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Blockchain architecture is divided into several layers
Publish: 2021-05-25 04:29:16
1. The projects of jinwowo network technology analysis blockchain are divided into three levels:
the top and easiest thing to do is the application layer. I can see two or three such projects every day, accounting for more than 95% of the whole market. But such companies often write a lot of technical things in the white paper. In fact, they also write in vain. This is purely for the purpose of collecting pages, because they don't need to talk about technology at all
the second type is the intermediate operation level, such as quantum chain and ant. This kind of project is similar to the operation procere, called the basic chain, which is used to run the application. This category is relatively small, and the proportion has dropped to less than 5%
the third category is more downward extension and lower level, such as standard chain and arcblock. This kind is even less. It's good to see two or three in a month. And some of them are not necessarily true, because there is really nothing to write about, and all fields are occupied by others, so someone will go in this direction.
the top and easiest thing to do is the application layer. I can see two or three such projects every day, accounting for more than 95% of the whole market. But such companies often write a lot of technical things in the white paper. In fact, they also write in vain. This is purely for the purpose of collecting pages, because they don't need to talk about technology at all
the second type is the intermediate operation level, such as quantum chain and ant. This kind of project is similar to the operation procere, called the basic chain, which is used to run the application. This category is relatively small, and the proportion has dropped to less than 5%
the third category is more downward extension and lower level, such as standard chain and arcblock. This kind is even less. It's good to see two or three in a month. And some of them are not necessarily true, because there is really nothing to write about, and all fields are occupied by others, so someone will go in this direction.
2. The hierarchical structure of blockchain
1, data layer / data layer
the data layer mainly describes the physical form of blockchain, which is a chain structure starting from Genesis block on blockchain, including block data, chain structure, random number, time stamp, public and private key data on blockchain, and is the lowest level data structure in the whole blockchain technology
2. Network layer / network layer
the network layer mainly realizes the mechanism of distributed network through P2P technology, and the network layer includes P2P networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism. Therefore, blockchain is essentially a P2P network with automatic networking mechanism, and the communication between nodes is maintained by maintaining a common blockchain structure
3. Consensus layer / consensus layer
consensus layer mainly includes consensus algorithm and consensus mechanism, which enables highly dispersed nodes to reach consensus on the effectiveness of block data efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and also the governance mechanism of blockchain community. At present, there are at least dozens of consensus mechanism algorithms, including workload proof, rights and interests proof, rights and interests authorization proof, burning proof, importance proof and so on
data layer, network layer and consensus layer are the necessary elements of building blockchain technology. Without any layer, it can not be called a real blockchain technology
4. Incentive layer / activator layer
the incentive layer mainly includes the issuing system and distribution system of economic incentive. Its function is to provide certain incentive measures, encourage nodes to participate in the security verification work in the blockchain, incorporate economic factors into the blockchain technology system, encourage nodes that comply with rules to participate in bookkeeping, and punish nodes that do not comply with rules
5. Contract layer / contract layer
the contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. Embedding the code into the blockchain or token, realizing the smart contract that can be customized, and automatically executing without a third party when certain constraints are met, is the foundation of the blockchain's distrust
6. Application layer / application layer
the application layer of blockchain encapsulates various application scenarios and cases, which are similar to applications on computer operating system, portals on Internet browsers, search engines, e-malls or apps on mobile phones. The blockchain technology applications are deployed on Ethereum, EOS and qtum, and are implemented in real life scenarios. The future programmable finance and programmable society will also be built on the application layer
incentive layer, contract layer and application layer are not necessary factors for each blockchain application, and some blockchain applications do not completely include the three-tier structure.
1, data layer / data layer
the data layer mainly describes the physical form of blockchain, which is a chain structure starting from Genesis block on blockchain, including block data, chain structure, random number, time stamp, public and private key data on blockchain, and is the lowest level data structure in the whole blockchain technology
2. Network layer / network layer
the network layer mainly realizes the mechanism of distributed network through P2P technology, and the network layer includes P2P networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism. Therefore, blockchain is essentially a P2P network with automatic networking mechanism, and the communication between nodes is maintained by maintaining a common blockchain structure
3. Consensus layer / consensus layer
consensus layer mainly includes consensus algorithm and consensus mechanism, which enables highly dispersed nodes to reach consensus on the effectiveness of block data efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and also the governance mechanism of blockchain community. At present, there are at least dozens of consensus mechanism algorithms, including workload proof, rights and interests proof, rights and interests authorization proof, burning proof, importance proof and so on
data layer, network layer and consensus layer are the necessary elements of building blockchain technology. Without any layer, it can not be called a real blockchain technology
4. Incentive layer / activator layer
the incentive layer mainly includes the issuing system and distribution system of economic incentive. Its function is to provide certain incentive measures, encourage nodes to participate in the security verification work in the blockchain, incorporate economic factors into the blockchain technology system, encourage nodes that comply with rules to participate in bookkeeping, and punish nodes that do not comply with rules
5. Contract layer / contract layer
the contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. Embedding the code into the blockchain or token, realizing the smart contract that can be customized, and automatically executing without a third party when certain constraints are met, is the foundation of the blockchain's distrust
6. Application layer / application layer
the application layer of blockchain encapsulates various application scenarios and cases, which are similar to applications on computer operating system, portals on Internet browsers, search engines, e-malls or apps on mobile phones. The blockchain technology applications are deployed on Ethereum, EOS and qtum, and are implemented in real life scenarios. The future programmable finance and programmable society will also be built on the application layer
incentive layer, contract layer and application layer are not necessary factors for each blockchain application, and some blockchain applications do not completely include the three-tier structure.
3. Aggregation chain refers to the innovative introction of "alliance chain + cross chain + public chain" aggregation chain technology architecture on the basis of long-term accumulated alliance chain technology, so as to realize the efficient, safe and low-cost flow of data and assets, and then practice the historical mission of enabling distributed economy.
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5. Mine pool refers to:
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
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7. The hierarchical points of jinwowo network technology analysis blockchain are as follows:
the bottom layer is some common basic moles, such as basic encryption algorithm, network communication library, stream processing, thread encapsulation, message encapsulation and decoding, system time, etc
the middle layer is the core mole of blockchain, which generally includes the main logic of blockchain, such as P2P network protocol, consensus mole, transaction processing mole, transaction pool mole, simple contract or intelligent contract mole, embedded database processing mole, wallet mole, etc
the top layer is often based on the interaction mole of JSON standard RPC. Based on JSON RPC, we can also make a better UI interface or a web service.
the bottom layer is some common basic moles, such as basic encryption algorithm, network communication library, stream processing, thread encapsulation, message encapsulation and decoding, system time, etc
the middle layer is the core mole of blockchain, which generally includes the main logic of blockchain, such as P2P network protocol, consensus mole, transaction processing mole, transaction pool mole, simple contract or intelligent contract mole, embedded database processing mole, wallet mole, etc
the top layer is often based on the interaction mole of JSON standard RPC. Based on JSON RPC, we can also make a better UI interface or a web service.
8. Firstly, we need to know that blockchain is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism and encryption algorithm. Secondly, as for the composition architecture of blockchain system, jinwowo Group believes that it is composed of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies
2. Network layer: includes distributed networking mechanism, data propagation mechanism and data verification mechanism
3. Consensus layer: it mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives
4. Contract layer: it mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; At present, jinwowo in Southwest China has taken the lead in big data research with blockchain as the underlying technology, and also provides big data services with blockchain as the underlying technology
5. Application layer: encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology
1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies
2. Network layer: includes distributed networking mechanism, data propagation mechanism and data verification mechanism
3. Consensus layer: it mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives
4. Contract layer: it mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; At present, jinwowo in Southwest China has taken the lead in big data research with blockchain as the underlying technology, and also provides big data services with blockchain as the underlying technology
5. Application layer: encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology
9. The current mainstream blockchain architecture includes six layers: network layer, data layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The positions of data layer and network layer are exchanged in the figure, and the main uses will be described in the next section
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
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