Ant blockchain and onchain

1.

In the past, when it comes to blockchain, we always think of foreign procts, such as Ethereum. But when I talk about this topic today, I think more about China's own blockchain technology

at present, the mature application of blockchain technology is more concentrated in some public chain projects, because many application projects need to be developed based on this, so I think the current global landing direction is public chain projects, and it is still too early to talk about maturity. After all, bitcoin and Ethereum are still blocked, and many old problems have not been solved, There will be many new problems. The well-known ones are Biyuan chain, ulord (the project is abroad, but the technical party provides it in the domestic company, Hunan Tianhe Guoyun Co., Ltd.), quantum chain, Xiaoyi Neo, gongxinbao, etc

ulord is a point-to-point value delivery public chain. By building the underlying architecture of blockchain and digital resource distribution protocol, it supports third-party developers to build their own applications on top of their open source protocol, and works with many instry partners to build a complete ecosystem of blockchain technology and applications

based on various rules and protocols created by ulord, it is convenient to graft various digital resource application scenarios including text, pictures, music, video, software, etc., providing a direct docking platform for information creators and consumers. Third party developers can build their own economic system in ulord, or focus on building all kinds of applications around ulord, and use the ulordtoken in ulord as the voucher in the system

for example, an experience sharing platform can be built on ulord, where the experience sharers price the published experience, and the people who obtain the experience information trade on the platform, and each fee paid to the experience sharers will arrive at the account immediately; Proct promoters can publish ads on ulord, price ads, and people who are interested in ads can get certain profits by clicking on ads. The first mock exam is to separate information from the past, and to use platform or other centralized organizations to spread profit. This mode eliminates intermediate links, and information providers and consumers directly connect with Ulord, which ensures the maximization of the interests of the originator. p>

2.

Blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. Blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin,

in essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of information of bitcoin network transactions, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

most blockchain public chains are limited by scalability. The biggest feature of blockchain technology is decentralization, which requires that all accounts in the network need to deal with the accounting process. Distributed accounting has high security, low misoperation rate, political neutrality and correctness

however, blockchain technology embraces these features at the same time, sacrificing scalability, unable to meet the personalized supervision, and slightly insufficient in protecting data privacy. Moreover, with the increase of the number of ledger, the interaction delay will increase exponentially, that is to say, the more ledger in the blockchain network, the higher the delay

3.

If you want to understand the application of blockchain, you can refer to many books and opinions, such as illustrated blockchain, blockchain: reshaping the economy and the world, blueprint and guide of new economy, and articles of coin'an community, including a detailed understanding of the platform of coin'an community, with great strength

As the name suggests, blockchain is composed of block and chain. It is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. It is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in order according to the time sequence, and it is a secure and reliable distributed account book that can not be tampered with and forged by means of cryptography

in 2008, in his paper bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system published by Nakamoto, he first proposed the idea of blockchain and encrypted digital currency. Starting from bitcoin, blockchain has become the underlying technology of various digital currencies

Second, the working principle of blockchain:

1. The basic concepts include: (1) transaction: one operation will change the account status once, such as adding a record 2) Block: records the transaction and status data within a specified time, which is a consensus and preservation of the current account status 3) Chain: it is composed of a series of blocks in chronological order, which is the log record of the whole state change. If you understand the working concept of blockchain, it is not difficult to understand its working principle. Suppose there is a distributed data logbook, which can only be added, not deleted or changed. Its structure is a linear chain formed by a series of "blocks" (which is also the source of the name of "blockchain"), and new data must be put into a new block to be added, The maintenance node can propose a new block, but it must go through a certain consensus mechanism to reach an agreement on the final selected block

2. Take bitcoin as an example to see the working principle of blockchain

the block of bitcoin is divided into block head and block body

Core advantages and characteristics of blockchain

1. The verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of decentralized blockchain data are all based on distributed system structure. There is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal, The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system. 2. The open and transparent system is open. In addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent. 3. Security blockchain uses consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work. 4. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% (almost impossible) nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid. Therefore, the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high. 5. Anonymity because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, and its data interaction does not need trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective or not). Therefore, the counterparties do not need to let the counterparties generate their own trust by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for credit accumulation

At present, the most popular classification of blockchain is to divide blockchain into public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain according to different participants

1. Public chain: anyone can participate in the use and maintenance, and can obtain the effective confirmation of the blockchain. Public chain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain at present, such as bitcoin blockchain. The information is completely public

if the licensing mechanism is introced, it includes private chain and alliance chain. 2. Private chain: a company or indivial only uses the blockchain technology, enjoys the exclusive write permission of the blockchain, and does not disclose the information. At present, conservative giants (traditional finance) want to experiment with private blockchain, and the application procts of private blockchain are still groping. 3. Alliance chain: it is a blockchain between the public chain and the existing chain, which is jointly controlled by multiple organizations. The use of the chain is managed with authority, which can be controlled by the manager, and also open to others according to the manager's wishes. In addition, according to the different use scenarios and purposes of blockchain, it can be divided into currency chain for the purpose of digital currency, property chain for the purpose of recording property rights, and crowdfunding chain for the purpose of crowdfunding

On May 28, Ma Huateng, CEO of Tencent, proposed the anti-counterfeiting method based on cloud integrated blockchain technology, which is far more efficient than traditional anti-counterfeiting methods. The future anti-counterfeiting verification scenario may only require users to use their mobile phones for simple scanning, and a large number of complete information based on different dimensions can be obtained

take Maotai liquor as an example:

distillery address, proction workshop, operation staff, inspector, delivery time, transportation vehicle information and driver information,

liquor year, raw material source, raw material supplier, storage warehouse number, raw material transportation vehicle and driver information,

all information can be accurately traced, permanently recorded and tampered with

the above information can be easily verified

2. Food safety issues as early as last November, Wal Mart has cooperated with IBM to track the source of food by using blockchain technology, so as to ensure the safety of food and increase the circulation of food to rece costs. For Wal Mart and other large supermarkets, it took a few days to investigate the source of problem food, After using this technology, only one item of proct information is needed to achieve accurate traceability, and important information such as food origin, inspector, supplier, logistics and transportation can quickly find problems in a few minutes. Currently, procts tracked by blockchain include packaging procts from the United States and pork from China

3. Information security

blockchain technology is promoting an information security technology revolution. (1) identity protection PKI is a common public key encryption technology in e-mail, message application, website and other communication applications. However, since the implementation of most PKI, the centralized trusted third party certification authority (CA) is used to issue, activate and store user certificates. Hackers can attack PKI to fake user identity or crack encrypted information

certcoin is the first PKI implementation of blockchain, which comes from MIT, removes the centralized authentication center, and uses blockchain as a distributed ledger for domain name and public key

pomcor company: blockchain PKI implementation path: keep the authentication center, and use blockchain to store the hash value of issued and activated certificates. Users can verify the authenticity of certificates through decentralized and transparent sources, and can also improve the network access performance through local authentication of secret key and signature based on blockchain

(2) data integrity protection

guardtime developed a secret key free signature architecture (Ksi) based on blockchain technology to replace the secret key based data authentication technology. Ksi stores the hash table of the original data and files on the blockchain, runs the hash algorithm to verify other copies, and compares the results with the data stored in the blockchain. Any data tampering will be found quickly because the original hash table is stored in millions of nodes

(3) key infrastructure protection

the "Achilles heel" of the Internet, DDoS has entered the TB era, DDoS is still the simplest weapon for hackers to bring down the big target with low cost, DNS service is the primary target for hackers to carry out large-scale destruction, but blockchain technology is expected to fundamentally solve the problem

The distributed storage of

blockchain makes hacker attacks lose focus. Nebulis is developing a distributed DNS system, which uses Ethereum blockchain and interstellar Internet file system (IPFs, the distributed substitute of HTTP) to register and resolve domain names. The biggest weakness of DNS is caching, which makes DDoS attacks possible. It is also the bane of the centralized government's censorship of social networks and manipulation of DNS registration. A highly transparent and distributed DNS system can effectively prevent any entity, including the government, from arbitrarily manipulating records

(1) digital currency: improve the convenience of currency issuance and use, such as bitcoin and Ethernet in foreign countries, and guorenbao in China

from the use of physical transactions, to physical currency and credit currency, and then to the rise of bitcoin network, more and more people are aware of the distributed ledger blockchain technology behind it, and graally apply it in many scenarios other than digital currency

(2) cross border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transaction, rece intermediate fees

transfer and payment. At present, the most mature application of blockchain technology is payment and transfer. Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems, save the process of inter-bank reconciliation and review, and accelerate the settlement speed; Virtual currency can rece transaction costs without the intervention of clearing house. Different countries have different clearing proceres. It takes two or three days for a single remittance to arrive, which is inefficient and accounts for a large proportion of funds in transit. No longer through the third party, through the blockchain technology to form point-to-point payment. By eliminating the link of the third-party institutions, we can make full day payment, real-time payment, withdraw cash quickly and rece the hidden cost, which helps to avoid the capital risk. It is timely and convenient

(3) bills and supply chain financial business: rece human intervention, rece costs and operational risks

value transfer between point-to-point, control and verify physical bills or central system; Intermediaries will be eliminated and human intervention reced. With the improvement of efficiency, financing channels are more unblocked, risks are lower, and multiple parties benefit

(4) securities issuance and Trading: realize quasi real-time asset transfer, accelerate the speed of transaction clearing

the application of blockchain technology can make the process of securities trading more concise, transparent and fast, rece the plication of IT system, and improve the efficiency of market operation. For stocks, blockchain can eliminate paper and pen or electronic form records, rece human errors in trading, and improve the transparency and traceability of trading platform. Citigroup and Nasdaq cooperate to promote blockchain applications

(5) customer credit investigation and anti fraud: rece the cost of legal compliance, prevent financial crimes

the customer information and transaction records recorded in the blockchain help banks identify abnormal transactions and effectively prevent fraud. The technical characteristics of blockchain can change the existing credit reference system, and store the data of customers with bad records in the blockchain when the bank concts "know your customer" (KYC)

equity crowdfunding:

4.

Blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

5.

Public chain, also known as "public chain", refers to the blockchain that anyone in the world can enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmatory transactions and compete for bookkeeping. The public chain is generally considered to be "completely decentralized", because no indivial or institution can control or tamper with the reading and writing of data in it. In terms of application, blockchain public chain mainly includes bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, most counterfeit currencies and smart contracts. The ancestor of blockchain public chain is bitcoin blockchain, which has the following characteristics:

1, open source code

upload the code to GitHub, and everyone can get complete blockchain data by downloading, Accept the test of the public

2, complete decentralization

anyone can become a node, each node is open, everyone can participate in the calculation of the blockchain, any node is not permanent, but phased, and any center is not mandatory for nodes. Anyone can read and send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed on the blockchain. Anyone can participate in the consensus process. The consensus process determines whether a block can be added to the blockchain and the exact current state. Everyone can get financial reward from it, which is proportional to their contribution to the consensus process. These public chains are generally considered to be "completely decentralized"

3. Developing decentralized applications

through this public chain, developers can easily develop centralized applications. Public chain can protect the rights and interests of users from the influence of program developers

6.

1. The national translation qualification examination (CATI)

CATI is the most valuable translation certificate at present, and the evaluation of professional title can play a role. Sponsored by the Ministry of human resources and social security of the people's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry of personnel), it is the determination of the bilingual translation ability and level of the test participants in interpretation or translation

CET-3, graated from non foreign language major, passed CET-6 or college level, and has some practical experience in translation and interpretation

Level 2, graate of non foreign language major or undergraate of foreign language major, with 3-5 years of practical translation experience

With 8-10 years of practical translation experience, he is an expert in bilingual translation of a certain language

There are seven languages in the test, including English, Japanese, French, Arabic, Russian, German and Spanish

There are four levels, namely: senior translator; First level interpretation and translation; Second level interpretation and translation; Three levels of interpretation, translation. Among them, senior translators are obtained through evaluation, first level interpreters and translators are obtained through the combination of examination and evaluation, and second and third level interpreters and translators are obtained through examination

There are two major categories: translation and interpretation, and interpretation is divided into consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation

2. Shanghai Certificate in foreign language interpretation (SIA)

jointly organized by the Organization Department, the personnel department and the Ministry of ecation of Shanghai municipal Party committee, the test center is Shanghai, and the corresponding level is divided into English high, English Chinese and Japanese interpretation. Advanced English, CET-6 or equivalent; Intermediate English, CET-4 or equivalent; Japanese interpretation, equivalent to the Japanese Proficiency Test Level II

Assessment Language: English, Japanese

cost: 210 yuan each for written and oral test of advanced English interpretation; The written test and oral test are 180 yuan each

among the translation certificates, CATI (translation professional qualification test) of the Personnel Bureau has the highest gold content, followed by Shanghai's oral and written translation qualification test, which is suitable for white-collar workers

3. National Business English translation qualification certificate (ettbl)

sponsored by China Federation of Commerce, college students and undergraates majoring in Business English (including international economy and trade, foreign trade, finance, international finance, marketing, international marketing, international business, tourism management, e-commerce, business administration, etc.)

The level of Mastering Business English can be divided into five levels: junior, intermediate, senior, translator and senior translator

Junior: be able to have general business English conversation in business communication. Be competent for the employees of foreign-related enterprises and the same level of enterprise export personnel, hotel receptionists, store cashiers, etc

intermediate: be able to interpret and translate in general business talks and business activities. Be competent for the staff of foreign enterprises, secretaries and office supervisors of the same level

Advanced: be able to interpret and translate in general business meetings and foreign affairs business activities. Able to be competent for the director of foreign-related enterprises and the same level of enterprise manager assistant, enterprise manager, etc

translator: be able to perform complex interpretation and translation in large-scale business meetings, and be competent for full-time business English translation

Senior translator: able to interpret and translate in various international conferences. In the process of interpreting, they can do consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation; In the process of translation, we should translate the documents and professional materials of various foreign affairs and business activities. Be able to do all kinds of complicated translation and interpretation work in international business conference, and solve all difficult problems in Business English

National Business English test (cnbect)

the national international business English proficiency certification examination, organized by China Society for international trade, Ministry of Commerce of the people's Republic of China, was officially launched in 2006. The first examination was held in April 2007 and was certified by the Ministry of Commerce of the people's Republic of China

this test covers both language and business. In terms of language, test the ability of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating in international business environment; Business involves common business in international business, highlighting international trade

The examination is divided into three levels. Every year on the second Saturday and Sunday of May, the national examination of International Business English (Level 1) is held. There are five items in the written test (listening, reading, translation and writing) and oral test

The United Nations Institute for training and Research (UNITAR) was established in 1965 in accordance with the resolution of the general assembly of the United Nations on December 11, 1963 (XVIII)

is the only international language professional training and certification system in the Asia Pacific region certified by the CIFAL center of the United Nations Institute for training and research. Unlpp training and certification examination will be graally implemented in China and abroad according to the major, language and level, which is composed of two parts: training and certification

7. Blockchain technology uses mathematical methods to achieve distributed accounting and solve the trust problem, so as to complete the decentralization, which will bring far-reaching influence in many fields such as communication, finance, Internet of things, government management and so on. Blockchain refers to the technical solution of collective maintenance of a reliable database through centralization and distrust in the past. It is a technical way of accounting with the participation of the whole people.