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Blockchain token crowdfunding
Publish: 2021-05-19 19:05:14
1. Now let's talk about the feasibility of blockchain equity crowdfunding in China. As we all know, as far as China is concerned, companies fall into two categories: joint stock companies and limited companies
joint stock companies are divided into "listed companies" and "unlisted companies". The shares of a listed company are registered in China securities registration and Clearing Corporation, so its behavior of issuing shares or trading shares is regulated by the CSRC. Here, we don't want to explain more; The shares issued by non listed companies do not need to be registered by any institution, and can be confirmed by issuing shares and maintaining the register of shareholders. Of course, many of them are registered through third-party institutions such as the instrial and commercial department or China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation, and use the local share custody center to provide third-party registration services for publicity. Moreover, when the company's equity changes, it is necessary to manually process paper equity certificates, option issuance and convertible notes. In this way, the company's stock rights can be changed, The maintenance of the register of shareholders will become very complicated, and the tracking and maintenance of transactions will become more difficult to trace with more and more transactions
if the techshares blockchain technology is used for equity crowdfunding, all the above problems can be perfectly solved. The blockchain account book is safe and transparent, and can not be tampered with. It is also easy to track, and can record the company's equity and its change history at any time
convenience of equity transfer and circulation
for equity crowdfunding, equity circulation is an important part of business, which can stimulate the activity of users and promote more registration and issuance. The traditional OTC over-the-counter equity trading is based on the credit of both sides of the transaction, and the two sides of the transaction bear the credit risk on their own. The transaction can only be carried out after the establishment of bilateral credit, and the trading platform bears the credit risk of market traders
techshares blockchain technology can rece the credit risk of transactions. In essence, it decentralizes the third party that provides credibility to a more thorough extent, that is, it is no longer limited to specific third party entities, but relies on all participants to jointly maintain a set of registration system. On the one hand, blockchain gives the right to record to the company itself, reflecting the spirit of autonomy; On the other hand, it can also ensure the openness, transparency and authenticity of information records, and minimize rights disputes. The ownership of equity is registered in the blockchain, and the equity transaction must be signed by the owner's private key to be verified; After the transaction is confirmed, the change of equity will also be recorded in the blockchain, so as to protect the interests of both parties
how to ensure safety
as an investor, the most worrying problem is the safety of funds. Traditional equity crowdfunding often has the problem of "double flowers" (Note: double flowers - Double expenses, that is, the only share is repeatedly transferred to two people). Until the electronic data is comprehensive, the central clearing agency ensures that the whole system can be leveled after trading. But the risk is often borne by the platform. Unlike traditional floor trading, equity crowdfunding business is carried out by many independent companies. Therefore, these trading activities are scattered on various platforms. With the techshares blockchain technology, the decentralized trust constructed by the blockchain can ensure the normal operation of the system and business without the need for mutual trust. Everyone becomes a node in the blockchain, with their own public key and private key, participating in rapid transaction verification and accounting. Moreover, in the initial stage of equity crowdfunding, the sponsors, crowdfunding platforms, investors and sponsors jointly sign a crowdfunding contract to agree on their respective responsibilities and obligations. The contract can be stored in the blockchain in the form of a smart contract, and the blockchain ensures that the contract cannot be tampered with ring the performance. In this way, there is no need to worry about safe space
it has strong expansibility, reasonable and legal
blockchain equity crowdfunding is composed of three-tier structure, and the bottom layer is blockchain network, which constructs a decentralized trust distributed system; The middle layer is the combination of business logic and blockchain to jointly establish account center, equity registration, equity voucher, equity transaction, equity management and other functions; The top layer is the crowdfunding platform for customer-oriented business, and the business of the platform can be extended to various fields and instries in theory
with techshares' blockchain technology, decentralized trust can be realized by building P2P self-organizing network, orderly and tamperable cryptography account book and distributed consensus mechanism. In addition, no matter the company law, the regulations on the administration of company registration or other laws and regulations, there are no specific restrictions on the form of expression of the register of shareholders maintained by the company itself. The company can choose to create and maintain the register of shareholders in any form with written records, not limited to specific carriers. Therefore, it is entirely reasonable and legal to use techshares as a carrier for equity crowdfunding on the blockchain. Once it is voluntarily chosen by the company, it can provide legal and effective proof for the company's equity (shares).
joint stock companies are divided into "listed companies" and "unlisted companies". The shares of a listed company are registered in China securities registration and Clearing Corporation, so its behavior of issuing shares or trading shares is regulated by the CSRC. Here, we don't want to explain more; The shares issued by non listed companies do not need to be registered by any institution, and can be confirmed by issuing shares and maintaining the register of shareholders. Of course, many of them are registered through third-party institutions such as the instrial and commercial department or China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation, and use the local share custody center to provide third-party registration services for publicity. Moreover, when the company's equity changes, it is necessary to manually process paper equity certificates, option issuance and convertible notes. In this way, the company's stock rights can be changed, The maintenance of the register of shareholders will become very complicated, and the tracking and maintenance of transactions will become more difficult to trace with more and more transactions
if the techshares blockchain technology is used for equity crowdfunding, all the above problems can be perfectly solved. The blockchain account book is safe and transparent, and can not be tampered with. It is also easy to track, and can record the company's equity and its change history at any time
convenience of equity transfer and circulation
for equity crowdfunding, equity circulation is an important part of business, which can stimulate the activity of users and promote more registration and issuance. The traditional OTC over-the-counter equity trading is based on the credit of both sides of the transaction, and the two sides of the transaction bear the credit risk on their own. The transaction can only be carried out after the establishment of bilateral credit, and the trading platform bears the credit risk of market traders
techshares blockchain technology can rece the credit risk of transactions. In essence, it decentralizes the third party that provides credibility to a more thorough extent, that is, it is no longer limited to specific third party entities, but relies on all participants to jointly maintain a set of registration system. On the one hand, blockchain gives the right to record to the company itself, reflecting the spirit of autonomy; On the other hand, it can also ensure the openness, transparency and authenticity of information records, and minimize rights disputes. The ownership of equity is registered in the blockchain, and the equity transaction must be signed by the owner's private key to be verified; After the transaction is confirmed, the change of equity will also be recorded in the blockchain, so as to protect the interests of both parties
how to ensure safety
as an investor, the most worrying problem is the safety of funds. Traditional equity crowdfunding often has the problem of "double flowers" (Note: double flowers - Double expenses, that is, the only share is repeatedly transferred to two people). Until the electronic data is comprehensive, the central clearing agency ensures that the whole system can be leveled after trading. But the risk is often borne by the platform. Unlike traditional floor trading, equity crowdfunding business is carried out by many independent companies. Therefore, these trading activities are scattered on various platforms. With the techshares blockchain technology, the decentralized trust constructed by the blockchain can ensure the normal operation of the system and business without the need for mutual trust. Everyone becomes a node in the blockchain, with their own public key and private key, participating in rapid transaction verification and accounting. Moreover, in the initial stage of equity crowdfunding, the sponsors, crowdfunding platforms, investors and sponsors jointly sign a crowdfunding contract to agree on their respective responsibilities and obligations. The contract can be stored in the blockchain in the form of a smart contract, and the blockchain ensures that the contract cannot be tampered with ring the performance. In this way, there is no need to worry about safe space
it has strong expansibility, reasonable and legal
blockchain equity crowdfunding is composed of three-tier structure, and the bottom layer is blockchain network, which constructs a decentralized trust distributed system; The middle layer is the combination of business logic and blockchain to jointly establish account center, equity registration, equity voucher, equity transaction, equity management and other functions; The top layer is the crowdfunding platform for customer-oriented business, and the business of the platform can be extended to various fields and instries in theory
with techshares' blockchain technology, decentralized trust can be realized by building P2P self-organizing network, orderly and tamperable cryptography account book and distributed consensus mechanism. In addition, no matter the company law, the regulations on the administration of company registration or other laws and regulations, there are no specific restrictions on the form of expression of the register of shareholders maintained by the company itself. The company can choose to create and maintain the register of shareholders in any form with written records, not limited to specific carriers. Therefore, it is entirely reasonable and legal to use techshares as a carrier for equity crowdfunding on the blockchain. Once it is voluntarily chosen by the company, it can provide legal and effective proof for the company's equity (shares).
2. The equity crowdfunding platform based on blockchain technology allows start-ups to raise funds by issuing digital currency to early supporters. Early investment supporters can obtain funds through the appreciation of digital currency obtained in the early stage. More wonderful application problems can be paid attention to SMIC blockchain service platform for real-time understanding
3. Any crowdfunding project is a very high risk investment proct
the blockchain project crowdfunding platform is essentially the same as the traditional equity crowdfunding platform
it can be said that blockchain project crowdfunding is a subcategory of equity crowdfunding
equity crowdfunding is limited by laws and regulations, which limits the number of investors and the amount of investment. At the same time, investors need to be audited. The participation cost and threshold of ordinary people are relatively high, and the target group is high net worth people
the liquidity of equity crowdfunding is poor, and it often takes a long time to exit, and even most of the projects invested in are like drifting away
blockchain crowdfunding is a bit similar to national crowdfunding, because its crowdfunding funds are settled in bitcoin and there are no laws and regulations. Therefore, there are not too many requirements for the number of people and the amount of investment. The investment cost is low, but the threshold is relatively high
because blockchain projects are based on the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand them. In fact, they can be simply regarded as a technical way of distributed collaborative work
the success of blockchain projects in the market is relatively few, so there is no unified reference standard, and the project depends entirely on personal judgment. Settlement is concted in bitcoin, so if you need to participate, your requirement is to accept the high risk threshold of digital currency There are many projects that cheat money)
blockchain crowdfunding has good liquidity. After the emergence of the so-called "token", it can be completely traded out, and the fluctuation risk is also very high
of course, as a technology being studied by the central bank, the blockchain project is worthy of attention, but it also needs to be cautious. As for the ico365 platform, it is recommended that indivials examine their own judgment. There is no evaluation basis for the new platform.
the blockchain project crowdfunding platform is essentially the same as the traditional equity crowdfunding platform
it can be said that blockchain project crowdfunding is a subcategory of equity crowdfunding
equity crowdfunding is limited by laws and regulations, which limits the number of investors and the amount of investment. At the same time, investors need to be audited. The participation cost and threshold of ordinary people are relatively high, and the target group is high net worth people
the liquidity of equity crowdfunding is poor, and it often takes a long time to exit, and even most of the projects invested in are like drifting away
blockchain crowdfunding is a bit similar to national crowdfunding, because its crowdfunding funds are settled in bitcoin and there are no laws and regulations. Therefore, there are not too many requirements for the number of people and the amount of investment. The investment cost is low, but the threshold is relatively high
because blockchain projects are based on the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand them. In fact, they can be simply regarded as a technical way of distributed collaborative work
the success of blockchain projects in the market is relatively few, so there is no unified reference standard, and the project depends entirely on personal judgment. Settlement is concted in bitcoin, so if you need to participate, your requirement is to accept the high risk threshold of digital currency There are many projects that cheat money)
blockchain crowdfunding has good liquidity. After the emergence of the so-called "token", it can be completely traded out, and the fluctuation risk is also very high
of course, as a technology being studied by the central bank, the blockchain project is worthy of attention, but it also needs to be cautious. As for the ico365 platform, it is recommended that indivials examine their own judgment. There is no evaluation basis for the new platform.
4. Eurocrowdfunding is a crowdfunding platform based on blockchain technology. Eurocrowdfunding is a new crowdfunding mode that combines real assets with digital currency. This model has the following characteristics:
1. Platform crowdfunding projects are supported by physical assets
2. Users with tokens will receive regular share dividends
3. European crowdfunding has a special allocation fund, and the compensation amount is as high as 80%
4. Good launch mechanism. Digital currency can be freely traded in the market.
1. Platform crowdfunding projects are supported by physical assets
2. Users with tokens will receive regular share dividends
3. European crowdfunding has a special allocation fund, and the compensation amount is as high as 80%
4. Good launch mechanism. Digital currency can be freely traded in the market.
5.
the similarities between stocks and cryptocurrency are as follows:
the most similar thing between stocks and cryptocurrency is that the value of both depends on the next buyer. If the price of the stock / cryptocurrency is $10, and a seller wants to sell it for $100, he will find a buyer and buy the stock / cryptocurrency, then its value will become $100. So to some extent, the most important factor in the value of stocks / cryptocurrencies is the willingness of other buyers in the market to buy / sell
differences:
< EM > 1, ownership and voting rights < / EM >
cryptocurrency will not give you ownership and voting rights. In the field of stock, if you own 1% of the company's stock, it means that you have the right to vote at the company's general meeting, and you also have the right to obtain 1% of the company's remaining assets after the company goes bankrupt (Note: some dpos projects also have the right to vote, but these are meaningless for cryptocurrency transactions)
< EM > 2. Dividends < / EM >
stocks can receive dividends. Outstanding companies will distribute dividends to shareholders every year, and the annual dividend is a few percentage points of the stock. In cryptocurrencies, the dividend feature does not exist
< EM > 3. Insider trading < / EM >
stocks are strictly regulated by the government, and there are many regulations and laws of listed companies. For example, people in the stock market are forbidden to trade stocks based on insider information (information that affects the company's share price). But this kind of insider trading is very common in the cryptocurrency market
for example, a works in a listed company, and he happens to know that the company has developed a perfect market solution, which will be released next Monday. If a buys shares this week, he is likely to be sentenced for insider trading. But if a's company is a cryptocurrency company, he will not bear any responsibility, and can harvest all the benefits of new news release
Financial statements regulatory authorities require listed companies to publish quarterly and annual financial statements to show the company's business development and future development ring this period. However, in the cryptocurrency market, the issuing company is not obliged to disclose any information about the company's financial statements There is no doubt that when deciding which digital currency to invest in, the lack of financial statement information will make it difficult for investors to judge the potential risks of cryptocurrency The trading time is limited to 17:00 on weekdays and closed on weekends. If you buy the stock of a listed company, you can sit comfortably on the sofa when the stock closes without worrying about the fluctuation of the stock price, but this is impossible in the cryptocurrency world. Cryptocurrency trading is open for 7 * 24 hours, which means that investors in cryptocurrency have no time to relax< EM > 6, transaction costs < / EM >
cryptocurrency mainly includes withdrawal costs and transaction costs. In the field of stock, you need to bear stamp ty, commission, transfer fee, other expenses, etc
the above contents are for reference only
6. I am one of the relevant personnel of wangchain technology blockchain and crowdfunding project, and I come to answer. Crowdfunding is a promising business model, but it is easy to cause greed and fraud e to internal or external factors
our final solution is to introce the regulator node, open data query to the public, make the fund flow transparent in the crowdfunding process, give effective feedback to donors, and the regulator can also effectively solve the key lag problems,
realize real-time supervision, so that the crowdfunding platform can develop orderly and healthily.
our final solution is to introce the regulator node, open data query to the public, make the fund flow transparent in the crowdfunding process, give effective feedback to donors, and the regulator can also effectively solve the key lag problems,
realize real-time supervision, so that the crowdfunding platform can develop orderly and healthily.
7. Good projects can still be invested! For example, Lianhe cloud
playing customer cloud is stable
playing customer cloud is stable
8. First, let's understand the definition of blockchain: a set of commitments defined in digital form
introction of blockchain:
blockchain adopts P2P technology, cryptography and consensus algorithm, and has the characteristics of data tampering, system collective maintenance, information openness and transparency. Providing a mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in an untrusted environment is the cornerstone of building the future value Internet. Blockchain technology originated from virtual currency. Since 2009, virtual currency has sprung up all over the world, and blockchain technology has graally come into people's vision. At present, governments, instry and academia all over the world pay close attention to the application and development of blockchain, and relevant technological innovation and mode innovation are constantly emerging. China Institute of information technology has organized a special team to study blockchain technology evolution, application development, security and supervision, and put forward "Ten Trends of global blockchain application development"
I'd like to give a brief introction to these trends:
trend 1: the application of blockchain instry is accelerating, from digital currency to non-financial field
as a kind of universal technology, blockchain technology is accelerating from digital currency to other fields, and integrating with innovation of all walks of life. We believe that the application of blockchain in the future will be promoted by two camps. On the one hand, it camp, starting from information sharing, takes low-cost credit as the core, and graally covers digital assets and other fields. On the other hand, the cryptocurrency camp starts from currency, and graally advances to the field of asset management and certificate deposit, and spreads to the application of credit investigation and general information sharing
trend 2: enterprise application is the main battlefield of blockchain, alliance chain / private chain will become the mainstream direction
at present, the actual application of enterprises is concentrated in the field of digital currency, which belongs to virtual economy. We believe that future blockchain applications will turn from virtual to real, and more traditional enterprises will use blockchain technology to rece costs, improve cooperation efficiency, and stimulate real economic growth, which will be the main battlefield of blockchain applications in the future
unlike the public chain, in enterprise applications, people pay more attention to the control, regulatory compliance, performance, security and other factors of the blockchain. Therefore, we believe that alliance chain and private chain, which are strong managed blockchain deployment modes, are more suitable for enterprises to use in application landing, and are the mainstream technology direction of enterprise level applications
trend 3: application promotes diversified technical solutions, and the performance of blockchain will be continuously optimized
in the future, blockchain applications will develop from single to multiple directions. Bill, payment, insurance, supply chain and other different applications will be highly differentiated in real-time, high concurrency, delay, throughput and other dimensions. This will lead to a variety of technology solutions. We believe that the blockchain technology is far from being finalized and will continue to evolve in the future. There is room to improve the efficiency of consensus algorithm, service fragmentation, processing mode, organization form and other technical links
trend 4: with the closer integration of blockchain and cloud computing, baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
trend 5: blockchain security issues are increasingly prominent, and security protection needs overall consideration of technology and management
in terms of mathematical principle, blockchain system is almost perfect, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
trend 6: the cross chain demand of blockchain is increasing, and the importance of interconnection is highlighted
with the deepening of blockchain application, enterprises or instries in the fields of payment and settlement, logistics traceability, medical records and identity verification will establish their own blockchain systems. We believe that in the future, cross chain cooperation and interoperability between these numerous blockchain systems is an inevitable trend. It can be said that cross chain technology is the key to realize the value Internet of blockchain, and the interconnection of blockchain will become an increasingly important issue
trend 7: blockchain competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important area of competition
with the increasing number of participants, the competition of blockchain will be more and more fierce. The competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
trend 8: blockchain investment continues to be hot, and the accumulated risk of token crowdfunding mode deserves attention
blockchain has become a hot spot in the capital market. Future investment will continue the rising trend from 2014 to 2016. Different from other financing modes in the field of science and technology, a mode called "token crowdfunding" has emerged in the field of blockchain, that is, initial coin offering (ICO), which is a crowdfunding mode for start-ups to issue tokens and raise funds. In 2016, the share of global token crowdfunding has accounted for 48% of the total amount of blockchain related venture capital, becoming an important channel. It is expected that there will be more than 200 ICO cases in 2017. We believe that with the rising volume of token crowdfunding transactions, the risks of lack of audit, huge value fluctuation and being on the edge of supervision will increase, which is worthy of attention
trend 9: there are conflicts between blockchain technology and regulation, but the conflicts are expected to be further reconciled
the decentralization, disintermediation and anonymity of blockchain do not coordinate with the traditional enterprise management and government regulation system. But we should also see the opportunities brought by blockchain to supervision. We believe that in the future, enterprises will actively meet the regulatory needs, and actively build regulatory requirements in the design of technical solutions and modes, so as to not only achieve compliance operation, but also greatly save the cost of regulatory compliance. We also believe that in the future, the global regulatory authorities will embrace the new regulatory technology of blockchain and use the new technology to improve the government's regulatory efficiency
trend 10: trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will use algorithms and software to build trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain
secondly, the various types of ether clowns also make us feel the differences between intelligent games and traditional games
1 Problems existing in traditional games:
User assets cannot be confirmed (the assets and goods in the game belong to the game operator)
data is not transparent (the game operator can modify and delete the game data)
diversified demand (the traditional game mode cannot meet the diversified demand of the players)
centralized game operator (the game operator can change the game data at will) Change the rules of the game)
the island effect of the game economic system (the assets in the game cannot be interconnected with the outside world)
2. Blockchain game features: decentralized, trustworthy and intelligent game platform
combined with blockchain technology, the system settings in the game are developed by using intelligent contract technology, and the game operators can not distribute game goods and props indiscriminately. At the same time, even if the game is closed, the player's commodity data is stored on the blockchain and will not disappear with the closure of the game
the commodities and props in the game are stored on the blockchain instead of in the database of the game operator by using the blockchain technology, so that the ownership of the virtual commodities purchased by the players in the game belongs to the players
combined with the blockchain technology, the game architecture is designed by using the programmable intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract is automatically executed. Thus, the abuse of power of game operators is restrained, and a blockchain game controlled by smart contract running on the blockchain is realized
using digital currency as the settlement method of the game can greatly rece the transaction fees and transaction difficulty of players. At the same time, players' digital assets can flow globally based on the blockchain, and are no longer limited to the game, and will not form an economic island
important data is stored on the blockchain, so game operators can't tamper with and delete game data at will, and game operators can't cheat, making game data transparent and trustworthy
based on the blockchain technology, the user's information and virtual assets are stored on the blockchain. Even if the game operator's database is invaded, it will not cause the user's data leakage or asset embezzlement.
introction of blockchain:
blockchain adopts P2P technology, cryptography and consensus algorithm, and has the characteristics of data tampering, system collective maintenance, information openness and transparency. Providing a mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in an untrusted environment is the cornerstone of building the future value Internet. Blockchain technology originated from virtual currency. Since 2009, virtual currency has sprung up all over the world, and blockchain technology has graally come into people's vision. At present, governments, instry and academia all over the world pay close attention to the application and development of blockchain, and relevant technological innovation and mode innovation are constantly emerging. China Institute of information technology has organized a special team to study blockchain technology evolution, application development, security and supervision, and put forward "Ten Trends of global blockchain application development"
I'd like to give a brief introction to these trends:
trend 1: the application of blockchain instry is accelerating, from digital currency to non-financial field
as a kind of universal technology, blockchain technology is accelerating from digital currency to other fields, and integrating with innovation of all walks of life. We believe that the application of blockchain in the future will be promoted by two camps. On the one hand, it camp, starting from information sharing, takes low-cost credit as the core, and graally covers digital assets and other fields. On the other hand, the cryptocurrency camp starts from currency, and graally advances to the field of asset management and certificate deposit, and spreads to the application of credit investigation and general information sharing
trend 2: enterprise application is the main battlefield of blockchain, alliance chain / private chain will become the mainstream direction
at present, the actual application of enterprises is concentrated in the field of digital currency, which belongs to virtual economy. We believe that future blockchain applications will turn from virtual to real, and more traditional enterprises will use blockchain technology to rece costs, improve cooperation efficiency, and stimulate real economic growth, which will be the main battlefield of blockchain applications in the future
unlike the public chain, in enterprise applications, people pay more attention to the control, regulatory compliance, performance, security and other factors of the blockchain. Therefore, we believe that alliance chain and private chain, which are strong managed blockchain deployment modes, are more suitable for enterprises to use in application landing, and are the mainstream technology direction of enterprise level applications
trend 3: application promotes diversified technical solutions, and the performance of blockchain will be continuously optimized
in the future, blockchain applications will develop from single to multiple directions. Bill, payment, insurance, supply chain and other different applications will be highly differentiated in real-time, high concurrency, delay, throughput and other dimensions. This will lead to a variety of technology solutions. We believe that the blockchain technology is far from being finalized and will continue to evolve in the future. There is room to improve the efficiency of consensus algorithm, service fragmentation, processing mode, organization form and other technical links
trend 4: with the closer integration of blockchain and cloud computing, baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
trend 5: blockchain security issues are increasingly prominent, and security protection needs overall consideration of technology and management
in terms of mathematical principle, blockchain system is almost perfect, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
trend 6: the cross chain demand of blockchain is increasing, and the importance of interconnection is highlighted
with the deepening of blockchain application, enterprises or instries in the fields of payment and settlement, logistics traceability, medical records and identity verification will establish their own blockchain systems. We believe that in the future, cross chain cooperation and interoperability between these numerous blockchain systems is an inevitable trend. It can be said that cross chain technology is the key to realize the value Internet of blockchain, and the interconnection of blockchain will become an increasingly important issue
trend 7: blockchain competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important area of competition
with the increasing number of participants, the competition of blockchain will be more and more fierce. The competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
trend 8: blockchain investment continues to be hot, and the accumulated risk of token crowdfunding mode deserves attention
blockchain has become a hot spot in the capital market. Future investment will continue the rising trend from 2014 to 2016. Different from other financing modes in the field of science and technology, a mode called "token crowdfunding" has emerged in the field of blockchain, that is, initial coin offering (ICO), which is a crowdfunding mode for start-ups to issue tokens and raise funds. In 2016, the share of global token crowdfunding has accounted for 48% of the total amount of blockchain related venture capital, becoming an important channel. It is expected that there will be more than 200 ICO cases in 2017. We believe that with the rising volume of token crowdfunding transactions, the risks of lack of audit, huge value fluctuation and being on the edge of supervision will increase, which is worthy of attention
trend 9: there are conflicts between blockchain technology and regulation, but the conflicts are expected to be further reconciled
the decentralization, disintermediation and anonymity of blockchain do not coordinate with the traditional enterprise management and government regulation system. But we should also see the opportunities brought by blockchain to supervision. We believe that in the future, enterprises will actively meet the regulatory needs, and actively build regulatory requirements in the design of technical solutions and modes, so as to not only achieve compliance operation, but also greatly save the cost of regulatory compliance. We also believe that in the future, the global regulatory authorities will embrace the new regulatory technology of blockchain and use the new technology to improve the government's regulatory efficiency
trend 10: trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will use algorithms and software to build trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain
secondly, the various types of ether clowns also make us feel the differences between intelligent games and traditional games
1 Problems existing in traditional games:
User assets cannot be confirmed (the assets and goods in the game belong to the game operator)
data is not transparent (the game operator can modify and delete the game data)
diversified demand (the traditional game mode cannot meet the diversified demand of the players)
centralized game operator (the game operator can change the game data at will) Change the rules of the game)
the island effect of the game economic system (the assets in the game cannot be interconnected with the outside world)
2. Blockchain game features: decentralized, trustworthy and intelligent game platform
combined with blockchain technology, the system settings in the game are developed by using intelligent contract technology, and the game operators can not distribute game goods and props indiscriminately. At the same time, even if the game is closed, the player's commodity data is stored on the blockchain and will not disappear with the closure of the game
the commodities and props in the game are stored on the blockchain instead of in the database of the game operator by using the blockchain technology, so that the ownership of the virtual commodities purchased by the players in the game belongs to the players
combined with the blockchain technology, the game architecture is designed by using the programmable intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract is automatically executed. Thus, the abuse of power of game operators is restrained, and a blockchain game controlled by smart contract running on the blockchain is realized
using digital currency as the settlement method of the game can greatly rece the transaction fees and transaction difficulty of players. At the same time, players' digital assets can flow globally based on the blockchain, and are no longer limited to the game, and will not form an economic island
important data is stored on the blockchain, so game operators can't tamper with and delete game data at will, and game operators can't cheat, making game data transparent and trustworthy
based on the blockchain technology, the user's information and virtual assets are stored on the blockchain. Even if the game operator's database is invaded, it will not cause the user's data leakage or asset embezzlement.
9. 1、 First of all, let's understand the definition of blockchain: a set of commitments defined in digital form
introction of blockchain:
blockchain adopts P2P technology, cryptography, consensus algorithm and other technologies, with the characteristics of data tampering, system collective maintenance, information openness and transparency. Providing a mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in an untrusted environment is the cornerstone of building the future value Internet. Blockchain technology originated from virtual currency. Since 2009, virtual currency has sprung up all over the world, and blockchain technology has graally come into people's vision. At present, governments, instry and academia all over the world pay close attention to the application and development of blockchain, and relevant technological innovation and mode innovation are constantly emerging. China Institute of information technology has organized a special team to study blockchain technology evolution, application development, security and supervision, and put forward "Ten Trends of global blockchain application development"
I'd like to give a brief introction to these trends:
trend 1: the application of blockchain instry is accelerating, from digital currency to non-financial field
as a kind of universal technology, blockchain technology is accelerating from digital currency to other fields, and integrating with innovation of all walks of life. We believe that the application of blockchain in the future will be promoted by two camps. On the one hand, it camp, starting from information sharing, takes low-cost credit as the core, and graally covers digital assets and other fields. On the other hand, the cryptocurrency camp starts from currency, and graally advances to the field of asset management and certificate deposit, and spreads to the application of credit investigation and general information sharing. U
trend 2: enterprise application is the main battlefield of blockchain, alliance chain / private chain will become the mainstream direction
at present, the actual application of enterprises is concentrated in the field of digital currency, which belongs to virtual economy. We believe that future blockchain applications will turn from virtual to real, and more traditional enterprises will use blockchain technology to rece costs, improve cooperation efficiency, and stimulate real economic growth, which will be the main battlefield of blockchain applications in the future
unlike the public chain, in enterprise applications, people pay more attention to the control, regulatory compliance, performance, security and other factors of the blockchain. Therefore, we believe that alliance chain and private chain, which are strong managed blockchain deployment modes, are more suitable for enterprises to use in application landing, and are the mainstream technology direction of enterprise level applications
trend 3: application promotes diversified technical solutions, and the performance of blockchain will be continuously optimized
in the future, blockchain applications will develop from single to multiple directions. Bill, payment, insurance, supply chain and other different applications will be highly differentiated in real-time, high concurrency, delay, throughput and other dimensions. This will lead to a variety of technology solutions. We believe that the blockchain technology is far from being finalized and will continue to evolve in the future. There is room to improve the efficiency of consensus algorithm, service fragmentation, processing mode, organization form and other technical links
trend 4: with the closer integration of blockchain and cloud computing, baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
trend 5: blockchain security issues are increasingly prominent, and security protection needs overall consideration of technology and management
in terms of mathematical principle, blockchain system is almost perfect, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
trend 6: the cross chain demand of blockchain is increasing, and the importance of interconnection is highlighted
with the deepening of blockchain application, enterprises or instries in the fields of payment and settlement, logistics traceability, medical records and identity verification will establish their own blockchain systems. We believe that in the future, cross chain cooperation and interoperability between these numerous blockchain systems is an inevitable trend. It can be said that cross chain technology is the key to realize the value Internet of blockchain, and the interconnection of blockchain will become an increasingly important issue
trend 7: blockchain competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important area of competition
with the increasing number of participants, the competition of blockchain will be more and more fierce. The competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
trend 8: blockchain investment continues to be hot, and the accumulated risk of token crowdfunding mode deserves attention
blockchain has become a hot spot in the capital market. Future investment will continue the rising trend from 2014 to 2016. Different from other financing modes in the field of science and technology, a mode called "token crowdfunding" has emerged in the field of blockchain, that is, initial coin offering (ICO), which is a crowdfunding mode for start-ups to issue tokens and raise funds. In 2016, the share of global token crowdfunding has accounted for 48% of the total amount of blockchain related venture capital, becoming an important channel. It is expected that there will be more than 200 ICO cases in 2017. We believe that with the rising volume of token crowdfunding transactions, the risks of lack of audit, huge value fluctuation and being on the edge of supervision will increase, which is worthy of attention
trend 9: there are conflicts between blockchain technology and regulation, but the conflicts are expected to be further reconciled
the decentralization, disintermediation and anonymity of blockchain do not coordinate with the traditional enterprise management and government regulation system. But we should also see the opportunities brought by blockchain to supervision. We believe that in the future, enterprises will actively meet the regulatory needs, and actively build regulatory requirements in the design of technical solutions and modes, so as to not only achieve compliance operation, but also greatly save the cost of regulatory compliance. We also believe that in the future, the global regulatory authorities will embrace the new regulatory technology of blockchain and use the new technology to improve the government's regulatory efficiency
trend 10: trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will use algorithms and software to build trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain
secondly, the various types of ether clowns also make us feel the differences between intelligent games and traditional games
1 Problems existing in traditional games:
User assets cannot be confirmed (the assets and goods in the game belong to the game operator)
data is not transparent (the game operator can modify and delete the game data)
diversified demand (the traditional game mode cannot meet the diversified demand of the players)
centralized game operator (the game operator can change the game data at will) Change the rules of the game)
the island effect of the game economic system (the assets in the game cannot be interconnected with the outside world)
2. Blockchain game features: decentralized, trustworthy and intelligent game platform
combined with blockchain technology, the system settings in the game are developed by using intelligent contract technology, and the game operators can not distribute game goods and props indiscriminately. At the same time, even if the game is closed, the player's commodity data is stored on the blockchain and will not disappear with the closure of the game
the commodities and props in the game are stored on the blockchain instead of in the database of the game operator by using the blockchain technology, so that the ownership of the virtual commodities purchased by the players in the game belongs to the players
combined with the blockchain technology, the game architecture is designed by using the programmable intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract is automatically executed. Thus, the abuse of power of game operators is restrained, and a blockchain game controlled by smart contract running on the blockchain is realized
using digital currency as the settlement method of the game can greatly rece the transaction fees and transaction difficulty of players. At the same time, players' digital assets can flow globally based on the blockchain, and are no longer limited to the game, and will not form an economic island
important data is stored on the blockchain, so game operators can't tamper with and delete game data at will, and game operators can't cheat, making game data transparent and trustworthy
based on the blockchain technology, the user's information and virtual assets are stored on the blockchain. Even if the game operator's database is invaded, it will not cause the user's data leakage or asset embezzlement.
introction of blockchain:
blockchain adopts P2P technology, cryptography, consensus algorithm and other technologies, with the characteristics of data tampering, system collective maintenance, information openness and transparency. Providing a mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in an untrusted environment is the cornerstone of building the future value Internet. Blockchain technology originated from virtual currency. Since 2009, virtual currency has sprung up all over the world, and blockchain technology has graally come into people's vision. At present, governments, instry and academia all over the world pay close attention to the application and development of blockchain, and relevant technological innovation and mode innovation are constantly emerging. China Institute of information technology has organized a special team to study blockchain technology evolution, application development, security and supervision, and put forward "Ten Trends of global blockchain application development"
I'd like to give a brief introction to these trends:
trend 1: the application of blockchain instry is accelerating, from digital currency to non-financial field
as a kind of universal technology, blockchain technology is accelerating from digital currency to other fields, and integrating with innovation of all walks of life. We believe that the application of blockchain in the future will be promoted by two camps. On the one hand, it camp, starting from information sharing, takes low-cost credit as the core, and graally covers digital assets and other fields. On the other hand, the cryptocurrency camp starts from currency, and graally advances to the field of asset management and certificate deposit, and spreads to the application of credit investigation and general information sharing. U
trend 2: enterprise application is the main battlefield of blockchain, alliance chain / private chain will become the mainstream direction
at present, the actual application of enterprises is concentrated in the field of digital currency, which belongs to virtual economy. We believe that future blockchain applications will turn from virtual to real, and more traditional enterprises will use blockchain technology to rece costs, improve cooperation efficiency, and stimulate real economic growth, which will be the main battlefield of blockchain applications in the future
unlike the public chain, in enterprise applications, people pay more attention to the control, regulatory compliance, performance, security and other factors of the blockchain. Therefore, we believe that alliance chain and private chain, which are strong managed blockchain deployment modes, are more suitable for enterprises to use in application landing, and are the mainstream technology direction of enterprise level applications
trend 3: application promotes diversified technical solutions, and the performance of blockchain will be continuously optimized
in the future, blockchain applications will develop from single to multiple directions. Bill, payment, insurance, supply chain and other different applications will be highly differentiated in real-time, high concurrency, delay, throughput and other dimensions. This will lead to a variety of technology solutions. We believe that the blockchain technology is far from being finalized and will continue to evolve in the future. There is room to improve the efficiency of consensus algorithm, service fragmentation, processing mode, organization form and other technical links
trend 4: with the closer integration of blockchain and cloud computing, baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
trend 5: blockchain security issues are increasingly prominent, and security protection needs overall consideration of technology and management
in terms of mathematical principle, blockchain system is almost perfect, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
trend 6: the cross chain demand of blockchain is increasing, and the importance of interconnection is highlighted
with the deepening of blockchain application, enterprises or instries in the fields of payment and settlement, logistics traceability, medical records and identity verification will establish their own blockchain systems. We believe that in the future, cross chain cooperation and interoperability between these numerous blockchain systems is an inevitable trend. It can be said that cross chain technology is the key to realize the value Internet of blockchain, and the interconnection of blockchain will become an increasingly important issue
trend 7: blockchain competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important area of competition
with the increasing number of participants, the competition of blockchain will be more and more fierce. The competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
trend 8: blockchain investment continues to be hot, and the accumulated risk of token crowdfunding mode deserves attention
blockchain has become a hot spot in the capital market. Future investment will continue the rising trend from 2014 to 2016. Different from other financing modes in the field of science and technology, a mode called "token crowdfunding" has emerged in the field of blockchain, that is, initial coin offering (ICO), which is a crowdfunding mode for start-ups to issue tokens and raise funds. In 2016, the share of global token crowdfunding has accounted for 48% of the total amount of blockchain related venture capital, becoming an important channel. It is expected that there will be more than 200 ICO cases in 2017. We believe that with the rising volume of token crowdfunding transactions, the risks of lack of audit, huge value fluctuation and being on the edge of supervision will increase, which is worthy of attention
trend 9: there are conflicts between blockchain technology and regulation, but the conflicts are expected to be further reconciled
the decentralization, disintermediation and anonymity of blockchain do not coordinate with the traditional enterprise management and government regulation system. But we should also see the opportunities brought by blockchain to supervision. We believe that in the future, enterprises will actively meet the regulatory needs, and actively build regulatory requirements in the design of technical solutions and modes, so as to not only achieve compliance operation, but also greatly save the cost of regulatory compliance. We also believe that in the future, the global regulatory authorities will embrace the new regulatory technology of blockchain and use the new technology to improve the government's regulatory efficiency
trend 10: trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will use algorithms and software to build trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain
secondly, the various types of ether clowns also make us feel the differences between intelligent games and traditional games
1 Problems existing in traditional games:
User assets cannot be confirmed (the assets and goods in the game belong to the game operator)
data is not transparent (the game operator can modify and delete the game data)
diversified demand (the traditional game mode cannot meet the diversified demand of the players)
centralized game operator (the game operator can change the game data at will) Change the rules of the game)
the island effect of the game economic system (the assets in the game cannot be interconnected with the outside world)
2. Blockchain game features: decentralized, trustworthy and intelligent game platform
combined with blockchain technology, the system settings in the game are developed by using intelligent contract technology, and the game operators can not distribute game goods and props indiscriminately. At the same time, even if the game is closed, the player's commodity data is stored on the blockchain and will not disappear with the closure of the game
the commodities and props in the game are stored on the blockchain instead of in the database of the game operator by using the blockchain technology, so that the ownership of the virtual commodities purchased by the players in the game belongs to the players
combined with the blockchain technology, the game architecture is designed by using the programmable intelligent contract, and the intelligent contract is automatically executed. Thus, the abuse of power of game operators is restrained, and a blockchain game controlled by smart contract running on the blockchain is realized
using digital currency as the settlement method of the game can greatly rece the transaction fees and transaction difficulty of players. At the same time, players' digital assets can flow globally based on the blockchain, and are no longer limited to the game, and will not form an economic island
important data is stored on the blockchain, so game operators can't tamper with and delete game data at will, and game operators can't cheat, making game data transparent and trustworthy
based on the blockchain technology, the user's information and virtual assets are stored on the blockchain. Even if the game operator's database is invaded, it will not cause the user's data leakage or asset embezzlement.
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