Blockchain cross chain node

1.

blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

2.

Blockchain technology is widely used. Under the integration of new technologies, the main application scenarios of blockchain include finance and insurance, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent environmental protection, energy and power, health care, ecation, culture and innovation, smart city, social welfare, agriculture and many other fields

1. blockchain + finance

   blockchain can help financial institutions solve problems such as trust and data sharing

3. blockchain + right art

   Tianhe Guoyun's blockchain right system

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3. Blockchain + government

in statistics, voting, budget management and other aspects, blockchain can rece costs, improve efficiency, and increase transparency, so as to prevent the risk of failure of centralized system

4. Blockchain + insurance

fraud identification and risk prevention: by placing insurance claims under an unchangeable general ledger, blockchain helps to eliminate the common sources of fraud in the insurance instry

property insurance and accidental injury insurance: policies and shared ledgers recorded in the form of smart contracts can improve the efficiency of property insurance and accidental injury insurance

Health Insurance: blockchain technology enables medical records to be encrypted and shared among health service providers, thus improving the interoperability of the health insurance ecosystem

Reinsurance: the information security of reinsurance contracts on the blockchain platform can be ensured through the form of smart contracts, which can rece the amount of information and simplify the payment process between insurers and reinsurers

3. Hundreds of dollars must be fake silver

4. I have been in touch with Qian'an for a long time. In terms of ability, Qian'an is still very good. Its advantage is that it is the largest digital asset transaction in the world, and the best trading volume in 24 hours has exceeded US $10 billion. It's amazing to achieve such a performance in the instry.

5. It's not just the pyramid selling that you said. In the current social environment, there are actually many organizations suspected of pyramid selling, and their operation is very hidden and can run for many years. The main thing is that it's not so easy to remove such organizations, it takes a lot of energy to investigate, and it often takes a lot of time and energy, In the end, only one part of it was removed, so it makes many people seem that the government does not care about this matter. In fact, the government does not care about it, but does not blame the public. Some things are not so simple

6. You have to understand that it's people who cheat, not bitcoin. Bitcoin itself will not deceive people. It is someone who uses bitcoin to deceive people
what we need to do is not to ban bitcoin, but to guard against cheaters
how to prevent it is not to be blinded by the high income. If someone promises you high income, it is basically deceptive.

7. How much does it cost to register a company in Shanghai? Many entrepreneurs will probably ask this question. In the era of national entrepreneurship, most people will choose to register the company after they have a project. However, there are two practical problems in front of Shanghai registered company:
first, if there is not much start-up capital in hand, how to raise funds to set up a company with a registered capital of 1 million yuan
Second, we are going to start business at home at the beginning, but we can't complete the instrial and commercial registration of family residence. What should we do< In fact, since March 1, 2014, the state has begun to adjust its policies and implement the system of subscription of registered capital. Even if there is no start-up capital, other methods can be used to register the company. In the new policy, the restrictions on the way, time limit and amount of capital contribution are cancelled. The purpose of the state's move is to encourage entrepreneurship. Even if you don't have any money, you can easily register a company with 1 million yuan in this way. In the future, when you make money, you can supplement the registered capital
What are the fees for registering a company in Shanghai, regardless of the registered capital? Zhihao has sorted out for you the expenses of business registration, seal engraving and tax registration certificate in the process of company registration, as well as the expenses of subsequent business tax declaration, taxpayer and registered address of the company
I. business registration fees. In the national policy, business registration does not need to spend money, free of charge
2. The cost of official seal engraving. A very important step to complete the instrial and commercial registration is to obtain the official seal. The cost of carving the official seal is 50 yuan / set, which is a necessary cost< Third, the cost of tax registration certificate. The fee is free< 4. Fees for Instry license and food hygiene license. If the company needs to apply for these certificates, there may be corresponding expenses< 5. The bank opens the basic account of the company. For bank account opening, the fee charged by each company may vary to a certain extent. The general fee is more than 500 yuan< 6. The cost of purchasing invoice. The company needs to buy tax cards, special printers, billing software and so on. The total cost is about 2000-3000 yuan< 7. If you need to apply for general taxpayer qualification and issue VAT invoice, the cost will be increased. If an enterprise is engaged in import and export trade, there are administrative charges when it goes through the import and export filing proceres, and the cost is about 2000 yuan.
8. If it is entrusted to an agent company, the cost of registering a million companies in Shanghai is not much, but in the process of registering a company, there may be a lot of cumbersome affairs to deal with, In this case, in fact, looking for an agent to complete the registration can save more time and energy. The total agent fee is about 500 yuan
simply speaking, the process of business registration in Shanghai is as follows:
check the name - register online - hand in the business establishment information - get the business license - engrave the seal - do the organization code certificate - do the tax registration certificate - open the basic account (taxpayer)
the detailed steps and cycle are as follows:
1. To approve a company name, it is better to submit 3-5 company names in the preferred order at a time to prevent plicate names. If it is submitted again, the approval time will be longer. The name of the company requires the company name, shareholder name, ID number and capital contribution ratio. 1-3 days
2. After the name is approved, fill in all the delivery materials, make an appointment, and submit the documents to the Administration for Instry and commerce; 7 days
3 and 7 days later, after obtaining the business license, we will handle the tax, code and stamp. 7 days to complete the documents

8.

1、 The difference between corporate governance and management

1. The purpose of the two is different:

the basic purpose of corporate governance is to realize the reasonable arrangement and balance of responsibilities and rights, and the goal of corporate management is to realize the goal of enterprise management, that is, the maximization of enterprise wealth. From the perspective of ultimate purpose, the two are consistent. The realization of the basic purpose of corporate governance ultimately serves the enterprise to achieve its business objectives

so as to meet the interests of stakeholders. Obviously, the establishment or formation of a corporate governance model is to create a suitable environment for corporate management, and ultimately complete the creation of wealth, and maximize the interests of stakeholders

The subjects and objects of the two are different:

the subjects of corporate governance are stakeholders, which mainly refer to shareholders, creditors, government, employees, communities, etc. because they have invested special assets, they have to participate in corporate governance to safeguard the interests of all parties. The main body of company management is the operator, which mainly refers to managers and employees. They make daily decisions to deal with the basic proction and operation problems such as supply, proction and sales

comparatively speaking, the main body of corporate governance is more diversified. The object of corporate governance generally includes two levels: the governance of shareholders and other stakeholders to the board of directors, and the other level refers to the governance of the board of directors to the managers. The object of company management includes the management of supply, proction, marketing and personnel

From the perspective of legal binding force, corporate governance should not only comply with the company law, securities law and other higher-level legal norms, but also comply with the governance guidelines put forward by the government or relevant self regulatory organizations, such as China's corporate governance guidelines for listed companies. Therefore, the degree of standardization is high and the binding force is strong

in addition to abiding by the basic laws and regulations, how to manage the company is generally considered to be the business of the enterprise itself, which reflects a greater degree of freedom and flexibility. In addition, from the perspective of the role of the government, the government can play a greater role in corporate governance through active intervention, because the government is also one of the main bodies of governance in the modern sense. Of course, the role of the government in the company can not be compared with that of the government and enterprises in the era of planned economy

Capital structure reflects different information:

from the perspective of corporate governance, it reflects the rights and interests of creditors and shareholders, thus reflecting the different status and rights of the two. The capital structure, relative to the company management, reflects the financial situation of the enterprise, that is, the provision and composition of assets

The basis of implementation is different:

corporate governance is realized through market mechanism and internal and external explicit and implicit contracts, while corporate management is mainly realized through the relationship of administrative authority

6. Different stability:

the general corporate governance structure will maintain relative stability for a long time, which is the need to ensure the healthy and steady development of the company, and the company management will often adjust the corresponding management methods and decisions with the continuous changes of the market, especially for the specific operation management level of the company< Second, the relationship between corporate governance and management. Corporate governance at the level of enterprise institutional framework and corporate management with business decision-making as the center are two inseparable parts of the overall operation of modern enterprises. They interact with each other and jointly promote the realization of the goal of enterprises as the main body of social and economic interests

1. The ultimate goals of the two are the same:

although the basic goals of the two are not the same, they all come down to achieving the ultimate goal of the enterprise and maximizing the value of the enterprise, so as to achieve the satisfaction of the interests of stakeholders

In a broad sense, corporate management is an extension of corporate governance

3. The two interact and restrict each other:

although corporate governance standardizes the institutional framework of the basic operation of the company and establishes the corresponding operation mechanism, it only provides a stage for the specific operation of the enterprise. How to sing and play well on this stage is the problem of corporate management. Of course, to sing bigger and more special plays, we must put forward new requirements for the stage. Therefore, corporate governance also has the problem of adapting to the management environment of specific companies

In the field of political science, the term governance usually refers to national governance, that is, how the government uses governance to manage the country and the people

It is a comprehensive political action aiming at maintaining political order and targeting at public affairs In this case, it can be translated as administrator

Management is a professional function based on performance and responsibility. This is the view of Professor Peter Drucker

Management is decision-making. This is put forward by Herbert Simon, the Nobel Laureate in economics in 1978

Management is a process of exerting influence on a system according to its inherent objective laws, so as to make the system present a new state

Management is a human centered coordination activity in order to achieve the expected goal in social organizations. The English versions of the two words are: administrator, administrate, manage, run, supervise and rule, which are selected according to the specific situation. Please refer to the relevant dictionaries for the difference of English meanings

governance has four characteristics:

1. Governance is not a set of rules and regulations, nor an activity, but a process

The establishment of governance is not based on domination, but on reconciliation

3. Governance involves both public and private sectors

Governance does not mean a formal system, but rather depends on continuous interaction

management is one of the most common and important activities of human organizations. In the past hundred years, the basic principles and methods of management formed by the study of management activities are collectively referred to as management

As a knowledge system, management is the integration of management thought, management principle, management skills and methods. With the development of management practice, management science constantly enriches its content and becomes a guide to guide people to carry out various management activities and effectively achieve the management purpose

source of reference: network management

source of reference: network governance theory

9. Blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. Jinwowo Group believes that it is composed of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer:
1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies
2. Network layer: it includes distributed networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism
3. Consensus layer: it mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes
4. Contract layer: it mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain
5. Application layer: encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain.

10. View the usage of mod, and add it in mod option (main interface).