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The encapsulation of blockchain system contract layer includes
Publish: 2021-05-23 13:05:01
1.
At the beginning of self-learning blockchain related knowledge, we can adopt the "bottom-up" method, that is, through reading books, reading white papers , we can check the information , and then summarize and connect these knowledge , and integrate them into a relatively complete knowledge system so I went to the bookstore and bought a of the Analects of Confucius. I read it from the beginning to the end and found that there were too many details and insights in it, which could not be transmitted through any interpretation. Actually, I spent a lot of time and read a lot of interpretation before. I really want to abandon the essence and pursue the end. I have to work hard it's the same in every field. When you don't understand it, you will have a kind of inexplicable fear of it, thinking that it is high and unattainable. In order to step into these fields quickly, you will look for a lot of so-called "interpretation" and "news" around it 2. technical perspective Basic Stage: 1. Blockchain Development Guide - author Shentu Qingchun: the author's research on the bottom layer of rendant bitcoin is very in-depth, and the explanation is very easy to understand 2. Blockchain technology guide - author Zou Jun: as the first domestic book to explain blockchain from a technical perspective, it is worth reading. Since its publication in 2016, it has been consistently evaluated well 3. Principles, design and application of blockchain by Yang Baohua and Chen Chang: as the CTO of Zhigui, Chen Chang remembers that the previous ink chain was based on hyperledger fabric, so this book has a thorough explanation of hyperledger related open source procts 3. Blockchain world is divided into two parts. The first part comprehensively reviews the birth, growth and graal development of blockchain in 2008 through full and accurate information, introces in detail the originality of blockchain technology, the scientific mechanism and the artistic logic, and introces the application characteristics of blockchain through more than ten instry scenarios such as finance, anti-counterfeiting and medical treatment. In the second part, combined with the spirit of G20 summit and the 13th five year plan, the author explores the combination of blockchain and digital economy, as well as the author's views and suggestions on the development trend of the instry
2. There are six hierarchical structures in the blockchain, which are from bottom to top: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
1. Data layer
the data layer is the lowest layer in the six hierarchies of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for the blockchain, this database is a tamperable and distributed database, which is what we call "distributed ledger"
in the data layer, that is, the "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, and the blockchain structure, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technical means of the block are encapsulated to ensure the security of the data in the case of the whole network being open. The specific method is:
in the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data layer (that is, the distributed database), and use asymmetric encryption and hash algorithm in cryptography to ensure the non usurpation and traceability of the distributed database
This constitutes the bottom data structure of blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. We also need to let the data information in the database be shared and exchanged. Next, we will introce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer
Second, network layer
the network system of blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point to point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. All resources and services in the network are distributed in the hands of each node, and the transmission of information is also a direct communication between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Nakamoto, and the blockchain only integrates this technology
therefore, the network layer of blockchain is actually a particularly powerful point-to-point network system. In this system, each node can not only proce information, but also receive information, just like sending e-mail. You can write your own e-mail, and you can also receive the e-mail sent to you by others
in the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Every time a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block, and then create a new block on the basis of the block. In this way, the whole network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system
however, what rules should the whole network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which we will introce next: the consensus layer
Third, consensus layer
in the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the whole network should maintain and update the general ledger of blockchain system according to a unified and agreed rule, which is similar to the rule of updating data. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and the governance mechanism of blockchain community to let highly dispersed nodes reach consensus efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network
at present, the mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: proof of work of bitcoin (POW), proof of rights and interests of Ethereum (POS), proof of rights and interests of EOS (dpos), etc
we now introce the data layer, network layer and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there are data, networks and rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How can nodes actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system? Here is the incentive layer, which we will introce next: incentive layer< 4. Incentive layer
incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism, which can be understood as incentive mechanism: you can get as much reward as you contribute to the blockchain system. With this incentive mechanism, the whole network nodes can be encouraged to participate in the data recording and maintenance on the blockchain
mining mechanism and consensus mechanism are actually the same truth. Consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, while mining mechanism can be understood as the reward rules for what you do well in the general rules and regulations
just like the consensus mechanism POW of bitcoin, it stipulates that more work pays more. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of bitcoin reward
and Ethereum's POS stipulates that the older the holder is, the more likely he or she will be rewarded
it should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available for the public chain, because the public chain must rely on the nodes of the whole network to jointly maintain data, so there must be a set of incentive mechanism to encourage the nodes of the whole network to participate in the construction and maintenance of the blockchain system, so as to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system
the blockchain is safe and reliable, and it is not intelligent enough, right? The contract layer we will introce next can make the blockchain system more intelligent
v. contract layer
Contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. What we call "smart contract" is at the contract level
if the bitcoin system is not intelligent enough, the "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is to embed the code into the blockchain system, in this way to realize the smart contract that can be customized. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute commands< Finally, the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is a variety of application scenarios and cases of blockchain. What we now call "blockchain +" is the so-called application layer. At present, the blockchain applications that have been implemented are mainly various blockchain applications built on
eth, EOS and other public chains. There are more applications of gambling and games, and the real practical applications have not yet appeared.
1. Data layer
the data layer is the lowest layer in the six hierarchies of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for the blockchain, this database is a tamperable and distributed database, which is what we call "distributed ledger"
in the data layer, that is, the "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, and the blockchain structure, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technical means of the block are encapsulated to ensure the security of the data in the case of the whole network being open. The specific method is:
in the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data layer (that is, the distributed database), and use asymmetric encryption and hash algorithm in cryptography to ensure the non usurpation and traceability of the distributed database
This constitutes the bottom data structure of blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. We also need to let the data information in the database be shared and exchanged. Next, we will introce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer
Second, network layer
the network system of blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point to point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. All resources and services in the network are distributed in the hands of each node, and the transmission of information is also a direct communication between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Nakamoto, and the blockchain only integrates this technology
therefore, the network layer of blockchain is actually a particularly powerful point-to-point network system. In this system, each node can not only proce information, but also receive information, just like sending e-mail. You can write your own e-mail, and you can also receive the e-mail sent to you by others
in the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Every time a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block, and then create a new block on the basis of the block. In this way, the whole network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system
however, what rules should the whole network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which we will introce next: the consensus layer
Third, consensus layer
in the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the whole network should maintain and update the general ledger of blockchain system according to a unified and agreed rule, which is similar to the rule of updating data. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and the governance mechanism of blockchain community to let highly dispersed nodes reach consensus efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network
at present, the mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: proof of work of bitcoin (POW), proof of rights and interests of Ethereum (POS), proof of rights and interests of EOS (dpos), etc
we now introce the data layer, network layer and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there are data, networks and rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How can nodes actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system? Here is the incentive layer, which we will introce next: incentive layer< 4. Incentive layer
incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism, which can be understood as incentive mechanism: you can get as much reward as you contribute to the blockchain system. With this incentive mechanism, the whole network nodes can be encouraged to participate in the data recording and maintenance on the blockchain
mining mechanism and consensus mechanism are actually the same truth. Consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, while mining mechanism can be understood as the reward rules for what you do well in the general rules and regulations
just like the consensus mechanism POW of bitcoin, it stipulates that more work pays more. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of bitcoin reward
and Ethereum's POS stipulates that the older the holder is, the more likely he or she will be rewarded
it should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available for the public chain, because the public chain must rely on the nodes of the whole network to jointly maintain data, so there must be a set of incentive mechanism to encourage the nodes of the whole network to participate in the construction and maintenance of the blockchain system, so as to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system
the blockchain is safe and reliable, and it is not intelligent enough, right? The contract layer we will introce next can make the blockchain system more intelligent
v. contract layer
Contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. What we call "smart contract" is at the contract level
if the bitcoin system is not intelligent enough, the "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is to embed the code into the blockchain system, in this way to realize the smart contract that can be customized. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute commands< Finally, the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is a variety of application scenarios and cases of blockchain. What we now call "blockchain +" is the so-called application layer. At present, the blockchain applications that have been implemented are mainly various blockchain applications built on
eth, EOS and other public chains. There are more applications of gambling and games, and the real practical applications have not yet appeared.
3. Generally speaking, blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data transmission mechanism and data verification mechanism; The consensus layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; The contract layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.
among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data transmission mechanism and data verification mechanism; The consensus layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; The contract layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.
4. Baite is not recommended
to practice guitar: most of them are basswood panels, some even basswood back panels, which are less than 300 yuan, also known as firesticks (because they are made of the same material as firewood, and the intonation is poor)
entry guitar: most of them are spruce panels, rosewood finger boards, and the back panels are not necessarily. The price is about 1000 yuan, and most of them are 500 yuan or 600 yuan, About 1000 yuan, there are also some elementary Miandan Qin
medium Guitar: most of them are spruce panel, rosewood fingerboard, back side panel, mahogany and fire rosewood. Generally, they are middle end single piano of various series, and some of them are full single (very few), with the price around 3000
high end: all single guitars and spruce veneers are the most popular. The price is four or five thousand or more. There is no upper limit. There are tens of thousands of them, but most people don't need them
tips on guitar selection: http://www.jitatang.com/guitar It is recommended to refer to
no matter where you buy it, you should know some experience to avoid being trapped. Generally, you will be trapped when you go to a piano shop for the first time. The most important two points (you can't hear the timbre and so on):
1. Look at the appearance and choose the log color or black directly Sunset color (the classic three color system), never white, Pink Guitar, that is the above said practice piano grade
2. Check the handle. When the guitar is tuned to the standard pitch, the distance between the string and the fingerboard should be about 3mm (that is, the thickness of a coin) at the 12th point. If you press the string too high, you will feel tired, otherwise it will cause the phenomenon of playing. A good hand feeling is that you can easily press any tone with your left finger without any proct or noise, and you don't feel any effort when you press it horizontally
3. Performance (in fact, you can't see it. You can get what you pay for. It's right to choose the most expensive one in your budget.)
to practice guitar: most of them are basswood panels, some even basswood back panels, which are less than 300 yuan, also known as firesticks (because they are made of the same material as firewood, and the intonation is poor)
entry guitar: most of them are spruce panels, rosewood finger boards, and the back panels are not necessarily. The price is about 1000 yuan, and most of them are 500 yuan or 600 yuan, About 1000 yuan, there are also some elementary Miandan Qin
medium Guitar: most of them are spruce panel, rosewood fingerboard, back side panel, mahogany and fire rosewood. Generally, they are middle end single piano of various series, and some of them are full single (very few), with the price around 3000
high end: all single guitars and spruce veneers are the most popular. The price is four or five thousand or more. There is no upper limit. There are tens of thousands of them, but most people don't need them
tips on guitar selection: http://www.jitatang.com/guitar It is recommended to refer to
no matter where you buy it, you should know some experience to avoid being trapped. Generally, you will be trapped when you go to a piano shop for the first time. The most important two points (you can't hear the timbre and so on):
1. Look at the appearance and choose the log color or black directly Sunset color (the classic three color system), never white, Pink Guitar, that is the above said practice piano grade
2. Check the handle. When the guitar is tuned to the standard pitch, the distance between the string and the fingerboard should be about 3mm (that is, the thickness of a coin) at the 12th point. If you press the string too high, you will feel tired, otherwise it will cause the phenomenon of playing. A good hand feeling is that you can easily press any tone with your left finger without any proct or noise, and you don't feel any effort when you press it horizontally
3. Performance (in fact, you can't see it. You can get what you pay for. It's right to choose the most expensive one in your budget.)
5. Mine pool refers to:
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
6. You need level 30
to learn mining skills. It's time to go to
field mining
high grade mining needs upgrading. Level 1 to Wuliangshan and Jiange, level 2 to Xihu, level 3 to Erhai, level 4 to Yannan, level 5 to Longquan, level 6 to Cangshan. I don't know about level 7 or above
hee hee
to learn mining skills. It's time to go to
field mining
high grade mining needs upgrading. Level 1 to Wuliangshan and Jiange, level 2 to Xihu, level 3 to Erhai, level 4 to Yannan, level 5 to Longquan, level 6 to Cangshan. I don't know about level 7 or above
hee hee
7. The hierarchical points of jinwowo network technology analysis blockchain are as follows:
the bottom layer is some common basic moles, such as basic encryption algorithm, network communication library, stream processing, thread encapsulation, message encapsulation and decoding, system time, etc
the middle layer is the core mole of blockchain, which generally includes the main logic of blockchain, such as P2P network protocol, consensus mole, transaction processing mole, transaction pool mole, simple contract or intelligent contract mole, embedded database processing mole, wallet mole, etc
the top layer is often based on the interaction mole of JSON standard RPC. Based on JSON RPC, we can also make a better UI interface or a web service.
the bottom layer is some common basic moles, such as basic encryption algorithm, network communication library, stream processing, thread encapsulation, message encapsulation and decoding, system time, etc
the middle layer is the core mole of blockchain, which generally includes the main logic of blockchain, such as P2P network protocol, consensus mole, transaction processing mole, transaction pool mole, simple contract or intelligent contract mole, embedded database processing mole, wallet mole, etc
the top layer is often based on the interaction mole of JSON standard RPC. Based on JSON RPC, we can also make a better UI interface or a web service.
8. Firstly, we need to know that blockchain is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism and encryption algorithm. Secondly, as for the composition architecture of blockchain system, jinwowo Group believes that it is composed of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies
2. Network layer: includes distributed networking mechanism, data propagation mechanism and data verification mechanism
3. Consensus layer: it mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives
4. Contract layer: it mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; At present, jinwowo in Southwest China has taken the lead in big data research with blockchain as the underlying technology, and also provides big data services with blockchain as the underlying technology
5. Application layer: encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology
1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies
2. Network layer: includes distributed networking mechanism, data propagation mechanism and data verification mechanism
3. Consensus layer: it mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives
4. Contract layer: it mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; At present, jinwowo in Southwest China has taken the lead in big data research with blockchain as the underlying technology, and also provides big data services with blockchain as the underlying technology
5. Application layer: encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology
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