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Problems of blockchain expansion
Publish: 2021-05-19 09:19:27
1. 99% of them are deceiving. It's deceiving to say how much it will appreciate. It's just a technology, its application is valuable.
2. In one sentence, it is decentralization
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
the so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
in a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order in a sequential way, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography
broadly speaking, blockchain technology is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method, which uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses intelligent contract composed of automated script code to program and operate data< Advantages:
1) the algorithm is simple and easy to implement
2) there is no need to exchange additional information between nodes to reach a consensus
3) it takes a lot of cost to destroy the system< Disadvantages:
1) waste of energy
2) it is difficult to shorten the block confirmation time
3) the new blockchain must find a different hash algorithm, otherwise it will face bitcoin attack
4) it is easy to generate bifurcation and needs to wait for multiple confirmations
5) there is no finality, and checkpoint mechanism is needed to make up for it.
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
the so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
in a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order in a sequential way, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography
broadly speaking, blockchain technology is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method, which uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses intelligent contract composed of automated script code to program and operate data< Advantages:
1) the algorithm is simple and easy to implement
2) there is no need to exchange additional information between nodes to reach a consensus
3) it takes a lot of cost to destroy the system< Disadvantages:
1) waste of energy
2) it is difficult to shorten the block confirmation time
3) the new blockchain must find a different hash algorithm, otherwise it will face bitcoin attack
4) it is easy to generate bifurcation and needs to wait for multiple confirmations
5) there is no finality, and checkpoint mechanism is needed to make up for it.
3. The increase of blockchain network information is bound to need expansion, but it is not limited to a BTC public chain. No matter which public chain develops to a certain stage, it needs expansion technical support network. Therefore, it can be said that expansion is a necessary link for the implementation of blockchain scheme
the expansion of blockchain is the general trend, but there are differences in the specific operation. According to the different levels of blockchain architecture, the instry has proposed a number of expansion solutions: first, optimize the data transmission protocol for the underlying data layer of blockchain, do not change the upper structure of blockchain, and improve the scalability, such as bloxroute, the 0-layer expansion scheme of blockchain; The second is to change the data structure and consensus algorithm to improve the scalability of the basic protocol of blockchain, such as DAG (directed acyclic graph), fragmentation, dpos algorithm, etc; Third, aiming at the application level, such as side chain, sub chain, state channel lightning network and so on, part of the on chain transactions are transferred to the off chain execution to rece the on chain processing pressure and improve the overall efficiency.
the expansion of blockchain is the general trend, but there are differences in the specific operation. According to the different levels of blockchain architecture, the instry has proposed a number of expansion solutions: first, optimize the data transmission protocol for the underlying data layer of blockchain, do not change the upper structure of blockchain, and improve the scalability, such as bloxroute, the 0-layer expansion scheme of blockchain; The second is to change the data structure and consensus algorithm to improve the scalability of the basic protocol of blockchain, such as DAG (directed acyclic graph), fragmentation, dpos algorithm, etc; Third, aiming at the application level, such as side chain, sub chain, state channel lightning network and so on, part of the on chain transactions are transferred to the off chain execution to rece the on chain processing pressure and improve the overall efficiency.
4. yes. In 2017, the size of the capacity hit this "invisible wall.". Soaring costs have made bitcoin unreliable. Some users can't confirm their transactions even after waiting for many days. Bitcoin stopped growing. Many users, businesses, enterprises and investors have abandoned bitcoin. Its market share in many virtual currencies also dropped rapidly from 95% to 40%.
5. Detailed process of mining right price evaluation
1. Copy of the business license (plicate) of the mining enterprise of the evaluation client*
2. The of the mining license * or the approval document for delimiting the scope of the mining area, and the map of the mining area based on the topographic and geological map or geological map and demarcated by rectangular coordinates*
3. Reserve verification report, reserve review record certificate, *
4. Development and utilization scheme / (pre) feasibility study report / preliminary design and its review opinions or approval documents*
5. A complete set of financial statements for the three years before the base date of evaluation, at least providing the statistical table of output and sales price of mineral procts, sales revenue, cost of fixed assets and current assets and other major technical and economic indicators*
6. Basic information of the mine (including the nature of the enterprise, technical personnel, staff, registered capital, historical evolution, evolution of subordinate relationship, acquisition method, time and change of mining right, evaluation purpose and related process of mining right, proction and operation, etc.)
7. Information on the previous evaluation and price disposal of mining rights, including copies of previous evaluation reports, confirmation or filing documents of evaluation results, and documents on price disposal of mining rights (contracts or agreements and payment vouchers)
8. The plan of the nearest roadway project and the plan of reserves of the mine; 9. Copies of the annual mineral proct settlement sheet (main batch) or sales contract or sales invoice on the base date of evaluation
10. Traffic location map of the mining area, comprehensive geological and mineral plan (topographic and geological map indicating the scope of the mining area), reserve calculation map, typical profile of main ore body (exploration line profile), development system plan diagram and mining and beneficiation process flow chart
11. The mining volume of the mine from the deadline of reserves calculated in the geological exploration report / reserves verification report to the base date of evaluation. The appraisal of mineral rights can be divided into three stages, namely, the entrusted appraisal stage, the appraisal stage and the appraisal result confirmation or filing stage
first, the stage of entrusted evaluation. In this stage, the evaluation client and the evaluation institution are the leading ones< The appraisal client and the appraisal trustee can be people with different appraisal purposes, mainly including the administrative authority of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the applicant of the mining right that intends to apply for registration of the mining right, the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the transferee of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, and the creditor when setting the mortgage of the mining right, Mining right holders who plan to restructure or go public. Generally speaking, anyone can entrust the appraisal of mining right, but if the appraisal result is used as the basis for collecting the price of mining right when the mining right is transferred, the administrative organ that transfers the mining right must be the appraisal principal; If it is necessary to apply for confirmation or filing for the purpose of transferring the mining right of the state funded exploration of the mining origin, the mining right owner must be the evaluation client. In short, there are only the right holders (the administrative organ of mining right transfer and the right holder) who have the right to dispose of the mining right of the proved ore procing area, so the evaluation must be entrusted by the right holders. In addition, it is their own right and choice for the relevant person to entrust to evaluate the mining right, but the follow-up procere will be different from the former
2. Entrustment and entrustment are service economic and legal relations established through the contract signed by both parties or the power of attorney issued by the client. When dealing with the entrusted matters, the client should explain the purpose, object, scope, ownership and investment nature of the entrusted appraisal. The appraisal institution should also explain the relevant provisions of mining right appraisal to the client, ask relevant questions and remind relevant matters. When both parties reach an agreement on the entrustment matters, they can sign the entrustment contract for mining right evaluation, or the entrustment party can issue the entrustment letter. The entrustment contract of mining right appraisal should comply with the general provisions of the contract law of the people's Republic of China. In the contract of entrustment for appraisal, the appraisal object, appraisal scope, appraisal purpose, required items, completion time, appraisal base date, rights, obligations and commitments of both parties, legal responsibilities, etc. shall be specified
Second, the evaluation stage is dominated by the evaluation institution. The main work of this stage is as follows:
(1) the mining right appraisal organization accepting the entrustment should form an appraisal working group to determine a mining right appraiser as the project leader, and the professional composition of the members of the appraisal working group should be suitable for the characteristics of the appraisal object and the appraisal method. The evaluation team went to the client's place for the following preparatory work: (1) listen to the client's detailed introction of the evaluation object, including the registration and change history of the evaluation object, the historical evolution of geological work, and understand the working time, working unit, nature of work, exploration results obtained, nature of investment, amount of investment, etc. It also includes the exploration and mining activities around the assessment object and the relationship with the assessment object 2) We will go to the scene to investigate the situation of mining rights, understand the topography and mining activities, sample some exploration projects, and inspect mining and mineral processing facilities 3) Investigate and collect the market transaction and market price of local mineral procts 4) Draw up evaluation ideas or technical routes and determine evaluation methods. Collect documents, data and drawings related to the assessment 5) Summarize and sort out the data
(2) the appraisers shall exchange opinions with the client on the first draft of the appraisal report and make necessary adjustments, modifications or supplements. After the final draft, submit the formal evaluation report to the client. The necessary information provided by the client includes: assignment evaluation: the area and geographical coordinates of the exploration area or the opinion on delimiting the mining area; Transfer evaluation: exploration license, or mining license, the supporting documents that can explain the nature of exploration investment; Geological reports and maps of each stage; Relevant documents proving the resources / reserves within the scope of exploration license or mining license; Mine enterprise registration, statistics and reported reserves change report. The main data collected by the appraisal institution include: the development and utilization plan of mineral resources or (pre) feasibility study report or preliminary design and relevant approval documents; Mineral processing process and proct plan; Statistical report of actual indicators such as mining recovery rate, ore dilution rate, beneficiation recovery rate, concentrate yield, etc; Statistical report on recovery of associated and symbiotic ores, etc< According to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the provisions of relevant documents of the State Council, the appraisal results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether the appraisal is transfer or transfer, must be confirmed or filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council. Therefore, the confirmation and filing stage of the evaluation results only corresponds to the broken property rights formed by the state funded exploration; It is a necessary procere and is evaluated by the obligee as the client. In addition, according to the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of land and resources on the administration of the transfer of mining rights, no matter what the nature of the original investment is, the administrative organs of mining rights need to evaluate and confirm or record the evaluation results< (1) the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights have explicitly authorized the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council to confirm the evaluation results of mining rights funded by the state, that is, the Ministry of land and resources. The confirmation of mining right evaluation results can be divided into two forms: direct confirmation by the Ministry of land and resources and entrusted confirmation. The Ministry of land and resources confirmed that the mining right issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the mining right stocks listed, and the proction scale of large and medium-sized enterprises transferred in the form of bidding. Entrustment confirmation: other mining right appraisal and confirmation work other than that confirmed by the Ministry of land and resources shall be entrusted to the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. After confirmation, the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall fill in the letter of responsibility and submit it to the Ministry of land and resources together with the appraisal report. The Ministry of land and resources shall uniformly number, seal and issue the confirmation letter
(2) according to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the relevant documents of the State Council, the evaluation results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether it is transfer evaluation or transfer evaluation, must be filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council
1. The Ministry of land and resources records the evaluation report of exploration rights according to the proceres of verification, filing and filing
1) according to Article 14 of the Interim Measures for the administration of the evaluation of exploration rights and mining rights and the requirements of the guidelines for the evaluation of mining rights on the format of the evaluation report of mining rights, the staff responsible for the verification and filing of the evaluation report of exploration rights shall carry out the verification. The specific verification contents include: (1) whether the evaluation report is within the scope of filing. The appraisal report of mineral exploration right transfer within the scope of filing must be: the appraisal is entrusted by the organ of mineral exploration right transfer (the valid certificate is the appraisal power of attorney of the organ of mineral exploration right transfer or the appraisal power of attorney contract of both parties); The appraisal object is the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state (according to the announcement of the Ministry of land and resources on the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state). The nature of exploration funds is contributed by the State Finance (Geological Exploration fee, resource compensation fee and special fund) The effective proof document is the mission statement of exploration project. For the newly registered exploration right after the State Council Order No. 240 was issued in 1998, whether the price of exploration right was charged or not at the time of transfer depends on the nature of the exploration fund after this registration, and whether it is within the scope of filing or not, rather than retrospecting the nature of the investment of exploration work before registration. For the exploration rights acquired before February 12, 1998 and extended up to now, it depends on the nature of exploration funds in the whole exploration history.) 2) (3) check whether the format and attachments of the evaluation report are complete and standardized. Whether the evaluation object is an effective exploration right. No problem is found in the above verification, and the next procere will be carried out. In case of any problems found in the above verification, the applicant for record shall be informed in writing, and the evaluation report shall be returned to the applicant for record. The filing applicant shall apply for filing again after solving the problem. If the re verification has met the requirements, enter the next procere
2) the staff responsible for the filing of the evaluation report of exploration right will submit the verified evaluation report together with the approval form for the filing of the evaluation result of exploration right to the director, who will make a decision on whether to approve the filing after review. If the record is approved, the "record verification certificate of prospecting right evaluation report" shall be issued to the record applicant. If the record is not approved, the reasons shall be explained to the applicant in writing, and the evaluation report and relevant documents shall be returned
3) filing: the evaluation reports approved for filing are registered and filed for future reference
2. Evaluation of exploration rights other than those recorded by the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
1. Copy of the business license (plicate) of the mining enterprise of the evaluation client*
2. The of the mining license * or the approval document for delimiting the scope of the mining area, and the map of the mining area based on the topographic and geological map or geological map and demarcated by rectangular coordinates*
3. Reserve verification report, reserve review record certificate, *
4. Development and utilization scheme / (pre) feasibility study report / preliminary design and its review opinions or approval documents*
5. A complete set of financial statements for the three years before the base date of evaluation, at least providing the statistical table of output and sales price of mineral procts, sales revenue, cost of fixed assets and current assets and other major technical and economic indicators*
6. Basic information of the mine (including the nature of the enterprise, technical personnel, staff, registered capital, historical evolution, evolution of subordinate relationship, acquisition method, time and change of mining right, evaluation purpose and related process of mining right, proction and operation, etc.)
7. Information on the previous evaluation and price disposal of mining rights, including copies of previous evaluation reports, confirmation or filing documents of evaluation results, and documents on price disposal of mining rights (contracts or agreements and payment vouchers)
8. The plan of the nearest roadway project and the plan of reserves of the mine; 9. Copies of the annual mineral proct settlement sheet (main batch) or sales contract or sales invoice on the base date of evaluation
10. Traffic location map of the mining area, comprehensive geological and mineral plan (topographic and geological map indicating the scope of the mining area), reserve calculation map, typical profile of main ore body (exploration line profile), development system plan diagram and mining and beneficiation process flow chart
11. The mining volume of the mine from the deadline of reserves calculated in the geological exploration report / reserves verification report to the base date of evaluation. The appraisal of mineral rights can be divided into three stages, namely, the entrusted appraisal stage, the appraisal stage and the appraisal result confirmation or filing stage
first, the stage of entrusted evaluation. In this stage, the evaluation client and the evaluation institution are the leading ones< The appraisal client and the appraisal trustee can be people with different appraisal purposes, mainly including the administrative authority of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the applicant of the mining right that intends to apply for registration of the mining right, the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the transferee of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, and the creditor when setting the mortgage of the mining right, Mining right holders who plan to restructure or go public. Generally speaking, anyone can entrust the appraisal of mining right, but if the appraisal result is used as the basis for collecting the price of mining right when the mining right is transferred, the administrative organ that transfers the mining right must be the appraisal principal; If it is necessary to apply for confirmation or filing for the purpose of transferring the mining right of the state funded exploration of the mining origin, the mining right owner must be the evaluation client. In short, there are only the right holders (the administrative organ of mining right transfer and the right holder) who have the right to dispose of the mining right of the proved ore procing area, so the evaluation must be entrusted by the right holders. In addition, it is their own right and choice for the relevant person to entrust to evaluate the mining right, but the follow-up procere will be different from the former
2. Entrustment and entrustment are service economic and legal relations established through the contract signed by both parties or the power of attorney issued by the client. When dealing with the entrusted matters, the client should explain the purpose, object, scope, ownership and investment nature of the entrusted appraisal. The appraisal institution should also explain the relevant provisions of mining right appraisal to the client, ask relevant questions and remind relevant matters. When both parties reach an agreement on the entrustment matters, they can sign the entrustment contract for mining right evaluation, or the entrustment party can issue the entrustment letter. The entrustment contract of mining right appraisal should comply with the general provisions of the contract law of the people's Republic of China. In the contract of entrustment for appraisal, the appraisal object, appraisal scope, appraisal purpose, required items, completion time, appraisal base date, rights, obligations and commitments of both parties, legal responsibilities, etc. shall be specified
Second, the evaluation stage is dominated by the evaluation institution. The main work of this stage is as follows:
(1) the mining right appraisal organization accepting the entrustment should form an appraisal working group to determine a mining right appraiser as the project leader, and the professional composition of the members of the appraisal working group should be suitable for the characteristics of the appraisal object and the appraisal method. The evaluation team went to the client's place for the following preparatory work: (1) listen to the client's detailed introction of the evaluation object, including the registration and change history of the evaluation object, the historical evolution of geological work, and understand the working time, working unit, nature of work, exploration results obtained, nature of investment, amount of investment, etc. It also includes the exploration and mining activities around the assessment object and the relationship with the assessment object 2) We will go to the scene to investigate the situation of mining rights, understand the topography and mining activities, sample some exploration projects, and inspect mining and mineral processing facilities 3) Investigate and collect the market transaction and market price of local mineral procts 4) Draw up evaluation ideas or technical routes and determine evaluation methods. Collect documents, data and drawings related to the assessment 5) Summarize and sort out the data
(2) the appraisers shall exchange opinions with the client on the first draft of the appraisal report and make necessary adjustments, modifications or supplements. After the final draft, submit the formal evaluation report to the client. The necessary information provided by the client includes: assignment evaluation: the area and geographical coordinates of the exploration area or the opinion on delimiting the mining area; Transfer evaluation: exploration license, or mining license, the supporting documents that can explain the nature of exploration investment; Geological reports and maps of each stage; Relevant documents proving the resources / reserves within the scope of exploration license or mining license; Mine enterprise registration, statistics and reported reserves change report. The main data collected by the appraisal institution include: the development and utilization plan of mineral resources or (pre) feasibility study report or preliminary design and relevant approval documents; Mineral processing process and proct plan; Statistical report of actual indicators such as mining recovery rate, ore dilution rate, beneficiation recovery rate, concentrate yield, etc; Statistical report on recovery of associated and symbiotic ores, etc< According to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the provisions of relevant documents of the State Council, the appraisal results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether the appraisal is transfer or transfer, must be confirmed or filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council. Therefore, the confirmation and filing stage of the evaluation results only corresponds to the broken property rights formed by the state funded exploration; It is a necessary procere and is evaluated by the obligee as the client. In addition, according to the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of land and resources on the administration of the transfer of mining rights, no matter what the nature of the original investment is, the administrative organs of mining rights need to evaluate and confirm or record the evaluation results< (1) the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights have explicitly authorized the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council to confirm the evaluation results of mining rights funded by the state, that is, the Ministry of land and resources. The confirmation of mining right evaluation results can be divided into two forms: direct confirmation by the Ministry of land and resources and entrusted confirmation. The Ministry of land and resources confirmed that the mining right issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the mining right stocks listed, and the proction scale of large and medium-sized enterprises transferred in the form of bidding. Entrustment confirmation: other mining right appraisal and confirmation work other than that confirmed by the Ministry of land and resources shall be entrusted to the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. After confirmation, the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall fill in the letter of responsibility and submit it to the Ministry of land and resources together with the appraisal report. The Ministry of land and resources shall uniformly number, seal and issue the confirmation letter
(2) according to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the relevant documents of the State Council, the evaluation results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether it is transfer evaluation or transfer evaluation, must be filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council
1. The Ministry of land and resources records the evaluation report of exploration rights according to the proceres of verification, filing and filing
1) according to Article 14 of the Interim Measures for the administration of the evaluation of exploration rights and mining rights and the requirements of the guidelines for the evaluation of mining rights on the format of the evaluation report of mining rights, the staff responsible for the verification and filing of the evaluation report of exploration rights shall carry out the verification. The specific verification contents include: (1) whether the evaluation report is within the scope of filing. The appraisal report of mineral exploration right transfer within the scope of filing must be: the appraisal is entrusted by the organ of mineral exploration right transfer (the valid certificate is the appraisal power of attorney of the organ of mineral exploration right transfer or the appraisal power of attorney contract of both parties); The appraisal object is the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state (according to the announcement of the Ministry of land and resources on the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state). The nature of exploration funds is contributed by the State Finance (Geological Exploration fee, resource compensation fee and special fund) The effective proof document is the mission statement of exploration project. For the newly registered exploration right after the State Council Order No. 240 was issued in 1998, whether the price of exploration right was charged or not at the time of transfer depends on the nature of the exploration fund after this registration, and whether it is within the scope of filing or not, rather than retrospecting the nature of the investment of exploration work before registration. For the exploration rights acquired before February 12, 1998 and extended up to now, it depends on the nature of exploration funds in the whole exploration history.) 2) (3) check whether the format and attachments of the evaluation report are complete and standardized. Whether the evaluation object is an effective exploration right. No problem is found in the above verification, and the next procere will be carried out. In case of any problems found in the above verification, the applicant for record shall be informed in writing, and the evaluation report shall be returned to the applicant for record. The filing applicant shall apply for filing again after solving the problem. If the re verification has met the requirements, enter the next procere
2) the staff responsible for the filing of the evaluation report of exploration right will submit the verified evaluation report together with the approval form for the filing of the evaluation result of exploration right to the director, who will make a decision on whether to approve the filing after review. If the record is approved, the "record verification certificate of prospecting right evaluation report" shall be issued to the record applicant. If the record is not approved, the reasons shall be explained to the applicant in writing, and the evaluation report and relevant documents shall be returned
3) filing: the evaluation reports approved for filing are registered and filed for future reference
2. Evaluation of exploration rights other than those recorded by the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
6. The platform is not big, and the daily trading volume is only more than 1 billion. Generally, if the daily trading volume is less than 5 billion, don't consider it.
moreover, this shell has only spot and OTC, and there is no contract
moreover, this shell has only spot and OTC, and there is no contract
7. The "blockchain +" financial technology instry incubation center of Guangdong financial hi tech Zone is located in the south of Foshan City. It has comprehensive guidance application scenarios, such as project investment and financing, to promote the transformation and application of technological achievements.
8. Yes~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9. Capacity expansion is a means that when a container or load is not enough to support or carry the demand of existing things, we can expand the capacity of the container or load to meet the growing demand, so as to relieve the pressure on the current container or load
at the beginning of the birth of bitcoin, Ben Cong, the founder of bitcoin, did not deliberately limit the block size. The maximum block size was 32MB, and the average block size was 1-2kb at that time
at that time, there are few bitcoin users and the transaction volume is not so large, which will not cause block congestion. However, since 2013, with the price of bitcoin rising sharply, there are more and more users, resulting in network congestion of bitcoin and rising transaction costs of users
up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the bitcoin blockchain. The average transaction cost of bitcoin is 376 times higher than that in September 2010. The processing speed of seven transactions per second has obviously been unable to meet the needs of users. The bitcoin community has begun to explore how to "expand the capacity" of bitcoin
by modifying the underlying code of bitcoin, the transaction processing capacity can be improved
there are two development and design schemes for bitcoin expansion, namely, the first layer and the second layer expansion technology
· the first layer of capacity expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, to make the blockchain itself faster and larger. Generally speaking, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain
· the purpose of the second layer expansion technology is to move the computing to the lower chain, that is, to solve the problem through the side chain technology
expansion protocol and outcome
expansion protocol generally needs the support of miners, which can be roughly divided into modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, isolation witness and so on
take bitcoin as an example:
bitcoin is now divided into big block bitcoin cash (BCH) and isolation witness. Isolated witness is now recognized as bitcoin in the market, while big block coin is named bitcash. It can be predicted that in the future, bitcoin will focus on off chain trading. Including lightning network and side chain. These two new things are not mature at present, but they are highly expected by many people
bitcoin will develop a large number of isolated witness transactions and make more derivative technologies on the basis of isolated witness. Most likely, bitcoin will be pushed forward by technology
bitcash will focus on the development of monetary function, rece transaction friction as the main way, and gain more extensive users on the chain as the main development direction
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
at the beginning of the birth of bitcoin, Ben Cong, the founder of bitcoin, did not deliberately limit the block size. The maximum block size was 32MB, and the average block size was 1-2kb at that time
at that time, there are few bitcoin users and the transaction volume is not so large, which will not cause block congestion. However, since 2013, with the price of bitcoin rising sharply, there are more and more users, resulting in network congestion of bitcoin and rising transaction costs of users
up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the bitcoin blockchain. The average transaction cost of bitcoin is 376 times higher than that in September 2010. The processing speed of seven transactions per second has obviously been unable to meet the needs of users. The bitcoin community has begun to explore how to "expand the capacity" of bitcoin
by modifying the underlying code of bitcoin, the transaction processing capacity can be improved
there are two development and design schemes for bitcoin expansion, namely, the first layer and the second layer expansion technology
· the first layer of capacity expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, to make the blockchain itself faster and larger. Generally speaking, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain
· the purpose of the second layer expansion technology is to move the computing to the lower chain, that is, to solve the problem through the side chain technology
expansion protocol and outcome
expansion protocol generally needs the support of miners, which can be roughly divided into modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, isolation witness and so on
take bitcoin as an example:
bitcoin is now divided into big block bitcoin cash (BCH) and isolation witness. Isolated witness is now recognized as bitcoin in the market, while big block coin is named bitcash. It can be predicted that in the future, bitcoin will focus on off chain trading. Including lightning network and side chain. These two new things are not mature at present, but they are highly expected by many people
bitcoin will develop a large number of isolated witness transactions and make more derivative technologies on the basis of isolated witness. Most likely, bitcoin will be pushed forward by technology
bitcash will focus on the development of monetary function, rece transaction friction as the main way, and gain more extensive users on the chain as the main development direction
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
10. Although we have put forward various plans for capacity expansion, they can be basically divided into two categories: long-term rule group and short-term shelving group. The long-term model is idealistic and regular. Once it is finalized, there will be no more twists and turns. If bip101 / 103, a typical representative, sets a growth rule, there will be no adjustment. The short-term faction thinks that the future is unpredictable, fixed rules are too simple, and violent solutions are needed. They hope to set up a short-term plan for several years, which will be avoided for the time being and shelved until the future solution. The representative is bip100. However, e to the complicated voting process, it is simplified to bip102 / 109, etc., while bip248 is postponed to 2020. In recent years, it has simply doubled its growth
since June 2015, after more than half a year of repeated discussion, the long-term rule school has basically failed. In December 2015, after Pieter wuille proposed segregated witness at the bitcoin Hong Kong expansion conference, the expansion problem has even been simplified to upgrade to 2MB, but it has fallen into the debate about the implementation time
a seemingly simple technical problem of capacity expansion has caused the bitcoin community to spend more than half a year holding several global technical conferences and fighting countless private spats, but there is still no clear conclusion. The deep reason behind this is that the increase of block limit value can not really solve the problem of bitcoin expansion
however, some projects do build their own blockchains, such as Ethereum and decent.
since June 2015, after more than half a year of repeated discussion, the long-term rule school has basically failed. In December 2015, after Pieter wuille proposed segregated witness at the bitcoin Hong Kong expansion conference, the expansion problem has even been simplified to upgrade to 2MB, but it has fallen into the debate about the implementation time
a seemingly simple technical problem of capacity expansion has caused the bitcoin community to spend more than half a year holding several global technical conferences and fighting countless private spats, but there is still no clear conclusion. The deep reason behind this is that the increase of block limit value can not really solve the problem of bitcoin expansion
however, some projects do build their own blockchains, such as Ethereum and decent.
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