What is the meaning of blockchain on stocks
The strict definition of blockchain refers to the distributed database technology that multiple nodes in peer-to-peer network jointly maintain a continuously growing list ledger constructed by time stamp and orderly record data blocks through consensus mechanism based on cryptography technology. This technical solution allows any number of nodes in the participating system to calculate and record all the information exchange data in the system in a period of time to a data block through cryptography algorithm, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking the next data block and checking. All participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true
blockchain is a technical solution similar to NoSQL (non relational database). It is not a specific technology, and can be implemented through many programming languages and architectures. There are many ways to realize blockchain, including pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegate proof of stake), etc
the concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system" by indivials (or groups) who call themselves Satoshi Nakamoto. Therefore, bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payment
< H2 > [popular explanation]no matter how big the system or how small the website is, there is a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? In general, who is responsible for the operation of the network or system, then who is responsible for the maintenance. If it is wechat database, it must be maintained by Tencent team, and Taobao database is maintained by Alibaba team. We must think that this way is natural, but blockchain technology is not
if we think of the database as a book, for example, Alipay is a typical account book. Any change of data is bookkeeping. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple way of accounting. In the world of blockchain, everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. The system will select the fastest and best bookkeeper in a period of time, maybe within ten seconds or ten minutes. The bookkeeper will record the changes of the database and the account book in a block. We can think of this block as a page. After the system confirms that the records are correct, the system will record the changes of the database and the account book in a block, It will link the fingerprint of the past account book to this paper, and then send this paper to everyone else in the whole system. Then, over and over again, the system will look for the next person with fast and good bookkeeping, and everyone else in the system will get a of the whole ledger. This means that everyone as like as two peas in the system is called Blockchain. It is also called distributed account technology. P>
as like as two peas (computer) have identical accounting books, and everyone has the same rights, they will not collapse e to the loss of contact or downtime of a single person. As like as two peas, the data is transparent and everyone can see what changes are in every account. Its very interesting feature is that the data can't be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will think that the same number of books with the largest number are real books, and a small number of books with different numbers are false books. In this case, it's meaningless for anyone to tamper with his own account book, because unless you can tamper with most nodes in the whole system. If there are only five or ten nodes in the whole system, it may be easy to do so. However, if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most computers in the world, it is unlikely to tamper with such a large block chain
< H2 > [elements]combined with the definition of blockchain, we think that we must have the following four elements to be called public blockchain technology. If we only have the first three elements, we will consider it as private blockchain Technology (private chain)
1, peer-to-peer network (power equivalence, physical point-to-point connection)
2, verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non tampering database)
3, distributed consensus mechanism (Solving Byzantine general problem, solving double payment)
4 Game design of Nash equilibrium (cooperation is the strategy of evolutionary stability)
combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless, collective maintenance and reliable database. And the other two will be derived from the four characteristics Features: open source Privacy. If a system does not have these characteristics, it can not be regarded as an application based on blockchain technology
Decentralized: there is no centralized hardware or management organization in the whole network. The rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect the operation of the whole system. Therefore, it can also be considered that the blockchain system has excellent robustnesstrustworthiness: there is no need to trust each other when participating in the data exchange between each node in the whole system. The operation rules of the whole system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also open. Therefore, within the specified rule range and time range of the system, nodes cannot and cannot cheat other nodes
collective maintenance: the data blocks in the system are maintained by all the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system, and these nodes with maintenance function can be participated by anyone
reliable database: the whole system will enable each participating node to obtain a of the complete database in the form of sub databases. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the whole system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, and the data content on other nodes cannot be affected. Therefore, the more nodes and computing power in the system, the higher the data security in the system
Open Source: since the operation rules of the whole system must be open and transparent, the whole system must be open source for the program
Privacy Protection: since there is no need to trust each other between nodes, there is no need to disclose the identity between nodes, and the privacy of each participating node in the system is protected
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blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system [1]
2. What is a concept
concept has two basic characteristics: Connotation and extension. The connotation of the concept refers to the meaning of the concept, that is, the unique attribute of the object reflected by the concept. For example: "goods are labor procts for exchange.". Among them, "labor procts for exchange" is the connotation of the concept of "commodity". The extension of the concept refers to the scope of the object reflected by the concept. That is, things or objects with attributes reflected by concepts. For example, "forest includes shelter forest, timber forest, economic forest, firewood forest and special purpose forest", which is to explain the concept of "forest" from the perspective of extension. There is an inverse relationship between connotation and denotation of a concept, that is, the more connotation a concept has, the smaller denotation it has; vice versa. A more understandable explanation: the connotation of the concept refers to the meaning of the concept. There are necessary conditions, that is, objective things (objective objects), among which there is only one necessary condition and N sufficient conditions. The more conditions, the smaller the extension of the concept. Conditions are functional. For example: the cup needs space to carry. And it is used to hold water, wine and other liquids. Moreover, it is a kind of utensils (the defined items cannot be directly or indirectly included in the definition items), so the meaning of the concept of cup is: utensils used to hold water, wine and other liquids. And if we know the sufficient conditions, we can roughly dece the things or objects. Because it must be connected with the objective things. The functions of concept include judgment, description, attribute, category, definition (conceptual clarity), etc
the description of concept in China is: concept is avant-garde, novel, trendy, with future trend, background and picture. The concept has the strict fixed content, also has the certain fuzziness. Concept is not real, but imaginary. We should use concept to think and use concept to show its authenticity. The pattern of consciousness is endless. The more thorough the images are, the better it will be for us to enter a fine and infinite field. Otherwise, one thing will always be reced to another
from the perspective of form: ideas are more advanced, concepts appear in the form of words, and ideas usually appear in the form of a complete sentence. But in the same form; They are all based on Chinese and symbols. Therefore, it can be understood that the concept is a brilliant idea that condenses more information. Therefore, the concept is imaginative and pictorial, while the scientific concept is systematic. Concepts must also be comprehensible, so they are universal and objective.
Comprehensive interpretation of blockchain
when blockchain technology is generally considered as a technology in the market, the blockchain team of ant financial services technology laboratory gave a calm explanation: blockchain technology itself is not a special technology, but is integrated by many previous technologies, such as P2P network, many nodes and cryptography, It also includes something similar to consensus. So from this point of view, if we only use the previous technology, we will graally form the blockchain technology in the end
concept stock: there are some special commonalities, such as the concept of participating in finance, the concept of new energy
as the name suggests, theme stocks are stocks with speculation themes. These themes can be used by speculators (so-called makers) to make use of the topic, which can cause the market to follow suit. For example, when energy is tight, some alternative factories procing alcohol and solar cells become the theme of speculation, which is called new energy concept stocks. When foreign capital enters the stock market, foreign capital purchases concept stocks, In short, all the topics that can arouse market interest are the subject of speculation, and the stocks involved become the subject stocks.
concept stocks refer to stocks with a special connotation, which is usually regarded as a stock selection and speculation subject and becomes a hot spot in the stock market. The development of the securities market can not be completely supported by some "exciting points", but it can not be only promoted by "face" without "point" breakthrough. In a sense, the formation process of one "exciting point" after another is also the development process of the securities market. For example, in the early 1990s, taking Pudong development as an opportunity, the mature "Pudong concept" opened up the first prosperous period for the development of the primary and secondary stock markets. Another example is that in the past two years, with the theme of Hong Kong's return to the motherland, a very hot "97 concept" was formed, which played an important role in the development of the securities market ring this period. Here, we focus on the "Three Gorges concept" as an example to illustrate what is the concept of stocks< The Three Gorges project is the largest hydropower project in the world. After completion, the total installed capacity is 18.2 million kilowatts, and the annual power generation capacity is 84.6 billion kilowatts / hour, which is equivalent to 10 Daya Bay nuclear power stations. Its completion will raise the flood control standard in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from once in ten years to once in a hundred years; The 10000 ton fleet can reach Chongqing directly from Shanghai, and the annual one-way carrying capacity will be increased from 10 million tons to more than 50 million tons. The Wanli Yangtze River will really become a golden waterway. Its economic benefits are huge. The annual output value of power generation alone will exceed 10 billion yuan. In addition, the Three Gorges Project will also become the starting point of economic start-up in the central and western regions of China. In the process of China's economic opening-up, Shenzhen in the 1980s was the first to open the door, and then Pudong in Shanghai in the 1990s. With the economic take-off of coastal areas radiating inland, the importance of the Three Gorges project is particularly prominent, and the "three pillars" of China's economic opening-up and development, namely, the south Shenzhen, the East Shanghai Pudong, and the central and Western Three Gorges region, are formed, China's investment fever in the 21st century is bound to take shape. Therefore, the concept of the Three Gorges is a cross century concept and a long-term market exciting point, which will naturally have a series of positive effects on the development of the whole securities market in the future<
e to its close relationship with the construction of the Three Gorges project, "Gezhouba" listed and issued in 1997 is a typical Three Gorges concept stock. The holding company of Gezhouba Co., Ltd. is China Gezhouba Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Group Co., Ltd., which is subordinate to the Ministry of electric power instry and 56 large pilot enterprise groups of the State Council. It is a key state supported enterprise determined by the State Economic and Trade Commission. We can see from the prospectus of Gezhouba company that there are two main businesses of the company: one is the construction and installation business of water conservancy and hydropower projects at home and abroad. 70% of the construction and installation projects of the Three Gorges Project are undertaken by Gezhouba company; The second is the proction and sales of special cement, which accounts for more than 60% of the cement consumption of the Three Gorges Project. Therefore, in the current structure of Listed Companies in China, "Gezhouba" is the leader of the Three Gorges concept. At the same time, "Gezhouba" also has the concept of basic instry and strong government support
now that you understand the concept stocks of the Three Gorges, you should not have any difficulty in understanding other high-tech concept stocks. When it comes to the concept of "so and so", it usually refers to a good subject, while the plate is formed by classifying many stocks. First of all, we can classify the plates geographically. General stock listed companies belong to which region, which regional plate they belong to, such as Jiangsu plate, Pudong plate, Dalian plate, etc. Secondly, we can divide the company according to the instries it belongs to, such as public utilities, agriculture and real estate. In addition, according to the affiliation, a large plate can be divided into several small plates. For example, the energy plate also includes the power plate and other sub plates. There are many methods for plate classification, such as low price potential stock plate, turn loss into profit stock plate, new stock plate and so on. Here are no more examples one by one. Investors can summarize and speculate on their own according to the above situation.