International economists' views on blockchain

1.

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

some areas where blockchain can be used can be as follows:

& ᦇ 9642; Smart contract; Securities trading; E-commerce; Internet of things; Social communication; File storage; Proof of existence; Authentication

&9642; Equity crowdfunding

we can compare the development of blockchain with the development of the Internet itself. In the future, something called finance Internet will be formed on the Internet. This thing is based on blockchain, and its precursor is bitcoin, that is, traditional finance starts from private chain and instry chain (LAN), bitcoin series starts from public chain (WAN), They all express the same concept - digital asset, and finally converge to an intermediate equilibrium point

The evolution mode of

blockchain is as follows:

& 9642; Blockchain 1.0 digital currency; Blockchain 2.0 digital assets and smart contracts; Blockchain 3.0: implementation of distributed applications in various instries

2. Blockchain is the biggest trend in the next decade
if you look at the problem with the thinking of 30 years ago, you will think that others are crazy, but in fact you are out of date
the concept of blockchain can be traced back to the end of 2008. In the forum, a mysterious personage named "Nakamoto Tsung" published a paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system" and proposed the concept of blockchain for the first time
on January 3, 2009, the first block of the blockchain was born, which is called the "Founding block"
almost with the birth of blockchain technology, bitcoin became the first thing to play its role. In the following years, bitcoin graally swept the world. In 2017, its crazy market made blockchain technology known to all
the idea of blockchain first appeared in the famous bitcoin open source project. In the process of its birth and development, bitcoin project draws on the technical achievements from digital currency, cryptography, game theory, distributed system, cybernetics and other fields. It can be said that bitcoin project is good at all. As its core supporting structure, blockchain technology is a remarkable innovation achievement
blockchain is a distributed database system with different nodes, which is an open ledger system<
three characteristics of blockchain
compared with the traditional centralized scheme, blockchain technology mainly has the following three characteristics:
the core idea of blockchain is decentralization
in the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any node are equal, and all nodes have the ability to vote with computing power, Thus, the result recognized by more than half of the nodes is guaranteed. Even under serious hacker attacks, as long as the number of nodes controlled by hackers does not exceed half of the total number of nodes in the world, the system can still operate normally and the data will not be tampered with
block chain's biggest subversive is the establishment of credit
the collective maintenance of blockchain can rece the cost
in the centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system depend on the operation and operation of platforms such as data center, and the cost cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. Each node can verify the correctness of the results of other nodes' records while participating in the records, which improves the maintenance efficiency and reces the cost
in a word, blockchain touches money, trust and power, which are the fundamental basis for human survival< Its development has gone through three stages
1. Brewing period: from 2009 to 2012, bitcoin and its instrial ecology are the main economic forms
2. Embryonic period: from 2012 to 2015, with bitcoin entering the public view, new wallet payment and remittance companies appeared, and blockchain economy spread to the financial field. The underlying technology of blockchain is constantly innovated. Blockchain technology is separated from bitcoin system
3. Development period: in 2016, we began to explore instry applications, and a large number of blockchain start-ups appeared. The popularity of ICO in 2017 has given blockchain unprecedented attention
"blockchain 2.0 era" is coming
the application service layer is the driving force for the sustainable development of blockchain, which is divided into three stages of application: 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
programmable currency: blockchain 1.0 application
programmable currency is the digital currency represented by bitcoin, but it is not the legal tender of any country or region, and there is no government authority to provide guarantee for it
programmable Finance: blockchain 2.0 application& quot; Smart contract& quot; Using program algorithm to replace the concept of contract execution. This enables blockchain to expand from the original monetary system to the registration and transfer of equity, creditor's rights and property rights, the transaction and execution of securities and financial contracts, and even the financial fields of gambling and anti-counterfeiting
programmable Society: blockchain 3.0 application
blockchain is the core of value Internet, which can confirm, measure and store the property rights of information and bytes representing value in each Internet. It can not only record the transactions of the financial instry, but also record almost anything valuable that can be expressed in the form of code. Its application can be extended to any field with demand, and then to the whole society
at present, the application of blockchain has begun to surpass bitcoin (blockchain 1.0), enter the era of blockchain 1.5, and transition to the financial field (blockchain 2.0)
in the next 3-5 years, blockchain may go beyond the financial field and enter the field of social notarization and intelligence (blockchain 3.0), including identity authentication, notarization, arbitration, audit, domain name, logistics, medical care, mail, visa, voting and other fields. Its application scope will be expanded to the whole society, and blockchain technology is likely to become a new technology& quot; All things are connected& quot; It's the lowest level protocol
at present, blockchain technology has been recognized by the world, and its development has become an inevitable trend. Accompanied by more people's attention, "in the next 30 years, new technologies will be integrated into all aspects of traditional instries, and human society will turn upside down. No matter who you are, no matter where you are, all of us will be a part of this great change."
this is the current situation. Blockchain has given the post-90s an opportunity. However, if you want to control blockchain technology without being affected by negative factors, the most important thing is to have a clear understanding of it, whether it is regulators, researchers, speculators or bystanders
it's time to devote more energy to blockchain technology
in China, the average annual salary of blockchain positions has reached more than 300000, and that of some enterprises has reached more than 1 million. The monthly salary of blockchain instry graates in Beijing, Shanghai and other places has exceeded 20K! If the post-90s seize the bonus of the times, they may become the next Alibaba in the future! If you miss it, you may regret it for ten years.

3.

Blockchain is a new technology, not a disguised form of MLM. It is just claimed by many MLM organizations as "blockchain". In fact, there is no technology. It's just a practice of MLM under the name of "blockchain". The state has issued several announcements to crack down on this kind of MLM. The following is the Xinhua news report on MLM of blockchain:

blockchain is not equal to virtual currency, but also has security risks. Behind the popularity, there is exaggeration with "ulterior motives". Only by removing the flashiness, can the blockchain return to its real application value

invest 80000 yuan, change to 800000 yuan after three months? Shenzhen police cracked a huge fund-raising fraud. Under the guise of blockchain concept and 10 times income, thousands of investors were deeply involved in the case, involving up to 307 million yuan. Under the "veil of mystery" of the blockchain, the illegal elements have taken advantage of their own tricks, and the blockchain has become a "signboard" of economic crimes such as fraud and pyramid selling

why is the blockchain repeatedly "misused" by illegal activities such as pyramid selling fraud? In addition to "unknown", what is the "function" of blockchain technology itself? Since the beginning of this year, with the increase of supervision and the cooling of currency speculation, new opportunities have been brought to the development of blockchain. How about the implementation of blockchain commercial "application" The reporter of outlook news weekly recently concted an investigation

when the three-month "capital release period" promised by the trading platform expired and the staff began to "kick" in the QQ group, Tang Haiyan, who lives in Bao'an District of Shenzhen City, realized that she might have been cheated

previously, Tang Haiyan invested 80000 yuan to buy a virtual currency called "ordinary silver coin" under the introction of her classmates“ The other side said that this currency is the most advanced blockchain technology at present, with Tibetan tea as collateral. He also showed me the "technical white paper". I didn't understand blockchain, so I didn't read it carefully. "

although she doesn't know about blockchain and virtual currency, the high investment income makes Tang Haiyan full of expectations. She told reporters that companies issuing "ordinary silver coins" will regularly split the virtual currency according to the ratio of 1:10, which means that each split will make the value of "ordinary silver coins" in the hands of investors expand 10 times. As long as after a split, her investment of 80000 yuan is equivalent to the purchase of 800000 yuan worth of "ordinary silver coins", which can be sold on the trading platform to obtain huge profits

according to the rules of the trading platform, the newly purchased "ordinary silver coin" cannot be traded immediately, and it must be frozen on the platform for three months before it can enter the "release period". However, after three months, not only did Tang Haiyan not wait for the assets to double, but the 80000 yuan frozen on the platform could not be used for trading

"other investors began to question the authenticity of this investment in QQ group. As a result, the staff of the company kicked these investors out one by one, which made me feel bad." She said

The fact also proves Tang HaiYan's intuition. At the end of March 2018, Shenzhen police detected a huge fund-raising fraud, with the amount of fraud funds as high as 307 million yuan. In this case, Shenzhen Puyin blockchain Group Co., Ltd. involved in the case issued virtual currency in the mode of "blockchain + Tibetan tea" to obtain public deposits. Tang Haiyan was one of the thousands of victims

Shenzhen police investigation found that the company claimed that investors could buy and sell "ordinary silver coins" on the virtual trading platform "jucoin net" to earn a price difference

. In fact, the change of its trading price is that the company used investors' investment funds for behind the scenes operation, and once raised the price of "ordinary silver coin" from 0.5 yuan to 10 yuan, so that investors can taste some sweetness. When a large number of investors entered the market, the company continued to cash out through malicious manipulation of the price trend of "ordinary silver coin", which eventually led to the worthlessness of "ordinary silver coin" in the hands of investors

since 2018, engaging in fraud and pyramid selling under the banner of blockchain has become a common "routine" in new criminal tactics. In April 2018, Jinan police dropped a pyramid selling Gang under the guise of "western development", "national poverty alleviation", "original stocks", "blockchain" and "e-commerce", arrested more than 10 major suspects, frozen more than 100 accounts involved, and seized more than 300 million yuan of funds involved

according to Jinan police, huileyi e-commerce company designed a fake virtual disk on the Internet on the ground that the country is vigorously developing the big data instry, and released a variety of virtual currencies such as "precious currency" and "precious currency"

under the guise of giving away, they presented a certain amount of virtual currency to the New MLM staff, with the price of tens of yuan each. Then, through artificial manipulation, they appreciated the virtual currency all the way to more than 100 yuan or even hundreds of yuan, attracting people who did not know the truth to join. Finally, they "cut leeks" through the periodic fluctuation of the so-called "devaluation" of virtual currency, Finally, the purpose of seeking illegal interests is achieved

in Xi'an, a few days ago, the local police successfully cracked a huge network pyramid selling case under the banner of blockchain. According to the police, the suspect, Zheng Mou, has paid a high salary to the 9 network members, such as Zhang and Lee. Since March 28, 2018, he has gathered pyramid selling and network pyramid selling as a means to sell the virtual Datang coins at the consumption era network platform at the price of 3 yuan each, and manipulate the appreciation rate; p>

at the same time, promotion meetings were held in many cities at home and abroad to attract members. According to the development of members, 28 level agents were set up. In just 18 days, the gang developed more than 13000 registered members. At present, it has been found that the case involves 31 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, and the fund involved is as high as 86 million yuan

according to Tencent's 2017 pyramid selling situation awareness white paper released by Tencent security joint laboratory, in recent years, all kinds of overseas capital disk, virtual currency and ICO (initial public offering token financing of blockchain project) projects have emerged in an endless stream, which hide many risks such as illegal issuance, untrue projects, cross-border money laundering, fraud and pyramid selling, As a result, a large number of funds flow overseas. Once the market collapses, runs away or loses contact, investors often have no way to complain and the losses are difficult to recover. For example, Baichuan coin, mark coin, beta coin, dark coin, etc

the reporter of lookout Newsweek interviewed in Guangdong, Shandong, Shanghai and other places and learned that most people know that the concept of blockchain is very popular, but they "don't know where it is", and there are different opinions on the specific functions of blockchain: some people think it is used for "investment and financing", "buying and selling currency", while others think it is "a major invention of the same magnitude as the steam engine", Some entrepreneurs are even more eager to seize this "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get rich."

many people in the instry said that it is precisely because people have many misunderstandings about blockchain that criminals have opportunities to fish in troubled waters and mislead investors

First, blockchain is not equal to virtual currency. By the end of last year, the number of domestic ICO participants and the total volume of transactions have doubled, a large number of digital currency exchanges have fled overseas, and the agent investment mode has involved more ordinary people in high-risk investment

in many instries, we media and celebrities form interest alliances with issuers and digital exchanges to endorse and create public opinion for the "air currency" project. In December last year, nine departments including the people's Bank of China identified ICO as "suspected of illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid selling and other illegal and criminal activities"

in the interview, many people told our reporter that the existence of token has built a set of rights and interests mechanism for the development of blockchain technology, which is indispensable for stimulating the prosperity of blockchain applications“ The market practice in the past five years has proved that blockchain applications without equity mechanism are just like market economy without computers connected to the Internet and money, with greatly reced application scenarios and development speed. " An investor in Shanghai said

in fact, the token represented by bitcoin is only one of the earliest procts to verify the blockchain technology, and the two can not be equated, and the existence of token has obviously negative effects on the development of blockchain

Xiao Wei, chief engineer of network blockchain, told this reporter that the myth of ICO's sudden wealth shakes the R & D concentration of blockchain technical talents, and the myth of "sudden wealth" with hundreds of times of return tests the patience of blockchain technical R & D talents“ Many of the "comrades in arms" in the circle who used to do research and development of blockchain technology have gone to issue coins, and now few of them can insist on doing research and development and application of technology. "

Xu zewei, Secretary of the Party committee of Beijing Internet Finance Instry Association, said that under the background of China's ban on ICO, many domestic start-ups promoting blockchain applications are "selling dog meat with sheep's pawn" and financing through concept packaging of worthless tokens“ ICO has polluted the good atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship, and created a kind of speculative proct. Many young people are not thinking about entrepreneurship, but are thinking about issuing money, which makes us have the illusion of getting rich overnight. "

at present, more and more people in the instry begin to think about whether the development of blockchain must rely on the issuance of tokens to achieve incentives. Guo Dagang, Secretary General of Beijing Internet Finance Instry Association, told this reporter that the so-called incentive mechanism is only the theoretical basis for the project party to issue tokens for itself. Huo Xuewen, director of Beijing Municipal Bureau of financial work, also believes that if blockchain does not get rid of the dilemma of issuing currency, it will never find a legal landing mechanism

secondly, blockchain is not omnipotent and its security is at risk. Blockchain is generally considered to achieve three functions:

first, the data stored on the blockchain can not be tampered or forged, and the data has high credibility and credibility; Second, the whole process of the transaction can be traced, which can achieve accurate responsibility tracking; Third, the embedded smart contract in the blockchain can be executed automatically based on the contract, so as to improve work efficiency and rece the risk of default. It is generally believed that blockchain has broad application prospects in finance, logistics, trade and other fields

in fact, blockchain is not omnipotent, and its function has many limitations. It is generally believed that, according to the characteristics of cryptography, in order to tamper or falsify in the blockchain, more than 51% of the nodes need to be controlled in theory. When there are enough nodes in the blockchain, it is difficult to tamper with the trust creation mechanism widely participated by the public

However, in reality, digital currency exchanges are frequently attacked or even stolen. On June 20, 2018, bithumb exchange of South Korea announced on its official website that the exchange had been attacked by hackers and stolen 35 billion won, about 32 million US dollars of cryptocurrency

Ji Xinhua, known as the first generation of "hackers" in China, said that the blockchain will continue to face attacks, and the process of uploading data to the blockchain is prone to information leakage. Some people in the instry worry that once the super computing power of quantum computing is realized, it will also have a direct impact on the blockchain

Zhao Yao, a special researcher of the Institute of finance of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told this reporter that the academic community has confirmed as early as 2013 that the blockchain is not perfect and there are many "cheating" strategies. As long as there are enough economic incentives, controlling attacks of more than 51% nodes does not only exist in theory

Zeng Guang, Secretary General of Shenzhen Internet Finance Association, said that the blockchain technology itself does not have the ability to do so

4. The subversive characteristics of blockchain lie in the following four aspects: first, transparency. The data record of the blockchain system is transparent to the nodes of the whole network, and the update operation of the data record is also transparent to the nodes of the whole network, which is the basis of the trustworthiness of the blockchain system. Because the blockchain system uses open source programs, open rules and high participation, the data records and operation rules of the blockchain can be reviewed and traced by the nodes of the whole network, with high transparency< Second, openness. The blockchain system is open. In addition to the fact that the private information of the parties directly related to the data is always encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all (except the blockchain system with special permission requirements). Anyone or participating nodes can query blockchain data records or develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent< Third, information can not be tampered with. Once the information of the blockchain system is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for private blockchain systems with special change requirements). Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high
Fourth, decentralization. Decentralization is the most basic feature of the blockchain, which means that the blockchain no longer depends on the central processing node and realizes the distributed recording, storage and updating of data. In the traditional centralized network, attacking a central node can destroy the whole system, while in a decentralized blockchain network, attacking a single node cannot control or destroy the whole network. More than 5% of the nodes in the master network are just the beginning of gaining control. 2019 is the first year for the commercial application of blockchain technology, and the stimulation of favorable policies will make the development of blockchain technology more stable
with the application of blockchain technology graally penetrating into many fields such as digital finance and Internet, we have a clearer understanding of the value of blockchain
blockchain has formed a situation of global competition, and all countries are seizing the development opportunities, let alone China; Therefore, there is no doubt that blockchain has become a national strategy.

5. 1、 Blockchain will play the role of "recing costs for the real economy". At present, the high cost and low profit of the real economy lead to the lack of capital support for the real economy. In the operating cost, the proportion of management cost and financial cost is not low. Blockchain technology can effectively help enterprises rece the cost of these two parts
secondly, blockchain will play a role of "improving the efficiency of instrial chain collaboration". Enhancing instrial collaboration is an important way to promote manufacturing in China to move towards the middle and high end. However, in many instries, the efficiency of instrial chain collaboration is still not high, especially in the field of international trade
thirdly, blockchain will play a role of "building an honest instrial environment". At present, the construction of China's social credit system is accelerating, but in some cases, the process of building trust among partners is still slow, it is difficult to obtain all kinds of credit information, and it is difficult for small, medium and micro enterprises to obtain credit loans from financial institutions. Through the "transaction on the chain", all aspects can more easily find out the accurate historical credit situation of the counterparties, and establish the cooperation mechanism faster; Banks can also give credit to enterprises more safely based on transaction records, and promote the solution of the problems of "difficult, expensive and slow financing" of small, medium and micro enterprises operating in good faith
in addition, blockchain can make use of smart contracts to avoid default and fraud to a large extent, and can also make efficient and convenient payment scenario applications in combination with blockchain asset wallet. As early as in the blockchain circle, there have been many innovation forums and Instry Summit aiming at the direction of blockchain enabling the real economy, and combining with the local economic instry to carry out landing optimization. For example, the world blockchain conference Macao station intends to make a deep integration with the local economic instry, and use and popularize the blockchain assets with the payment means of magic chain wallet.

6. I don't know much about blockchain technology. Maybe the technology itself can be used by the government to do other things. But mining doesn't make sense. It's a waste of computing power and electricity. If there is a mechanism, for example, scientists submit scientific computing problems and then pay civil computing power a certain amount of remuneration, it is quite reliable. It is recommended to pay close attention to the "regional TV network" to learn more about blockchain and take you into a new world.

7. In just a few years, blockchain has developed from 1.0 era to 3.0 era. The update of each "era" has brought changes to the world. The development of blockchain can be divided into three stages from 1.0 era to 3.0 era: point-to-point transaction, transaction and transaction Smart contract and blockchain application Ecology (token economy)
blockchain 1.0 era: digital currency rate of return is the king

blockchain 2.0 era: smart contract provides infrastructure support for upper application development

blockchain 3.0: the subversion of business lies in the transformation of proction relations

all obstacles to the development of human society, Fundamentally speaking, they are all caused by "mutual distrust", especially various economic and financial crises. If human beings can solve the problem of mutual trust, then human beings will complete a very big leap forward
the development of blockchain has graally laid the foundation for this direction. Human beings are entering the era of "smart contract", which is the process of upgrading human trust mechanism. Once the smart contract is reached, human society is facing a new big upgrade. As a value creator, the value created by each indivial can be accurately recorded and the corresponding return can be obtained, There will be less and less mutual interference, and people are really moving towards independence and equality. Human civilization has evolved from "identity society" to "contract society", and blockchain is expected to lead human beings to transition from "contract society" to "smart contract society"
although blockchain has gone out of the conceptual stage, the current situation of blockchain technology development is that the underlying technology is not mature enough and the application scenarios are relatively limited. On the one hand, consensus algorithm and other core technologies of blockchain still have room for optimization and improvement; On the other hand, the processing efficiency of blockchain is difficult to meet the requirements of some high-frequency application environments in reality. Moreover, the current mainstream blockchain technology platforms are originated from foreign countries. Domestic blockchain technology service providers should patiently start from the bottom development, achieve independent and controllable technology, and strive to lead the global blockchain technology development. It still needs a certain period of time. It can be said that the whole domestic trend is waiting for the emergence of a super level blockchain project
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