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In 2018, the development process and current situation of China's banking instry are analyzed from five aspects, namely, exposing the development, integrating big technology, self innovation and reform, and analyzing the development status of China's banking instry in the past 40 years of reform and opening up, people have fully enjoyed the dividends released by the reform and opening up of the banking instry. The banking system has graally developed from the initial unified pattern into a diversified banking financial institution system, and the development mode has changed from the initial extensive scale competition to today's innovation driven and intensive cultivation

in the late 1990s, the four major state-owned banks were still suffering from 1.4 trillion non-performing loans, which was once known as "technical bankruptcy". However, through system reform, financial restructuring, the introction of foreign strategic investors, and listing, the major state-owned banks achieved "extrication" and rapid rise. At the same time, a number of joint-stock commercial banks have landed in the domestic and foreign capital markets one after another, which has set off a new wave of reform and opening up of the banking instry, and also marks the way for banks to deepen the modern enterprise system of public shareholding

in the past 20 years, the comprehensive strength of the banking instry has been greatly improved, and the ability to resist risks has been continuously enhanced. In the latest world top 500 list released by Fortune magazine this year, the four major instrial and agricultural banks of China construction still rank in the top 50, and Bank of communications, China Merchants Bank, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, instrial and commercial bank, Minsheng Bank and other banks are also in the top 300

if China's banking instry successfully defused the impact of the international financial crisis and ranked in the forefront of the global banking instry, which was handed over ten years ago, China's banking instry now has more responsibilities and responsibilities. The four major banks have all been listed among the global systemically important banks in Basel III, and China's banking instry has gone from disorderly competition and high-risk operation among banks to orderly development and controllable risk

There is no end to the reform, only when it is in progress. With China's economy entering the new normal and facing the great opportunity of a new generation of scientific and technological revolution and instrial change, China's banking instry has taken advantage of the situation, set off a digital revolution, vigorously developed green finance, and become the vanguard of high-quality development of the financial instry in the new era

according to the statistical data of analysis report on China's banking market outlook and investment strategic planning published by Research Institute of foresight instry , by the end of the third quarter of 2018, the domestic and foreign currency assets of China's banking financial institutions had reached 264 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.0% over the same period. Among them, the domestic and foreign currency assets of large commercial banks reached 98 trillion yuan, accounting for 37.2%, with a year-on-year increase of 6.9%; The domestic and foreign currency assets of joint-stock commercial banks were 46 trillion yuan, accounting for 17.3%, and the total assets increased by 4.0% year on year

domestic and foreign currency liabilities of banking financial institutions reached 243 trillion yuan, up 6.6% year on year. Among them, the domestic and foreign currency liabilities of large commercial banks were 91 trillion yuan, accounting for 37.3%, and the total liabilities increased by 6.7% year on year; The domestic and foreign currency liabilities of joint-stock commercial banks were 43 trillion yuan, accounting for 17.5%, with a year-on-year increase of 3.4%

In 1978, the people's Bank of China was just independent from the Ministry of finance. At that time, the "central bank" not only performed the functions of the central bank, but also handled specific commercial banking business. It was not only a financial administrative organ, but also an economic entity operating finance, as well as a referee and an athlete

when the horn of reform blows, the curtain of financial system reform slowly opens. In October 1979, Deng Xiaoping proposed that "banks should be used as levers for economic development and technological innovation, and banks should be turned into real banks". During the five years from 1979 to 1984, the reform of state-owned banks began. It has experienced the recovery of Agricultural Bank of China, the reform of Bank of China, the independence of China Construction Bank and the separation of instrial and Commercial Bank of China. Meanwhile, in September 1983, the State Council made the "decision on the people's Bank of China specially exercising the functions of the central bank", and the institutional framework of the central bank was initially established

from "great unification" to the establishment of the basic framework of national specialized banks, the four major state-owned banks were all charged with the policy mission of specialized operation at the beginning, and each had its own division of labor

However, with the further deepening of the reform of market economy, new problems come one after another. Under the condition of commodity economy, banks should belong to the type of enterprises in nature, that is to say, they should take profit as the goal and make up the expenditure with income through legal operation, so as to maximize the profit. When China's economic system has developed from a single planned economy to a commodity economy, it objectively requires the state-owned specialized banks to carry out commercialization reform

As a result, the reform of China's banking instry has gone a step further, starting the transformation from professional banks to commercial banks. At the beginning, the four major state-owned banks were the main ones, and their reform goals were mainly focused on the transformation of enterprise operation or operation mechanism. The pattern of division of labor among the four major banks has been graally broken, resulting in a competitive pattern of "BOC going ashore, ABC going to the city, ICBC going to the countryside, CCB going to the factory"

At the same time, since 1986, starting with the joint-stock restructuring of Bank of communications, a number of commercial joint-stock banks, such as China Merchants Bank, CITIC Instrial Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank, Guangdong Development Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, have been established one after another

Driven by the interest mechanism, professional banks not only break through the boundaries of professional division of labor, but also start to break through the boundaries of instrial division of labor, set up their own trust and investment companies, set up a large number of securities institutions, and expand to real estate, insurance, investment and other fields, forming a de facto comprehensive business model

In December 1993, the decision of the State Council on the reform of the financial system clearly put forward that the separation of policy finance and commercial finance should be realized, and the national specialized banks should be turned into real state-owned commercial banks. So far, the reform direction of China's four major state-owned specialized banks is officially positioned in commercial banks

from the unitary banking system to the coexistence of various types of banking financial institutions, China's banking instry has opened the first chapter of historical changes

The reform of China's banking instry is not smooth sailing, there are brilliant and low ebb

In fact, the transformation from state-owned professional banks to state-owned commercial banks in the previous stage is not complete, and there are still many problems, such as the development mainly depends on national credit and instry monopoly, and the implementation of official standard management system

During the Asian financial crisis in 1999, the state-owned commercial banks were trapped in the dilemma of serious shortage of capital, soaring proportion of non-performing loans, overstaffed institutions and staff, and declining profitability and competitiveness. In 1999, the four major state-owned banks, which were trapped in 1.4 trillion non-performing loans, were in a dilemma

with the determination of breaking a strong man's wrist, the commercialization reform of banking instry has begun the intensive layout. In 1999, the State Council established four major state-owned asset management companies (AMCs), namely Dongfang, Xinda, Huarong and Changcheng, on the basis of international experience, and stipulated that the ration of AMCs is 10 years, which are respectively responsible for the acquisition, management and disposal of the corresponding non-performing assets stripped by CCB, BOC, CDB, ICBC and ABC

it is a new reform to spin off the huge bad debts of the four major banks and make them clean "good banks"

the four major banks, which have extricated themselves from the bad quagmire, are finally able to focus the reform on the modernization of corporate governance, which will also help the subsequent listing take off. Yang Zaiping, Secretary General of the Asian Financial Cooperation Association and former full-time vice president of the China Banking Association, said that the reform of state-owned banks is the main line and main battlefield of China's banking reform. One is the commercialization and marketization of business operation, and the other is the modernization of corporate governance, both of which are indispensable

with the formal establishment of the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) in 2003, the banking supervision is exercised by the newly established CBRC, and the people's Bank of China (PBC) no longer shoulders specific financial supervision responsibilities, and its most important mission has become to maintain financial stability. So far, a pattern of "one bank, three committees" has been formed, in which the people's Bank of China is responsible for monetary policy and the CBRC, CSRC and CIRC implement separate supervision

after going through the nirvana of splitting, specialization and commercialization, the four major banks that emerged from the crisis finally ushered in the small glory of listing

In October 2005, CCB took the lead in issuing shares in Hong Kong. On June 1 and July 5, 2006, BOC was listed on the stock exchange of Hong Kong and Shanghai Stock Exchange; On October 27 of the same year, ICBC realized the simultaneous listing of a + H shares. In October 2008, ABC's share reform plan was approved, marking the end of the reform of state-owned banks

this is a race against ourselves. China's banking instry is constantly surpassing itself on the development track. As of the third quarter of 2018, the domestic and foreign currency assets of China's banking financial institutions reached 264 trillion yuan, about 16 times that of 1999 and 1389 times that of 1978

In fact, joint-stock commercial banks are listed earlier than the four major banks. The listing of stock banks has become a breakthrough in China's financial system reform

In May 1987, Shenzhen Development Bank issued RMB ordinary shares to the public for the first time in the form of free subscription, becoming the first public offering bank in China. In November 1999, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, marking the rapid rise of China's stock banks

it is self-evident that the benefits of public ownership for a bank are further consolidated capital, clear ownership structure and optimized corporate governance, which provide a new fulcrum for the reform and development of the banking instry and inject great momentum for the joint-stock banks to rapidly expand their business areas and scale

In fact, the listed joint-stock banks are characterized by rapid expansion of asset scale, optimization of debt structure, rapid growth of profit, improvement of asset quality, and stabilization of profitability, and have realized great changes in network laying and business operation nationwide or even transnational

looking back on the development of joint-stock banks, at the beginning of its establishment, many banks started to serve the most dynamic regional economy of reform and opening up. From the most dynamic place of China's reform and opening up to the whole country, and from the whole country to the whole world, the joint-stock company is ushering in its golden growth period, and at the same time, it is also realizing the butterfly change from "based on the local" to "radiating the whole country and going to the world"

with the continuous advancement of China's opening-up process, the pace of joint-stock banks "going to the world" is graally accelerating. It includes the introction of foreign strategic investors and the development of in-depth cooperation between Chinese and foreign banks; Some joint-stock banks set up branches overseas, merger and acquisition of overseas banks, broaden business areas and enhance cross-border financial strength

In 2008, an international financial crisis swept across the world, and the five big Wall Street investment banks that once dominated the world were almost wiped out. Under the impact of the crisis, China's banking instry is not unique, but it is unique. In 2008, China's banking instry ranked first in the world in terms of total profit, profit growth and return on capital

this has brought a ray of vitality to the global financial instry under the shadow of the crisis and laid a solid foundation for China to take the lead in stepping out of the financial crisis. Yang Zaiping said that when the U.S. financial instry suffered heavy losses, China's banking instry just performed well on a global scale, which can be described as "one branch"