A blockchain related token can soar by 500% in a day, or fall by 90% in a few hours. This kind of drastic price fluctuation is not affordable to ordinary investors
3. The uncertainty of national policies is too great
as an underlying technology, blockchain has basically accepted its value all over the world. However, as the "companion proct" of blockchain, there are still great disputes on national policies, and with the continuous increase of digital currency trading volume, the impact on the global financial market is also increasing. At present, the daily trading volume of the whole digital currency field exceeds US $60 billion, which is comparable to the trading volume of China's Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, or the average daily trading volume of the New York Stock Exchange. It is impossible to continue to operate outside the supervision. There is a very large regulatory game cycle, and the policies of various countries in this regard may be introced one after another, The impact on the market cannot be ignored
4. All kinds of blockchain projects are good and bad
blockchain technology is originally a very basic architecture technology. At present, e to the global pursuit of funds, many project parties who have nothing to do with blockchain begin to use the concept of blockchain to design procts, And can complete the writing of the white paper of blockchain in a very short time, and then raise market funds. In this case, the technical threshold of the whole blockchain has been lowered. Many companies without the strength and willingness of blockchain development have developed the concept of blockchain purely to obtain financial support, resulting in the flooding of projects. The gap between projects is widening, but ordinary investors are difficult to identify and easy to fall into the trap
5. Currency speculation is not equal to blockchain investment
at present, there are many views that blockchain and digital currency are a whole. You can't develop blockchain technology while suppressing digital currency. I agree with this logic, but currency speculation is not the same as blockchain investment in the real sense. The thing with real investment value must be the thing with scarce supply. If any digital currency is issued, it can represent the application value of the blockchain and bring some innovation to the society. Then any blockchain technology team that can issue digital currency can issue dozens of digital currencies and change its name in a very short time. Therefore, digital currency itself has little logical relationship with blockchain assets. Blockchain projects must be a market with obvious scarcity, but digital currency does not have great scarcity. This is like saying that any Internet company can develop a chat software similar to wechat, but the chat software itself does not have much value. The real value lies in how many people participate in the chat software. Digital money is just a chat software. The current situation is that everyone is frying the software, and few people are concerned about what is on the software. p>
6. Short term overheating, easy to be used by lawless elements
the particularity of the blockchain instry is that many of the ecology has become very financial, in the whole process of operation, capital will be very concentrated, and most of the links are related to capital. From raising funds by ICO to sending tokens to investors, to online trading of exchanges, and trading of tokens by users in exchanges, the whole process is almost full of financialization. If the practitioners are not professional enough, have no self-discipline ability, and lack of supervision, then every link may be used by criminals to manipulate the market, Obtain all kinds of illegal income
In order to catch up with the next round of financial technology and digital revolution, Japan holds a very open attitude towards bitcoin and other transactions. Digital currency transactions denominated in Japanese yen occupy half of the whole legal currency trading area in the world, Japan hopes to use digital currency to revive its financial competitiveness. The United States hopes to use mainstream financial markets, such as futures and options derivatives market, to tame bitcoin and make it another powerful tool for us dollar hegemony. And China is also trying to promote sovereign cryptocurrency, one of the important purposes is to promote the internationalization of RMB. The field of digital currency and blockchain assets is likely to become the next big country's game and contention point, which will virtually increase the systematic risk to investors. It's hard to know what unexpected policies appear behind this big country's game and what impact they will bring to the whole market8. The threat of quantum computer
blockchain generates a set of self-motivated system to ensure that it can run on its own under decentralized conditions. Most of them use asymmetric encryption, and use the corresponding public key to verify the transactions signed by the private key, so as to ensure that bitcoin and other blockchain assets can only be used by legitimate owners. But quantum computer can solve the problem of asymmetric encryption. Quantum computer can calculate the private key from the public key in a few minutes. After knowing all the private keys, people with quantum computer can spend bitcoin and other digital currency at will. Of course, when the quantum computer will come out is also a problem. The digital currency protocol is constantly adding new encryption standards, but the potential threat brought by the quantum computer has to attract the attention of investors
9. There is a possibility of a big reversal in the supply and demand level
the market value of the blockchain token market has hovered around us $trillion. Although OTC funds are still pouring in, the stability and growth rate of the capital inflow are questionable. The supply of encrypted digital currency is a very embarrassing thing. From the perspective of a single digital currency, the total amount is strictly limited. For example, there are only 21 million bitcoins, but the threshold of issuing encrypted digital currency is getting lower and lower. Anyone and any organization can issue encrypted digital currency anytime and anywhere, and the supply is almost unlimited. On the other hand, the increasing transaction cost is restraining the demand side. At present, investors in the transaction link need to pay the transaction fees in the exchange, and also pay the miners' fees when transferring money. If countries begin to tax digital currency transactions in the future, it means that this market will have to bear more operating costs without generating its own profitability, If coupled with the increasing supply level, the overall market supply and demand expectations may reverse in a moment
10. Lack of legal protection for blockchain assets
it is not uncommon that global digital currency exchanges have been "hacked", and in the process of all kinds of over-the-counter and on-the-spot transactions, fraud also occurs from time to time, and the legal protection for investors is very limited. Especially for domestic investors, once they are stolen or cheated because of trading digital currency, it is almost difficult to recover effectively. Due to the lack of intermediary guarantee from banks and other levels, the security of digital currency is entirely under their own responsibility. Although this is in line with the logic of self preservation of private property, it also brings greater uncertainty to the storage and transaction of digital currency assets. Before there is no complete legal system to protect the rights and interests of personal digital currency assets, the legal security of investment in blockchain related assets is a very serious problem
in fact, in the real world, even if quantum computing is implemented, if the topology of the whole network is still in accordance with the existing model (the infrastructure will be updated for many years), quantum computers can only greatly improve the computing power on a few nodes and obtain accounting rights, So basically, quantum computing should be safe before it reaches everyone's personal computer.
zero knowledge proof is a technology that the verifier can make the verifier believe a certain conclusion is true and credible without providing the verifier with the information itself. At present, the anonymous transaction of zcash, a digital asset with outstanding anonymity, is realized by "zero knowledge proof"
for example, a has to prove to B that he has the key to a room. Suppose that the key can only be used to open the lock of the room, but no other method can. At this time, a can choose to give the key to B, and B can use the key to open the lock of the room, so as to prove that a has the correct key of the room
or a opens the room with the key, takes an object out of the room and shows it to B. B knows that the object is only in the room. The principle of method two is zero knowledge proof
zero knowledge proof can prove that I know the secret without disclosing the information itself, and can effectively solve many verification problems.
at present, we do not have such quantum algorithm, but what should we do if we find it in the future? As we all know, bitcoin aims to identify the speed of mining, and also increases the difficulty of mining. It means that the difficulty of finding the algorithm will become more complex
in fact, it is impossible to mine with ordinary computers, so miners use ASIC chips to dig bitcoin. At present, there are two kinds of cryptocurrency, RSA and elliptic curve cryptocurrency. In fact, these two cryptocurrency methods are vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. According to Anastasia, we only need 2500 cubits to interrupt algoant, interrupt EC, and about 4000 cubits to interrupt RSA
Hackers can identify bitcoin wallet addressesin the current situation, hard forking is impossible because many users have lost their wallet addresses and coins. Now, the worry is that quantum computers can easily help track lost wallets, and hackers can use them to decrypt and retrieve such lost coins
However, the main focus is the research of quantum computer. The entry of such computer system will make the cryptocurrency system face risks. The system could be the destroyer of bitcoinon May 3, 2017, a big news in science and technology circles: the world's first optical quantum computer surpassing the early classical computer was born. This "world's first" is a genuine "made in China" and is the result of a breakthrough made by Professor Pan Jianwei and his colleagues of the University of science and technology of China and Professor Wang Haohua of Zhejiang University
if the speed of traditional computer is bicycle, the speed of quantum computer is just like airplane. In the past few months, IBM and Intel have announced that they have built 50 and 49 qubit quantum computers, respectively. Some experts point out that within ten years, the computing power of quantum computer may catch up with and surpass the current supercomputer
at the American Physics Annual Meeting held in Los Angeles on March 5, 2018, Julian Kelly, a research scientist at Google quantum AI laboratory, reported that he was leading the Google team to test a 72 qubit universal quantum computer. However, this is only 72 qubits. At this rate of development, the magic power of quantum computer will soon be terrifying
then, why do we say that quantum computers can easily crack bitcoin? What's the matter
it takes 600000 years to crack an RSA cryptosystem, but it takes less than three hours to use a quantum computer with considerable storage function! In other words, with the leap from electronic computer to quantum computer, the computing power and the ability to process big data of the whole mankind will be improved for tens of thousands or even hundreds of millions of times. In front of the quantum computer, the traditional electronic computer we used to be proud of is equivalent to the previous abacus, which is bulky and old
although the bitcoin protocol uses asymmetric cryptocurrency, the corresponding public key is used to verify the transactions signed by the private key to ensure that bitcoin can only be used by legitimate owners. It is not feasible to force the private key to be consistent with the public key by using the currently available computer, but quantum computer can solve the problem of asymmetric cryptocurrency
in addition, the rule of bitcoin is that the more processed block will be added to the blockchain, and the other block will be voided. For example, it's like 51 people in an account book say that you have saved 100 yuan in the bank, while 49 people say that you have saved 50 yuan. In this case, the minority of blockchain algorithm is subordinate to the majority, and the bank thinks that you have saved 100 yuan is true, and that you have saved 50 yuan is false. So once a miner has 51% of the computing power, other subsequent miners will not be able to continue to get bitcoin
Andersen Cheng, co-founder of a network security company in the UK, says bitcoin will come to an end the day quantum computers come into use. What's your opinion?
what is quantum? Quantum is an important concept in modern physics, which refers to the smallest and indivisible basic unit of a physical quantity. It is fundamentally different from the classical physics represented by Newton mechanics
for a while, quantum technology has become a hot word, and a large number of search and interpretation for the keywords of "Quantum Science" and "quantum communication" have appeared on the Internet. These three words should not be confused“ "Quantum Science" refers to the effect of quantum in science, which is a subject system of quantum information“ "Quantum communication" is the application of quantum in the field of communication, that is to encrypt the communication to ensure security. Although communication is a very important application of quantum technology, quantum communication cannot be equated with quantum technology itself
compared with some improved technologies in the scientific community, quantum technology has a subversive effect. What it subverts is the current mainstream electronic computing, that is, the traditional and mainstream computer or the computer based on von Neumann structure with electrons as the basic carrier. At the same time, the chip, the electronic component of the mainstream computer, is also based on electrons, According to the economic law of Moore's law, the process of making computer chips has developed from 14 nm, 7 nm to 5 nm
but the problem is that Moore's law is approaching the physical limit, so there is an urgent need for some disruptive technologies in the field of science and technology, which take quantum as the basic unit of calculation and innovate the computing architecture with electron as the basic unit
the "trend" in the "grasp the general trend" mentioned by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in this study is that the foundation of information technology in the whole world is changing, and it is entering a new dividing point of computing architecture and basic ability breakthrough, so it is necessary to rebuild a new system in advance, which involves basic theory, basic materials, basic technology and basic technology Basic technology and device equipment, and the formation of a wide range of applications of quantum technology, and ultimately change the entire digital technology. Once the country has mastered this technology, it will make a great breakthrough in computing power and form a revolutionary impact on social development. In this regard, the starting point at home and abroad is basically the same, and the whole world has entered the "no man's land" together. Because of this, quantum technology is also a strategic area for all countries
it can be seen that under the current situation, the development of quantum technology has great strategic significance
in the world, quantum technology is still developed by enterprises in the form of instry university research. The more typical enterprises in the world are IBM and Google. Google built the first quantum computer in 2019, which only takes 200 seconds to complete a calculation, while it takes about 10000 years to use traditional computers
in the research of quantum technology, China goes hand in hand with European and American countries, at least not in a backward position. It should be noted that the technology has made some breakthroughs in the world, but it is not in a mature stage of development, so China still has a great opportunity to lead the competition. In China, quantum technology is still dominated by enterprises. The world's first quantum science experimental satellite "Mozi" from China and China's first quantum secure communication backbone network are all the results of enterprise oriented and instry university research cooperation. Some of the projects are led by GuoDun quantum enterprises incubated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Tencent has set up a quantum computing laboratory, which focuses on applications in information processing, such as the help of quantum algorithms to machine learning; We are also actively exploring more classical calculation or simulation methods for some small systems and molecules, and applying them in pharmaceutical, material, chemical and other instries< In the final analysis, there are two essential meanings of quantum technology: one is to improve the security of information and communication; Second, improve the computing power. At present, quantum computing can be widely used in many instries.
quantum technology is an important force in digital technology system. Throughout the study focus put forward by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, whether it is quantum technology, or big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain, they are the core content of digital technology and the core force to promote the era of digital economy
digital technology is a science and technology that uses the data of the physical world to construct a digital world that forms a mapping relationship with the physical world, and uses computing power and algorithms to proce useful information and knowledge to guide and optimize the economic and social operation in the physical world
digital technology is an iterative upgrade of the new generation of information technology. With the continuous advancement of the digital process, the connotation of "new generation information technology" is greatly broadened, and new technologies such as cloud computing, big data, mobile Internet, Internet of things, artificial intelligence, blockchain emerge in endlessly. Quantum computing, brain computer interface and other technology fields have broken through the scope of traditional information technology fields, and will probably change the whole information computing system
from the practice of digital technology innovation of major countries and leading enterprises in the world, digital technology has graally become a new hot spot of innovation and competition among countries. On the one hand, the major digital technology giants focus on digital technology and digital technology, such as Google's AI, quantum computing and knowledge automation engine technology; Cloud computing and AI of Microsoft and Amazon; Digital twin breakthroughs of Dassault, PTC, Siemens, ESI, etc; Apple's closed digital technology ecosystem based on processor innovation
on the other hand, the innovation of digital technology giants is inseparable from data science and technology digitization. For example, Google waymo driverless needs to continuously integrate digital technology with automobile related disciplines, technologies and instries to realize the value realization from data to domain knowledge
from the perspective of economic development, digital technology has changed workers from people to "people + machines", and workers can show exponential growth; It turns the means of proction into "instrial and agricultural supplies + data", and the data changes from tangible to intangible, and there is no quantity limit; The means of labor has become "instrial and agricultural equipment + computing power driven digital technology equipment", showing exponential growth, the proctivity has been unprecedented liberation, and human society has rapidly entered the digital era. It can be said that digital technology points to digital economy in the short term and knowledge civilization in the long term
from the perspective of promoting innovation, digital technology drives network collaborative innovation mode. In the instrial age, the innovation process is a one-way linear process from basic research to applied research and then to "chain innovation" of instrial development. Digital science and technology needs to face the interaction and integration of the physical world and the digital world. On the one hand, it needs to solve the practical application, face the needs of users, and develop the scene type R & D and innovation of a new market. Starting from the needs of users, it forms a reverse traction for scientific research. On the other hand, it needs to seek breakthroughs in various basic disciplines and basic technology fields. Each innovation subject is one of the nodes in the huge network system, and will participate in the whole process of the development and application of new science, new technology and new procts, which greatly shortens the innovation instrialization cycle
therefore, with the change of proction factors and innovation mode, digital technology will eventually reshape the global economic competition pattern. In the early days of the development of digital economy, digitization triggered the service instry to enter into more complex traditional fields such as instry, energy and transportation. However, with the development of digital technology, it is now more to change the whole process from data to information to knowledge through data processing, simulation modeling and machine learning, and push it into the stage of knowledge automation, Make data into the system of value creation. This power determines that digital technology will reshape the global economic and instrial pattern, and it will inevitably be the strategic commanding point of competition between big countries and enterprises
(the content of the article is provided by Wang Xiaoming, researcher of the Institute of science and technology strategy consulting, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and collected by our reporter Shen Yiran)
In popular language, blockchain is an Internet form of information flow and use, which makes information interaction anonymous, unchangeable, decentralized, traceable, and easy to transfer. At present, the most mature proct using this technology is bitcoin. Therefore, bitcoin, which uses blockchain technology, has the characteristics of anonymity, immutability and decentralization
using blockchain technology can reflect (or realize) the value of various kinds of data, and facilitate the transaction of useful data. For example, the big data of each big bank, Alibaba, Tencent, Jingdong and the network will not be shared, but if blockchain technology is used, it may be shared, Because of the anonymity of blockchain, it can only obtain relevant data and avoid the disclosure of private data.