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Who is the easiest blockchain to subvert

Publish: 2021-05-20 23:52:31
1. The technology behind bitcoin has established a reliable account book, which has changed many people's lives. Its significance goes far beyond the scope of cryptocurrency
1. When Honran police rushed into Mariana Catalina Izaguirre's home one day in 2009 and wanted to expel her, she had lived in this shabby house for more than 30 years. Unlike her neighbor, Mariana Catalina Izaguirre even has a government housing certificate, but unfortunately, according to the information from the local government housing authority, the housing department and another person, the "homeowner", applied to the court for an expulsion order, and finally Ms. lzaguirre was forced to leave
this kind of wrangling is very common all over the world e to unclear registration or missing records. The lack of housing ownership protection is also the source of injustice. It has also become difficult to use houses or land as collateral for financing
bitcoin can make such problems disappear. Bitcoin is a "smart" currency based on encryption algorithm. We should pay more attention to the technology behind bitcoin: blockchain. It means more than money or cash. It creates a way of accounting to solve mutual distrust
that's why politicians consulted Factom, an American start-up that provides a prototype for land registration based on regional chains, to clean up Honran property institutions. Greece is also interested. It has no proper land registration policy. Only 7% of the land is right on the map
2. Blockchain and other similar "distributed account book" applications can be extended to prevent diamond theft and supermarket pipeline. NASDAQ Exchange will soon use blockchain system to record transactions of private enterprises. British banks dislike technological civilization, but it seems to be stimulated: in its research report last year, it wrote that distributed accounting is a great innovation and will have a profound impact on the financial instry
politicians think further: when partners and the left gathered in this year's ouishare Fest in Paris to discuss how grassroots enterprises have shaken big data companies such as Facebook, the regional chain appeared in every speech. In the dream of freedom in the world, more government regulations are replaced by private contracts between indivials - encryption algorithms will strengthen themselves
the blockchain was conceived by Satoshi Nakamoto, the amazing and so far the only confirmed founder of bitcoin - "completely equivalent electronic currency," he wrote in an article published in 2008. In order for it to be like money, bitcoin has to be transferred from the account it is fighting for, and can be consumed twice by the same person. In order to realize the dream of a decentralized system like Nakamoto, bitcoin must avoid any dependence on third parties, such as banks hidden behind ordinary payment systems
blockchain can replace the third party. It can hold the transaction history of each bitcoin and provide evidence of any person at any time. Distribution systems can be replicated in thousands of computers - the "nodes" of bitcoin - everywhere in the world, and can be made public. But even with such openness, it is still credible and safe. The complexity of the mathematical algorithm and the computational brute force cracking built in its "consensus mechanism" - the node agrees to upgrade the blockchain process according to the bitcoin circulation - ensure this
for example, Alice wants to pay Bob for rental services. They all have bitcoin wallets - software that goes directly to the blockchain, not to the web like a browser, but doesn't identify users in the system. When Alice's wallet began to apply, the transaction started, and the blockchain began to change to show that Alice's wallet was less and Bob's was more

the network needs to change through several stages in this process. When the application passes through multiple nodes in the network, check the ledger to confirm whether Alice has the bitcoin she wants to spend. If everything looks ok, the specific node will instruct miners to bundle Alice's request to connect with other similar reputable transactions, and create a new mole in the blockchain
this involves decomposing the mole into a series of data of specified length by encrypting a hash function (see chart). Like many encryptions, this hash is a one-way street. Data can be dispersed, but conversely, it is impossible to aggregate data from dispersion. But even though hash doesn't hold data, it's still unique. Changing the entry mole in any way - changing the transaction with a simple number - hashing will be different
3. Along with other data, hash will be placed in the first place (header) of the development mole. The first one then becomes the basis of practical mathematical puzzles, again involving hash functions. Puzzles can only be solved by tests and errors. Through the Internet, miners is experimenting with hundreds of millions of possibilities to find answers. When a miner finally finds out the answer, other nodes will quickly check (go one-way again: it's hard to solve, but it's easy to check), and each node will confirm the solution, and then upgrade to the blockchain. The first hash will be the confirmation line for the new mole, which is now part of the account book. Alice pays Bob and all other transactions in the mole are confirmed
in the decryption phase, three things are introced to greatly enhance the security of bitcoin. One is chance. You can't predict which miner will solve the puzzle, so you can't predict who will upgrade the blockchain at a given time, except that it must be the most diligent miner, not other random slackers. It makes cheating difficult
the second point is history. Each new first part contains the hash function of the first part of the previous mole, and it contains the hash function of the last part, so it goes back and forth to the starting point. This association makes the mole a circular chain. Starting with all the data in the account book, it's a small matter to regenerate the top of the latest mole. Despite making a change anywhere - even back to one of the earliest moles - the first changed mole will be different. This means the same for the next mole, and all the later moles. The account book will not pass through the latest mole identifier and will be rejected
is there a solution? Imagine Alice changing her mind to pay Bob and trying to rewrite history so that bitcoin will still be in her purse. If she is a capable miner, she can solve the urgent puzzle and make a new version of blockchain. But in the time she does, the rest of the network will have extended the original blockchain. Nodes will always work in the longest version of the blockchain. This rule prevented two miners from finding a solution at the same time and led to worse consequences in the chain than temporary forks. It also prevents cheating. In order for the system to accept her new version, Alice needs to extend it faster than anyone else. Not being able to control more than half of the computers - the technical term is "51% attack" - should not be possible
4, not to mention the possibility of subverting the above network, another deep-seated question is: why do you want to be a member of this network? The answer is the third "decryption" step, and there are rewards. Each new block has a new bitcoin, and the person who solves the puzzle will get 25 bitcoin rewards, about $7500
all the above ingenious designs are not the real attraction of bitcoin. Its value lies in instability and unpredictability, as shown in the figure below, but the total amount of bitcoin is fixed. The mechanism of blockchain also works well. According to a website called blockchain.info, on average, more than 120000 transactions are added to the blockchain every day, which means about $75 million in transactions. At present, there are 380000 blocks, and the size of this account book is nearly 45gb

most of the data in the blockchain is bitcoin, but it is not necessary. Mr Nakamoto has also created a distributed system and written a related explanation. Technology geeks call it: open platform. This platform imitates the Internet, including operating systems such as Android or windows. Developers can develop applications based on the basic functions of blockchain without anyone's permission. Chris Dixon of Andreessen Horowitz, which invests in bitcoin startups, said: this kind of network will eventually become a public database. It is understood that Andreessen Horowitz has invested in coinbase, a bitcoin wallet company, and 21, a bitcoin hardware equipment company for the public
at present, the application based on blockchain has three major fields. The first is to complete all suggestions through blockchain. Colo, a start-up company, is betting that in this model, they have developed an algorithm to "Polish" some small bitcoin transactions, so that they can represent such transactions as securities and precious metals
to protect the validity of land or house signature has become a typical application in the second category. Bitcoin transactions will add the signature to the account book of the blockchain. Everledger, a start-up company, protects luxury goods in this way. For example, they record the texture attribute of a gem in the blockchain data. If the gem is lost, it can provide the most intuitive proof. Onename stores personal information in a similar way; Note that this kind of application is not pure bitcoin transaction, so you need to give more trust first. For example, you need to tell the application developer some accurate information about yourself
the third kind of application has greater ambition, and "smart contract" can automatically detect whether there are various environments in which it can take effect. This is because bitcoin can be programmed so that it can be available or unavailable in special situations
lighthouse, founded by Mike Hearn, a well-known bitcoin engineer, is a decentralized crowdsourcing project. If enough money goes into the project, then everything starts. If the goal is not reached, it stops. Heran believes that his project can be cheaper and more independent than those of his friends who use bitcoin
5. According to Albert Wenger of USV, a New York venture capital company, the emergence of distributed ledgers has opened up an almost new quadrant of possibilities. This company has invested in a number of decentralized companies, such as openbazaar, which provides P2P transactions. In addition to cheering for the blockchain, some people question its security and scalability. Blockchain is very suitable for bitcoin, but in some niche applications, it can't support the use of millions of users
although Nakamoto's blockchain design has proved to be invincible so far, academic research also believes that it is almost impossible to do bad things on the blockchain without controlling 51% of the whole blockchain. In the past, bitcoin players were limited to a small circle. Today, bitcoin mining is controlled by various big bitcoin pools, where small miners share their efforts and get rewards
another concern is the environment. In order to get more bitcoin, the miners are more interested in computing power
2. The subversive characteristics of blockchain lie in the following four aspects: first, transparency. The data record of the blockchain system is transparent to the nodes of the whole network, and the update operation of the data record is also transparent to the nodes of the whole network, which is the basis of the trustworthiness of the blockchain system. Because the blockchain system uses open source programs, open rules and high participation, the data records and operation rules of the blockchain can be reviewed and traced by the nodes of the whole network, with high transparency< Second, openness. The blockchain system is open. In addition to the fact that the private information of the parties directly related to the data is always encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all (except the blockchain system with special permission requirements). Anyone or participating nodes can query blockchain data records or develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent< Third, information can not be tampered with. Once the information of the blockchain system is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for private blockchain systems with special change requirements). Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high
Fourth, decentralization. Decentralization is the most basic feature of the blockchain, which means that the blockchain no longer depends on the central processing node and realizes the distributed recording, storage and updating of data. In the traditional centralized network, attacking a central node can destroy the whole system, while in a decentralized blockchain network, attacking a single node cannot control or destroy the whole network. More than 5% of the nodes in the master network are just the beginning of gaining control. 2019 is the first year for the commercial application of blockchain technology, and the stimulation of favorable policies will make the development of blockchain technology more stable
with the application of blockchain technology graally penetrating into many fields such as digital finance and Internet, we have a clearer understanding of the value of blockchain
blockchain has formed a situation of global competition, and all countries are seizing the development opportunities, let alone China; Therefore, there is no doubt that blockchain has become a national strategy.
3. Blockchain originated from Nakamoto's bitcoin. As the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is essentially a decentralized database. It refers to the technical solution of collective maintenance of a reliable database through centralization and distrust in the past
blockchain technology is a technology solution that does not rely on a third party and stores, verifies, transmits and communicates network data through its own distributed nodes. Therefore, from the perspective of financial accounting, some people regard the blockchain technology as a distributed, open and decentralized large-scale network bookkeeping book. Anyone can use the same technical standards to add their own information at any time, extend the blockchain, and continuously meet the data entry needs brought by various needs
generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system will keep accounts, wechat's account book is Tencent's account book, and Taobao's account book is Ali's account book. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there is any data change in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can conct bookkeeping. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best bookkeeping in this period, write the content of his records into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. This way, we call it blockchain technology
blockchain technology is considered to be the most disruptive technological innovation since the invention of the Internet. Relying on the ingenious distributed algorithm of cryptography and mathematics, it can make the participants reach a consensus without the intervention of any third party center on the Internet where the trust relationship cannot be established, and solve the problem of reliable transmission of trust and value at a very low cost
bitcoin peer-to-peer network stores all transaction history in "blockchain". The blockchain continues to extend, and once new blocks are added to the blockchain, they will not be removed. Blockchain is actually a distributed database composed of a group of scattered client nodes and all participants, which is a record of all bitcoin transaction history. After bitcoin transaction data is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed
blockchain is public on the network and can be queried in every offline bitcoin wallet data. The lightweight bitcoin wallet uses online confirmation, that is, it will not download the blockchain data to the device storage
digital currency is easy to be regarded as a new currency by traditional financial institutions, but in fact, the significance and value of its underlying technology is far greater than its monetary attribute. Taking bitcoin as an example, it is generally regarded as a kind of point-to-point digital currency, but from the technical level, it is actually a point-to-point decentralized network platform, which relies on the blockchain technology. Digital currency is a global peer-to-peer network platform based on blockchain technology. Represented by bitcoin, the application of blockchain in the field of digital currency is also known as blockchain 1.0 [1].
4. The biggest feature of blockchain is "decentralization"
5. Economic law is also called "economic law". It is a universal, essential and inevitable connection between social and economic phenomena. It shows the essence of the development of social economic process. It includes the law of proctivity movement, the law of proction relations movement and the law of interaction between proctivity and proction relations
economic law is subordinate to natural law
according to the length of its historical period, it can be divided into: the common economic laws that play a role in all social and economic forms. They are the embodiment of the common essence of the economic movement process in all human social and economic forms. For example, the proction relations must be suitable for the laws of the nature of proctivity. The common economic laws that play a role in some social and economic forms are the embodiment of the common essence of the economic movement process in some social and economic forms, such as the law of value. They are the embodiment of the special essence of the economic movement process in a certain socio-economic form, such as the law of surplus value in capitalist society. The special economic law that plays a role in a certain stage of a certain social form, such as distribution according to work, is the special economic law in the first stage of socialism, that is, the Communist society

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6. Xu Mingxing, as a veteran of the blockchain instry, has a very forward-looking vision. He has experienced the whole development process of the blockchain instry. Xu Mingxing realizes that many procts of domestic cutting-edge instries still rely on the introction of foreign technology or direct import. As an emerging instry, if talents are equally important in the field of blockchain, but we do not pay attention to the cultivation of talents, the future of blockchain will be restricted by developed countries just like many traditional instries because of talents.
7. According to this development trend, I think it will. Because of the characteristics of disintermediation, openness, non tampering, programmability and so on, the blockchain itself is easy to be valued and developed. Just like blockgame, the new model of blockchain + game is highly praised
8. The characteristics of blockchain are as follows:
1. Through the distributed system of the blockchain, the trust between people is transferred to the trust in the machine, and the machine will not cheat people - it has no feelings and only operates in its own way. This greatly reces the number of central links generated by trust. In some instries, intermediaries can even be removed. Supply and demand trust is entirely based on this magical machine
2. Decentralization. At present, if you want to transfer the equity you hold, you have to go through a lot of proceres and find different departments to do it well. It's a waste of time and money. If blockchain technology is combined with electronic contract, this problem can be solved. Shareholders can trade their shares just like buying and selling T + 0 shares, and they are also protected by law. What about cross chain technology Cross chain: for example, you directly use your shares to buy other people's digital rights, recing the steps of exchanging legal currency.) How convenient that would be
3. Highly transparent. Now the business's biggest fear is information opacity. The application of blockchain technology can solve this problem. As long as the public digital assets are set up, everyone can view them. If necessary, the number of assets held by the owner can even be displayed, and some shady transactions can be avoided
4. Anonymization. We often do "streaking" on the Internet carelessly. Our information is sold at a price in some bad companies. We check all the system records of a person for several hundred yuan. We can receive some sales calls from time to time in our daily life, and most of the fraud calls are successful only after we know your information. In the blockchain, we only display one address for transactions, which can effectively protect our own information and rece the possibility of information being sold publicly
these are the characteristics of the blockchain itself, and it is only an underlying technology. So the key is to apply the blockchain to what instry, what is the mode, how to make the blockchain create greater benefits, how to apply it to the actual landing, and how to innovate.
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